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Nesovic-Ostojic J, Kovacevic S, Spasic S, Lopicic S, Todorovic J, Dincic M, Stanojevic M, Savin M, Milovanovic A, Cemerikic D. Modulation of luminal L-alanine transport in proximal tubular cells of frog kidney induced by low micromolar Cd 2+ concentration. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 216:38-42. [PMID: 30414954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys are recognized as a major target of cadmium-induced toxicity. However, all mechanisms that are involved in the early stages of cadmium nephrotoxicity, particularly considering low micromolar concentrations of cadmium ions (Cd2+) are still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of peritubular acute exposure to micromolar Cd2+ concentration (2.3 μmol/L) on the rapid depolarization and the rate of slow repolarization of peritubular membrane potential difference (PD), induced by luminal application of L-alanine in proximal tubular cells of frog kidney. The results showed that the luminal application of L-alanine rapidly depolarized the peritubular membrane PD of -42.00 ± 11.68 mV by 23.89 ± 4.15 mV with an average rate of slow repolarization of 5.64 ± 0.81 mV/min. Additionally, peritubular acute exposure to Cd2+ induced change in rapid depolarization of peritubular membrane PD of -53.33 ± 13.01 mV by 18.78 ± 3.31 mV (P < 0.01) after luminal application of L-alanine. Also, peritubular acute exposure to Cd2+ led to statistically significant decrease in the rate of slow repolarization of peritubular membrane PD (3.53 ± 0.35 mV/min; P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that peritubular acute exposure to low micromolar Cd2+ concentration decreased the rapid depolarization and the rate of slow repolarization of peritubular membrane PD induced by luminal application of L-alanine. This is followed by reduced luminal sodium-coupled transport of L-alanine and this change may be one of the possible mechanisms involved in the early stages of Cd2+-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjin Kovacevic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetolik Spasic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srdjan Lopicic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Todorovic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Dincic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Stanojevic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Savin
- Clinic of Nephrology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Milovanovic
- Insitute of Occupational Health, Clinical Center of Serbia, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dusan Cemerikic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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Nesovic-Ostojic J, Cemerikic D, Dragovic S, Milovanovic A, Milovanovic J. Low micromolar concentrations of cadmium and mercury ions activate peritubular membrane K+ conductance in proximal tubular cells of frog kidney. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 149:267-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gulson BL, Mizon KJ, Korsch MJ, Palmer JM, Donnelly JB. Mobilization of lead from human bone tissue during pregnancy and lactation--a summary of long-term research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 303:79-104. [PMID: 12568766 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The skeleton is potential endogenous source of lead during pregnancy and lactation. We have undertaken a longitudinal investigation into the mobilization of lead from the human maternal skeleton to determine whether lead is mobilized from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy and lactation, and if so, when and how much is released. Subjects in the study were migrants to Australia (n=15) whose skeletal lead isotopic composition (endogenous lead) was different to that prevailing in the Australian environment (exogenous lead). This migrant cohort was compared with 6 multi-generational Australian controls. Biological and environmental samples were taken pre-pregnancy where possible, throughout pregnancy and postpartum for at least 6 months. Newly-born infants of the migrant and Australian mothers were monitored for 6 months. Blood lead concentrations for the migrant mothers ranged from 1.5 to 20 microg/dl (geometric mean 2.8) and for Australian mothers ranged from 1.9 to 4.3 microg/dl (geometric mean 2.9). There was minimal change in lead isotopic composition of the Australian pregnant controls although there were increases of approximately 40% in blood lead concentration in 3 of 6 cases during the postpartum period and from 0 to 12% in the other 3. In the migrant pregnant subjects, the geometric mean skeletal lead contribution to blood lead using the isotopic composition was approximately 33% (range 10-88%) for 14 subjects using a revised estimate for exogenous lead. Skeletal contribution to blood lead during the postpartum period was significantly greater than during pregnancy (P<0.001). The skeletal contributions to blood lead are higher and the changes are more consistent in those subjects who conceived within 100 days of arrival in Australia compared with those who conceived longer than 100 days. In the migrant subjects, changes in blood lead concentration during pregnancy and postpartum varied from subject to subject with an overall 20% increase; the increases during the postpartum period were greater than during pregnancy (P<0.001). It was estimated that the amount of maternal skeletal lead mobilized during pregnancy and transferred to the infant via cord blood averaged approximately 79%. The increased skeletal contribution to blood lead is attributed to a low daily calcium intake of approximately 500 mgCa/day, a condition which was present in both migrant and Australian subjects. An ongoing clinical trial is providing a new cohort with calcium supplements. A summary of other aspects of the study is included and covers: additional flux released from the skeleton during pregnancy and postpartum; XRF bone lead results; urinary excretion of lead during pregnancy and postpartum; dietary contribution to blood lead in female adults and children; comparison of rates of exchange of lead in blood of newly-born infants and mothers; relationships of lead in breast milk to lead in blood, urine and diet of the infant and mother; changes in blood lead after cessation of breastfeeding; urinary lead isotopes during pregnancy and postpartum indicate no preferential partitioning of endogenous lead into plasma; a comparison of some aspects of the nonhuman primate and human pregnancy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Gulson
- Graduate School of the Environment, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Teodorova S, Metcheva R, Topashka-Ancheva M. Bioaccumulation and damaging action of polymetal industrial dust on laboratory mice Mus musculus alba. I. Analysis of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd disposition and mathematical model for Zn and Cd bioaccumulations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2003; 91:85-94. [PMID: 12584009 DOI: 10.1016/s0013-9351(02)00013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in the liver, kidneys, spleen, bones, and carcass of laboratory mice BALB/cy were observed in toxicological experiments. Polymetal industrial dust containing these metals was given to experimental animals at 1% concentration mixed with conventional animal food. Samples for analyses were taken on Days 15, 40, 60, 90, and 120 posttreatment. The experimental data clearly support the established antagonistic interactions among cadmium, zinc, copper, and lead. A mathematical model was proposed to study the main tendencies of heavy metal bioaccumulation under conditions of metal interaction and excessive exposure. The experimental results were assessed on the basis of the model. A rate constant of renal excretion greater than that of hepatic excretion was obtained, which agrees with the observed inversion of cadmium kidney/liver ratio in the conditions of very high exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Teodorova
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko chaussee, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Griffin JL, Walker LA, Troke J, Osborn D, Shore RF, Nicholson JK. The initial pathogenesis of cadmium induced renal toxicity. FEBS Lett 2000; 478:147-50. [PMID: 10922487 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The novel application of magic angle spinning 1H NMR spectroscopy, coupled with pattern recognition techniques, has identified biochemical changes in lipid and glutamate metabolism that precede classical nephrotoxicity. These changes occurred in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) after chronic dosing, at a low level of exposure and at a renal Cd(2+) concentration (8.4 microgram/g dry wt) that was nearly two orders of magnitude below the WHO critical organ concentration (200 microg/g wet wt). These early stage effects of Cd(2+) on the biochemistry of renal tissue may reflect adaptation mechanisms to the toxic insult or the preliminary stages of the toxicological cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Griffin
- Biological Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Division, The Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, Imperial College of Science, Medicine and Technology, Univeristy of London, UK
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Nilsson U, Schütz A, Bensryd I, Nilsson A, Skerfving S, Mattsson S. Cadmium levels in kidney cortex in Swedish farmers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2000; 82:53-59. [PMID: 10677146 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1999.4006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cadmium levels in kidney cortex (K-Cd) did not differ statistically between 10 nonsmoking farmers from the south of Sweden, who had a high intake of locally produced food and who were affected by acid precipitation (as indicated by low pH in the drinking water from their private wells) and 10 farmers less affected (medians: K-Cd, 18 vs. 14 microg/g; water pH, 5.2 vs. 7.8). Neither did 10 farmers selected because of "high" blood cadmium (B-Cd) differ from 10 with "low" [medians: K-Cd, 15 vs. 9 microg/g; B-Cd, 2.6 vs. 1.3 nmol/L (0.29 vs. 0.14 microg/L)]. In all 40 farmers, there was an increase of urinary cadmium levels (U-Cd) with decreasing drinking water pH (r(s) = -0.32, P = 0.045). Further, K-Cd increased with rising B-Cd (r(s) = 0.33, P = 0.037), and both B-Cd (r(s) = 0.73, P = 0.0005), and U-Cd (r(s) = 0.74, P = 0.0005) rose with increasing age. Further, there was an association between U-Cd and B-Cd (r(s) = 0.68, P = 0.0005). We could not demonstrate with certainty any effect of the acid precipitation on the cadmium retention in the farmers, although the association between U-Cd and drinking water pH deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Nilsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden
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Gulson BL, Pounds JG, Mushak P, Thomas BJ, Gray B, Korsch MJ. Estimation of cumulative lead releases (lead flux) from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy and lactation. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1999; 134:631-40. [PMID: 10595792 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(99)90104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent longitudinal studies with human subjects and nonhuman primates using high-precision stable lead isotopes show that lead is mobilized from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy and the postpartum period. We have now calculated the cumulative lead release (lead flux in micrograms) mobilized from the skeleton during these periods by means of analysis of monthly PbB samples from recent immigrants to Australia. Results included a statistically significant inverse relationship (P = .006) between the lead flux and the time of conception after the arrival of the subjects in Australia. By using an area-under-the-curve approach to determine the added lead inputs to blood during pregnancy and nursing versus a baseline value, the net lead release to blood varied from 0.9 to 10.1 microg/d, which is equivalent to 0.3 to 4.03 mg of lead. With group PbB concentrations usually less than 3 microg/dL, the observed releases imply a high skeletal turnover of greater than 10% and possibly greater than 30% in some subjects during pregnancy and the postpartum period. These elevated rates in some subjects may partly arise from low daily calcium intakes, being one half to two thirds of that of recommended daily requirements. The lead flux calculated from a cumulative approach was compared with other approaches: first-order kinetics, bone turnover, bone x-ray fluorescence measurements, and the International Commission for Radiological Protection lead pharmacokinetic model. Calculated lead releases and remaining bone lead concentrations would likely not be detectable by current x-ray fluorescence methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Gulson
- Graduate School of the Environment and the School of Chemistry, Macquarie University, and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Börjesson J, Mattsson S, Alpsten M. Trace element concentrations studied in vivo using X-ray fluorescence analysis. Appl Radiat Isot 1998; 49:437-45. [PMID: 9569512 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8043(97)00264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Börjesson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Radiology and Physiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Börjesson J, Mattsson S, Strömberg U, Gerhardsson L, Schütz A, Skerfving S. Lead in fingerbone: a tool for retrospective exposure assessment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1997; 52:104-12. [PMID: 9124869 DOI: 10.1080/00039899709602872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to inorganic lead may cause many adverse health effects. When absorbed, lead is accumulated in large part in bone. In this study, we investigated the relationship between lead concentration in fingerbone, exposure time, and lead in blood. We also sought to design a model that made it possible to use fingerbone lead as an indicator of earlier exposure. The study comprised 137 active workers from a secondary lead smeltery. Workers had undergone regular determinations of blood lead (i.e., up to 6 times/y) for up to 24 y. In addition, during the period 1979-1992, workers underwent up to four fingerbone lead assessments via noninvasive x-ray fluorescence. We calculated cumulative blood lead, adjusted for time-related reduction of bone lead according to a transfer of lead from bone to blood, for each worker. We obtained the best fit of bone lead to cumulative adjusted blood lead when we assumed a 14-y half-time for the transfer coefficient. This half-time was similar to the terminal half-time for lead in bone in retired smelters, whom we studied earlier by longitudinal in vivo measurements. We described models for the accumulation of bone lead on blood lead and exposure time. The combined data on bone lead and exposure time may be used to estimate a mean blood lead during previous exposure. Such estimates will be valuable in epidemiological studies aimed at evaluating the toxic effects of long-term lead exposure in lead workers for whom data on previous blood lead levels are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Börjesson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Malmo University Hospital, Sweden
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Börjesson J, Mattsson S. Toxicology; in vivo x-ray fluorescence for the assessment of heavy metal concentrations in man. Appl Radiat Isot 1995; 46:571-6. [PMID: 7633380 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8043(95)00093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
x-Ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis and neutron activation analysis (NAA) are the two main methods for non-invasive in vivo determination of heavy metal concentrations in man. This paper describes various XRF-techniques developed for the measurements of cadmium, mercury and lead, primarily in occupationally exposed persons. Measurements have revealed cadmium concentrations close to 400 micrograms/g in the kidneys of exposed workers. Today, the technique can also be used for measuring kidney cadmium levels in the general population. Significantly different cadmium concentrations between groups of smokers and non-smokers have been observed. For workers with current lead exposure, there is no correlation between lead in finger bone and lead in blood. However, for retired lead workers, there is a relation between these levels, due to the endogenous excretion of lead from the skeleton. From a longitudinal study of retired lead workers, the biological half-time for bone lead was estimated to about 16 yr. Recently, the XRF-technique was shown to be capable of measuring mercury in vivo. On a group of chloralkali workers, we found kidney mercury concentrations ranging from non-detectable to over 50 micrograms/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Börjesson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden
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Börjesson J, Barregård L, Sällsten G, Schütz A, Jonson R, Alpsten M, Mattsson S. In vivo XRF analysis of mercury: the relation between concentrations in the kidney and the urine. Phys Med Biol 1995; 40:413-26. [PMID: 7732071 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/40/3/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of mercury in organs of occupationally exposed workers using in vivo x-ray fluorescence analysis. Twenty mercury exposed workers and twelve occupationally unexposed referents participated in the study. Their mercury levels in kidney, liver and thyroid were measured using a technique based on excitation with partly plane polarized photons. The mercury levels in blood and urine were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The detection limit for mercury in the kidney was exceeded in nine of the exposed workers, but in none of the referents. The mean kidney mercury concentration (including estimates below the detection limits) was 24 micrograms g-1 in the exposed workers, and 1 microgram g-1 in the referents. The association between mercury in the kidney and in urine was statistically significant, but it was unclear whether the relation was linear. The measurements on liver (n = 10) and thyroid (n = 8) in the exposed workers showed mercury levels below the detection limit. The study shows that it is now possible to measure the mercury concentrations in kidneys of occupationally exposed persons, using in vivo x-ray fluorescence. The estimated concentrations are in reasonable agreement with the limited human autopsy data, and the results of animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Börjesson
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
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Abstract
Knowledge of the body burden of a metal is important for evaluation of exposure and risk. Traditionally, the burden has been estimated through levels in blood, urine, hair, or shed teeth, or by mobilization tests. However, all these methods have limitations. In vivo methods for determination of cadmium in kidney by neutron activation analysis or X-ray fluorescence (XRF) reflect the burden, long-term exposure, and risk of toxic effect. In vivo determination by XRF of lead in fingerbone, tibia, or calcaneus reflect the long-term exposure, and should become a valuable tool in epidemiological studies, especially of chronic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Skerfving
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Erkkilä J, Armstrong R, Riihimäki V, Chettle DR, Paakkari A, Scott M, Somervaille L, Starck J, Kock B, Aitio A. In vivo measurements of lead in bone at four anatomical sites: long term occupational and consequent endogenous exposure. BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 1992; 49:631-44. [PMID: 1390269 PMCID: PMC1039308 DOI: 10.1136/oem.49.9.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of bone lead concentrations in the tibia, wrist, sternum, and calcaneus were performed in vivo by x ray fluorescence on active and retired lead workers from two acid battery factories, office personnel in the two factories under study, and control subjects. Altogether 171 persons were included. Lead concentrations in the tibia and ulna (representative of cortical bone) appeared to behave similarly with respect to time but the ulnar measurement was much less precise. In an analogous fashion, lead in the calcaneus and sternum (representative of trabecular bone) behaved in the same way, but sternal measurement was less precise. Groups occupationally exposed to lead were well separated from the office workers and the controls on the basis of calculated skeletal lead burdens, whereas the differences in blood lead concentrations were not as great, suggesting that the use of concentrations of lead in blood might seriously underestimate lead body burden. The exposures encountered in the study were modest, however. The mean blood lead value among active lead workers was 1.45 mumol l-1 and the mean tibial lead concentration 21.1 micrograms (g bone mineral)-1. The kinetics of lead in the tibia appeared to be noticeably different from that in the calcaneus. Tibial lead concentration increased consistently both as a function of intensity of exposure and of duration of exposure. Calcaneal lead concentration, by contrast, was strongly dependent on the intensity rather than duration of exposure. This indicated that the biological half life of lead in calcaneus was less than the seven to eight year periods into which the duration of exposure was split. Findings for retired workers clearly showed that endogenous exposure to lead arising from skeletal burdens accumulated over a working lifetime can easily produce the dominant contribution to systemic lead concentrations once occupational exposure has ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Erkkilä
- Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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