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Gut microbiota and metabolic changes towards improved gut health with supplementation of Woodfordia fruticosa, a medicinal plant: An in vitro study. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Todorov SD, Ivanova IV, Popov I, Weeks R, Chikindas ML. Bacillus spore-forming probiotics: benefits with concerns? Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:513-530. [PMID: 34620036 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1983517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Representatives of the genus Bacillus are multifunctional microorganisms with a broad range of applications in both traditional fermentation and modern biotechnological processes. Bacillus spp. has several beneficial properties. They serve as starter cultures for various traditional fermented foods and are important biotechnological producers of enzymes, antibiotics, and bioactive peptides. They are also used as probiotics for humans, in veterinary medicine, and as feed additives for animals of agricultural importance. The beneficial effects of bacilli are well-reported and broadly acknowledged. However, with a better understanding of their positive role, many questions have been raised regarding their safety and the relevance of spore formation in the practical application of this group of microorganisms. What is the role of Bacillus spp. in the human microbial consortium? When and why did they start colonizing the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and other animals? Can spore-forming probiotics be considered as truly beneficial organisms, or should they still be approached with caution and regarded as "benefits with concerns"? In this review, we not only hope to answer the above questions but to expand the scope of the conversation surrounding bacilli probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iskra Vitanova Ivanova
- Department of General and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Igor Popov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Richard Weeks
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Leonidas Chikindas
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.,Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Elshaghabee FMF, Rokana N, Gulhane RD, Sharma C, Panwar H. Bacillus As Potential Probiotics: Status, Concerns, and Future Perspectives. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1490. [PMID: 28848511 PMCID: PMC5554123 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spore-forming bacilli are being explored for the production and preservation of food for many centuries. The inherent ability of production of large number of secretory proteins, enzymes, antimicrobial compounds, vitamins, and carotenoids specifies the importance of bacilli in food chain. Additionally, Bacillus spp. are gaining interest in human health related functional food research coupled with their enhanced tolerance and survivability under hostile environment of gastrointestinal tract. Besides, bacilli are more stable during processing and storage of food and pharmaceutical preparations, making them more suitable candidate for health promoting formulations. Further, Bacillus strains also possess biotherapeutic potential which is connected with their ability to interact with the internal milieu of the host by producing variety of antimicrobial peptides and small extracellular effector molecules. Nonetheless, with proposed scientific evidences, commercial probiotic supplements, and functional foods comprising of Bacillus spp. had not gained much credential in general population, since the debate over probiotic vs pathogen tag of Bacillus in the research and production terrains is confusing consumers. Hence, it’s important to clearly understand the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of selective beneficial Bacillus spp. and their substantiation with those having GRAS status, to reach a consensus over the same. This review highlights the probiotic candidature of spore forming Bacillus spp. and presents an overview of the proposed health benefits, including application in food and pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, the growing need to evaluate the safety of individual Bacillus strains as well as species on a case by case basis and necessity of more profound analysis for the selection and identification of Bacillus probiotic candidates are also taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Namita Rokana
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityLudhiana, India
| | - Rohini D Gulhane
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityLudhiana, India
| | - Chetan Sharma
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityLudhiana, India
| | - Harsh Panwar
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityLudhiana, India
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4
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Identification and characterization of alkaline protease producing Bacillus firmus species EMBS023 by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Interdiscip Sci 2014; 6:271-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12539-014-0187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Adjuvant effect of Bacillus firmus on the expression of cytokines and toll-like receptors in mouse nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) after intranasal immunization with inactivated influenza virus type A. Immunol Lett 2010; 134:26-34. [PMID: 20709105 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to the persisting threat of development of new highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes, a mucosal vaccination which would induce a potent and cross-protective reaction is desirable. We succeeded in mucosal immunization of mice with an inactivated influenza A virus by using delipidated Bacillus firmus (DBF) as adjuvant. The mechanism of adjuvant effect was followed in NALT by comparing the response after intranasal immunization by inactivated influenza virus type A (H1N1) alone, adjuvant alone (DBF), or by a mixture of virus+DBF. Expression of selected gene groups was tested via qPCR at 7 different time-points: cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10), type I interferons (IFN-α4, IFN-α11, IFN-α12, and IFN-β), toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9), iNOS and CCR7. Intranasally administered DBF and the mixture of virus+DBF induced an elevated expression of IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines, type I interferons, iNOS, and pDC markers in NALT. Multimarker qPCR data was analyzed by relative quantification and by principal component analysis. DBF has been shown to be a very efficient adjuvant for the stimulation of innate immunity after IN immunization. DBF accelerated, increased, and prolonged the antiviral response.
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Zanvit P, Havlíčková M, Táčner J, Novotná O, Jirkovská M, Čechová D, Julák J, Šterzl I, Prokešová L. Protective and cross-protective mucosal immunization of mice by influenza virus type A with bacterial adjuvant. Immunol Lett 2008; 115:144-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Zizka J, Hrdý J, Lodinová-Zádníková R, Kocourková I, Novotná O, Sterzl I, Prokesová L. Effect of breast milk of healthy and allergic mothers on in vitro stimulation of cord blood lymphocytes. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007; 18:486-94. [PMID: 17651385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maternal milk has beneficial effects on the development and function of the newborn's immune system. Whether the milk of allergic mother has the same effects as the milk of healthy mothers is not yet quite clear. To contribute to the characterization of its immunomodulatory action, we tested the effect of milk of healthy and allergic mothers on the proliferation and immunoglobulin formation in cultures of cord blood mononuclear leucocytes (CBML) of newborns of healthy and allergic mothers. CBML proliferation was tested by (3)H-thymidine incorporation, IgM, IgG and IgA production by reverse ELISPOT. CBML response was examined in unstimulated cultures and after stimulation with polyclonal activators in the presence or absence of colostrum or milk. The cells of children of allergic mothers have a significantly higher proliferative activity than those of children of healthy mothers. Maternal colostrum/milk in high doses markedly suppresses cell proliferation after stimulation with polyclonal activators, whereas lower milk doses in the cultures have no such effect and exert a rather stimulatory action. Immunoglobulin production by cord blood lymphocytes is also different in the two groups of children. Low basal immunoglobulin formation is increased after stimulation with a strong polyclonal activator of B cells--Bacillus firmus, CBML of children of allergic mothers produce more IgA than those of children of healthy mothers. The stimulated production of all immunoglobulin classes in cells of children of healthy mothers is still enhanced by colostrum/milk. Children of allergic mothers show a markedly increased production of only IgM and IgA. The effect of healthy and allergic colostrum and milk on cell proliferation and immunoglobulin production is similar. The lymphocytes of children of allergic mothers differ from the lymphocytes of children of healthy mothers in their proliferative activity and the ability to form immunoglobulin already at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zizka
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Lomáková I, Petrásková P, Sterzl I, Prokesová L. Immunomodulatory effects ofBacillus firmus on mouse peritoneal cellsin Vitro. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:243-7. [PMID: 17004658 DOI: 10.1007/bf02932130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of nonpathogenic G+ bacterium B. firmus (BF) on stimulation of mouse peritoneal cells in vitro was evaluated by testing nitric-oxide-synthesis induction and cytokine formation. The reactivity was compared of peritoneal cells from two inbred mouse strains, C57B1/6 and BALB/c, which differ in their immunological reactivity. Peritoneal macrophages from C57B1/6 produced more nitric oxide after a 1-d cultivation with inactivated BF than those of BALB/c mice. In both strains, production can be further increased by adding exogenous IFN-gamma to the culture. There were no significant differences between peritoneal cells of these two mouse strains in cytokine production after optimal in vitro stimulation with BF. BF effectively activated peritoneal cells for the production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-10, delipidated bacterium (DBF) being more efficient than BF in induction of IL-10 and TNF-alpha. On the other hand, BF had only small effect on IFN-gamma production and no detectable effect on IL-12 production. Macrophage activation by BF/DBF can represent one of the mechanisms responsible for previously described immunomodulatory activity of BF.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lomáková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czechia
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Havlícková M, Prokesová L, Zanvit P, Tácner J, Limberková R. Adjuvant effect ofBacillus firmus in intranasal immunization of guinea pigs with inactivated type B influenza virus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:154-6. [PMID: 16821727 DOI: 10.1007/bf02932172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal immunization of guinea pigs with inactivated type B influenza virus plus inactivated Bacillus firmus as an adjuvant compared to the virus alone yields higher titers of serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies and virus-neutralizing antibodies. This phenomenon could be useful in standard serology, especially in the preparation of immune sera against highly pathogenic strains for in vitro diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Havlícková
- National Institute of Public Health, Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 100 42 Prague, Czechia.
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10
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Hong HA, Duc LH, Cutting SM. The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics: Table 1. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2005; 29:813-35. [PMID: 16102604 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Revised: 10/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of probiosis has emerged as a new science with applications in farming and aqaculture as alternatives to antibiotics as well as prophylactics in humans. Probiotics are being developed commercially for both human use, primarily as novel foods or dietary supplements, and in animal feeds for the prevention of gastrointestinal infections, with extensive use in the poultry and aquaculture industries. The impending ban of antibiotics in animal feed, the current concern over the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, the failure to identify new antibiotics and the inherent problems with developing new vaccines make a compelling case for developing alternative prophylactics. Among the large number of probiotic products in use today are bacterial spore formers, mostly of the genus Bacillus. Used primarily in their spore form, these products have been shown to prevent gastrointestinal disorders and the diversity of species used and their applications are astonishing. Understanding the nature of this probiotic effect is complicated, not only because of the complexities of understanding the microbial interactions that occur within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), but also because Bacillus species are considered allochthonous microorganisms. This review summarizes the commercial applications of Bacillus probiotics. A case will be made that many Bacillus species should not be considered allochthonous microorganisms but, instead, ones that have a bimodal life cycle of growth and sporulation in the environment as well as within the GIT. Specific mechanisms for how Bacillus species can inhibit gastrointestinal infections will be covered, including immunomodulation and the synthesis of antimicrobials. Finally, the safety and licensing issues that affect the use of Bacillus species for commercial development will be summarized, together with evidence showing the growing need to evaluate the safety of individual Bacillus strains as well as species on a case by case by basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh A Hong
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
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11
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Mlcková P, Polácek M, Cechová D, Marusková L, Stanková I, Chalupná P, Novotná O, Julák J, Prokesová L. Intratracheal and intranasal immunization with ovalbumin conjugated withBacillus firmus as a carrier in mice. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2005; 50:247-53. [PMID: 16295664 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inactivated Bacillus firmus (BF), G+ nonpathogenic bacterium of the external environment, was coupled to ovalbumin (OVA) and used in immunization experiments as antigen carrier. Balb/c mice were immunized thrice intra-tracheally and intra-nasally with conjugates of OVA and BF. Surprisingly, administration of OVA-BF conjugates inhibited anti-OVA IgG response in both sera and mucosal secretions if compared to an exposure to OVA alone. The suppression of antigen-specific antibody production was accompanied by promotion of TH1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mlcková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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12
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Zanvit P, Havlícková M, Tácner J, Jirkovská M, Petrásková P, Novotná O, Cechová D, Julák J, Sterzl I, Prokesová L. Immune response after adjuvant mucosal immunization of mice with inactivated influenza virus. Immunol Lett 2005; 97:251-9. [PMID: 15752565 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Satisfactory mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract is very important for protection against influenza. It can be achieved only by mucosal immunization. Mucosal vaccination with inactivated influenza virus may not be sufficiently effective and suitable adjuvants are therefore sought. We tested intratracheal immunization of mice with inactivate B type influenza virus in a mixture with formolized G+ bacterium Bacillus firmus, whose adjuvant effects have previously been documented in another system. The treatment resulted in a marked increase of both systemic and mucosal antibody response in IgG and IgA classes. Stimulation of T lymphocytes after adjuvant immunization was very mild, no proliferation taking place after specific stimulation with antigen in vitro. However, slightly increased systemic (spleen) and local (lungs) production of cytokines without perceptible Th1/Th2 polarization was determined. B. firmus is an efficient adjuvant in respiratory tract immunization while with subcutaneous immunization it lowers the antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zanvit
- Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, Studnickova 7, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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13
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Mlcková P, Cechová D, Marusková L, Chalupná P, Novotná O, Prokesová L. Role of T cells in the adjuvant effect of Bacillus firmus on the immune system of mice: intranasal and intratracheal immunization study with ovalbumin. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2003; 48:427-34. [PMID: 12879759 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Functions of T cells were determined after intranasal and intratracheal immunization of mice with ovalbumin (Ova) and Bacillus firmus (Bf), a Gram-positive nonpathogenic bacterium of the external environment, or delipidated Bf (dBf) as adjuvants, with the aim to elucidate the mechanism of support of Ova-specific antibody production caused by Bf that had been observed in an identical experiment. Neither Bf nor dBf in a mixture with Ova stimulated Ova-specific T-cell response tested as antigen-specific blast transformation. By contrast, a mild polyclonal stimulation was observed in splenocytes from mice given dBf. In vitro incubation of splenocytes with 100 micrograms (but not 10 micrograms) of Bf or dBf led to a highly significant inhibition of proliferation below the control level in all groups of animals. Supernatants of splenocyte cultures were further tested for cytokine production. IL-10 and IFN-gamma were released after in vitro challenge with dBf and in some cases also with Bf. Analysis of sera demonstrated that administration of Ova + adjuvant brought about an increase in anti-Ova IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b whereas treatment with Ova alone caused a rise in IgG1 only. The role of Bf or dBf in the enhancement of antigen-specific antibody production could be in influencing macrophages and inducing cytokine milieu composed of IL-10, IFN-gamma and other factors that leads to a bystander stimulation of specifically activated Ova-B cell receptor (Ova-BCR)-bearing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mlcková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czechia
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Sanders M, Morelli L, Tompkins T. Sporeformers as Human Probiotics: Bacillus, Sporolactobacillus, and Brevibacillus. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2003; 2:101-110. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Prokesová L, Mlcková P, Stanková I, Ladmanová P, Jezková J, Chalupná P, Novotná O, Cechová D, Julák J. Immunostimulatory effect of Bacillus firmus on mouse lymphocytes. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2003; 47:193-7. [PMID: 12058402 DOI: 10.1007/bf02817682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus firmus (a Gram-positive nonpathogenic and harmless bacterium), was shown to be a strong polyclonal activator of mouse B lymphocytes as estimated by ELISA testing of Ig concentrations in culture supernatants after incubation of BALB/c mouse splenocytes with inactivated bacillus. Synthesis of all main Ig classes and all IgG subclasses was stimulated in vitro, the considerable effect on IgA formation being the most interesting feature. B cell stimulation was T cell dependent, as was demonstrated by the effect of B. firmus on all Ig isotypes and by comparison of lymphocyte response of nu/nu mice and heterozygous nu/+ mice. The effect of B. firmus on splenocyte proliferation was stimulatory or suppressive depending on the dose of the bacterium. Increased synthesis of IFN-gamma and IL-10 (detected by ELISA in splenocyte culture supernatants) showed probable stimulation of Th1 and Th2 subpopulations. Considering the stimulatory effect on IgA formation and macrophage stimulation, B. firmus seems to be a prospective mucosal adjuvant and/or probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Prokesová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czechia.
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Kozáková H, Mlcková P, Kolínská J, Cechová D, Stĕpánková R, Reháková Z, Prokesová L. Differential effect of Bacillus firmus on immune response and enterocyte brush-border enzyme levels in BALB/c and B10.BR mice. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2002; 47:759-65. [PMID: 12630333 DOI: 10.1007/bf02818685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A nonpathogenic bacterium of external environment possessing remarkable immunomodulatory activity, Bacillus firmus (BF) inactivated with formaldehyde, was given intragastrically to two genetically different mouse strains BALB/c (H-2d) and B10.BR/SnPh (B10.BR, H-2k) reared in conventional (CV) and B10.BR strain also in germ-free (GF) conditions. Repeated intragastric administration of BF (500 micrograms every other day over two weeks, starting at the age of 3 months) significantly enhanced intestinal IgA levels in CV BALB/c mice but did not affect intestinal IgA in CV B10.BR mice. In GF B10.BR mice, IgG levels in sera and intestinal washings increased after BF administration compared to CV B10.BR mice. In CV BALB/c mice, specific activity of enterocyte brush-border enzymes (lactase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase) decreased after BF treatment; sucrase (sucrose alpha-glucosidase) activity was not affected. On the other hand, in B10.BR mice, specific activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV were higher after administration of BF in both CV and GF groups relative to untreated controls. The activities of lactase and glucoamylase (glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase) were significantly stimulated only in the group of GF B10.BR mice treated with formolized BF. The stimulation of immunoglobulin production after BF treatment was accompanied by changes in the levels of enterocyte brush-border enzymes; this responsiveness to BF treatment was genetically regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kozáková
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 549 22 Nový Hrádek, Czechia.
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Mlcková P, Cechová D, Chalupná P, Novotná O, Prokesová L. Enhanced systemic and mucosal antibody responses to a model protein antigen after intranasal and intratracheal immunisation using Bacillus firmus as an adjuvant. Immunol Lett 2001; 77:39-45. [PMID: 11348668 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus firmus, a non-pathogenic Gram positive (G+) bacterium of the external environment was investigated for immunomodulatory properties. It stimulated an increase in anti-ovalbumin IgG in sera, bronchoalveolar lavages and intestinal washings after both intranasal (i.n.) and intratracheal (i.t.) immunisation, and enhanced anti-ovalbumin IgA in intestinal secretions and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after i.n. or i.t. immunisation, respectively. The immunomodulatory effect of B. firmus on antibody formation was antigen specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mlcková
- Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Immunology, Studnickova7, Prague 2 12800, Czech Republic.
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18
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Prokesová L, Mlcková P, Stanková I, Chloubová A, Novotná V, Ladmanová P, Chalupná P, Mára M. Effect of Bacillus firmus on antibody formation after mucosal and parenteral immunization in mice. Immunol Lett 1998; 64:161-6. [PMID: 9870668 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(98)00105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory properties of B. firmus, a nontoxic, nonpathogenic G + bacterium of external environment, were described previously. Antiinfectious and antitumor activity, macrophage activation and strong polyclonal stimulation of B lymphocytes were proved in human, mice and rats. The adjuvant effect of B. firmus on specific antibody response to ovalbumin in BALB/c mice is the topic of the present study. Against our expectation, B. firmus exerts more suppressive than stimulatory effect on specific antibody response. Formolized B. firmus decreased anti-ovalbumin response after subcutaneous immunization and only slightly increased serum antibodies after intraperitoneal immunization. After mucosal immunization, both oral and rectal, ovalbumin itself did not cause a significant systemic response but induced IgA anti-ovalbumin response in the intestine. B. firmus applied together with ovalbumin increased systemic serum response but absolutely eliminated intestinal response. The rectal route of antigen administration has been found less convenient because of less precise dosing of antigen in this mode of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Prokesová
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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19
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Trebichavský I, Mára M, Sinkora J, Splíchal I, Stĕpánková R. Immunomodulatory effects of Bacillus firmus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1998; 42:403-8. [PMID: 9449788 DOI: 10.1007/bf02816958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
3-day-old miniature piglets were stimulated in vivo with Bacillus firmus by the intraperitoneal or intragastric route for 1 d. Cells containing IgA and IgG2 were detected in the ileum in all stimulated but not in control animals. The frequency of blood CD3+ cells increased after intraperitoneal administration of B. firmus, the ratio of polymorphonuclears to lymphocytes increased in all stimulated piglets. B. firmus induced antitumor immunity in rats with transplanted Yoshida sarcoma cells. Granular lymphocytes and dead tumor cells were found in peritoneal exudate of stimulated animals. B. firmus induced IFN-gamma synthesis in human blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro for 1 d. The amount of TNF-alpha produced by these stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclears (PBMC) was lower than that of PBMC stimulated with some other bacterial immunomodulators. Cells containing TGF-beta or IL-8 were not found in human PBMC stimulated with B. firmus.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Bacillus/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/pharmacology
- Bacterial Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Ileum/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunotherapy
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Intubation, Gastrointestinal
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sarcoma, Yoshida/therapy
- Swine
- Swine, Miniature
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- I Trebichavský
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic
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20
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Prokesová L, Julák J, Nováková M, Pospísil M, Mára M. Polyclonal activation of human lymphocytes by Bacillus firmus and its constituents. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1995; 40:647-51. [PMID: 8768255 DOI: 10.1007/bf02818523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus firmus strongly stimulates Ig synthesis in the cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. As apparent from the character of Ig formation and blastic transformation, the stimulation has features of a polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes without substantial participation of T lymphocytes. B firmus is a strong B cell polyclonal activator even for human cord blood lymphocytes. The most striking feature is the strong stimulation of IgA synthesis in both adult and cord blood lymphocytes. Several crude fractions were isolated from B. firmus. None of them exhibited any remarkable enhancement of activity but the cytoplasmic fraction P-40 was clearly more potent than the intact bacilli. On the other hand, cell wall peptidoglycan, a well known polyclonal activator of B cells, had a much lower activity than whole bacteria. The effect of B. firmus on the stimulation of Ig formation is thus relatively complex; it is not caused mainly by peptidoglycan but rather by some cytoplasmic constituents of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Prokesová
- Laboratory for Special Medical Microbiology and Immunology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague
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21
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Stĕpánková R, Mára M, Ocenásková J. Prolonged survival of AVN Wistar rats with transplanted Yoshida sarcoma and increase of granular lymphocytes after administration of Bacillus firmus and their crude lipids. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1995; 40:413-6. [PMID: 8763155 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus firmus is a Gram-positive, aerobic, sporulating, nonpathogenic air contaminant which, according to earlier findings, is a strong polyclonal activator of B lymphocytes. The crude lipids of this microbe induced significant resistance of mice against listerial infection. The administration of bacterin, like that of crude lipids obtained by the extraction of cell suspension with chloroform-methanol to rats, strain AVN Wistar, transplanted later with Yoshida sarcoma, significantly prolonged the survival of the animals in comparison with the control group. At the same time the number of granular lymphocytes was increased. The destruction of tumor cells in the peritoneal exudate of immunostimulated rats was also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stĕpánková
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic
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