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Roguski A, Gill AC. The Role of the Mammalian Prion Protein in the Control of Sleep. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6040058. [PMID: 29149024 PMCID: PMC5750582 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disruption is a prevalent clinical feature in many neurodegenerative disorders, including human prion diseases where it can be the defining dysfunction, as in the case of the "eponymous" fatal familial insomnia, or an early-stage symptom as in certain types of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. It is important to establish the role of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), the key molecule involved in prion pathogenesis, within the sleep-wake system in order to understand fully the mechanisms underlying its contribution to both healthy circadian rhythmicity and sleep dysfunction during disease. Although severe disruption to the circadian rhythm and melatonin release is evident during the pathogenic phases of some prion diseases, untangling whether PrPC plays a role in circadian rhythmicity, as suggested in mice deficient for PrPC expression, is challenging given the lack of basic experimental research. We provide a short review of the small amount of direct literature focused on the role of PrPC in melatonin and circadian rhythm regulation, as well as suggesting mechanisms by which PrPC might exert influence upon noradrenergic and dopaminergic signaling and melatonin synthesis. Future research in this area should focus upon isolating the points of dysfunction within the retino-pineal pathway and further investigate PrPC mediation of pinealocyte GPCR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Roguski
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Andrew C Gill
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7DL, UK.
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Beckman D, Linden R. A roadmap for investigating the role of the prion protein in depression associated with neurodegenerative disease. Prion 2017; 10:131-42. [PMID: 27057694 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1152437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological properties of the native, endogenous prion protein (PrP(C)) is a matter of concern, due to its pleiotropic functions and links to neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In line with our hypothesis that the basic function of PrP(C) is to serve as a cell surface scaffold for the assembly of signaling modules, multiple interactions have been identified of PrP(C) with signaling molecules, including neurotransmitter receptors. We recently reported evidence that PrP(C) may modulate monoaminergic neurotransmission, as well as depressive-like behavior in mice. Here, we discuss how those results, together with a number of other studies, including our previous demonstration that both inflammatory and behavioral stress modulate PrP(C) content in neutrophils, suggest a distributed role of PrP(C) in clinical depression and inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. An overarching understanding of the multiple interventions of PrP(C) upon physiological events may both shed light on the pathogenesis of, as well as help the identification of novel therapeutic targets for clinical depression, Prion and Alzheimer's Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Linden
- a Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Motoyoshi-Yamashiro A, Takano K, Kawabe K, Izawa T, Nakajima H, Moriyama M, Nakamura Y. Amphotericin B induces glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat brain. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1353-8. [PMID: 25283947 PMCID: PMC4221168 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is a
polyene antifungal drug and is reported to be one of a few reagents having therapeutic
effects on prion diseases, that is, a delay in the appearance of clinical signs and
prolongation of the survival time in an animal model. In prion diseases, glial cells have
been suggested to play important roles; however, the therapeutic mechanism of AmB on prion
diseases remains elusive. We have previously reported that AmB changed the expression of
neurotrophic factors in microglia and astrocytes (Motoyoshi et al., 2008,
Neurochem. Int. 52, 1290–1296; Motoyoshi-Yamashiro et
al., 2013, ibid. 63, 93–100). These results suggested that
neurotrophic factors derived from glial cells might be involved in the therapeutic
mechanism of AmB. In the present study, we examined immunohistochemically the effects of
AmB on the expression of neurotrophic factors in the rat brain. We found that direct
injection of AmB into the striatum significantly enhanced the expression of glial cell
line-derived neurotrophic factor protein. Amphotericin B also increased the expressions of
CD11b and glial fibrillary acidic protein, markers of microglia and astrocytes,
respectively. Moreover, expressions of the two neurotrophic factors by AmB were
co-localized with the expression of CD11b or glial fibrillary acidic protein. These
results suggest that AmB in vivo might also activate glial cells and
induce the production of neurotrophic factors protecting neurons in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Motoyoshi-Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Vidal C, Herzog C, Haeberle A, Bombarde C, Miquel M, Carimalo J, Launay J, Mouillet-Richard S, Lasmézas C, Dormont D, Kellermann O, Bailly Y. Early dysfunction of central 5-HT system in a murine model of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Neuroscience 2009; 160:731-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhu HL, Luo WQ, Wang H. Iptakalim protects against hypoxic brain injury through multiple pathways associated with ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Neuroscience 2008; 157:884-94. [PMID: 18951957 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and irreversible brain injury produced by anoxia when stroke occurs is well known. Cumulative evidence suggests that the activation of neuronal ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels may have inherent protective effects during cerebral hypoxia, yet little information regarding the therapeutic effects of KATP channel openers is available. We hypothesized that pretreatment with a KATP channel opener might protect against brain injury induced by cerebral hypoxia. In this study, adult Wistar rats were treated with iptakalim, a new KATP channel opener, which is selective for SUR2 type KATP channels, by intragastric administration at doses of 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg/day for 7 days before being exposed to simulated high altitude equivalent to 8000 m in a decompression chamber for 8 h leading to hypoxic brain injury. By light and electron microscopic images, we observed that hypobaric hypoxia-induced brain injury could be prevented by pretreatment with iptakalim. It was also observed that the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, water content, Na+ and Ca2+ concentration, and activities of Na+,K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase in rat cerebral cortex were increased and the gene expression of the occludin or aquaporin-4 was down- or upregulated respectively, which could also be prevented by the pretreatment with iptakalim at doses of 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that in an oxygen-and-glucose-deprived model in ECV304 cells and rat cortical astrocytes, pretreatment with iptakalim significantly increased survived cell rates and decreased lactate dehydrogenate release, which were significantly antagonized by glibenclamide, a K(ATP) channel blocker. We conclude that iptakalim is a promising drug that may protect against brain injury induced by acute hypobaric hypoxia through multiple pathways associated with SUR2-type K(ATP) channels, suggesting a new therapeutic strategy for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-L Zhu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
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Bouzamondo-Bernstein E, Hopkins SD, Spilman P, Uyehara-Lock J, Deering C, Safar J, Prusiner SB, Ralston HJ, DeArmond SJ. The neurodegeneration sequence in prion diseases: evidence from functional, morphological and ultrastructural studies of the GABAergic system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004; 63:882-99. [PMID: 15330342 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/63.8.882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the GABAergic system of neurons has been reported to be the first detectable neuropathological change in prion diseases, which features the accumulation of an aberrant isoform of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)). To determine the timing of GABAergic system dysfunction and degeneration and its relationship to PrP(Sc) accumulation during the course of prion disease in Syrian hamsters, we applied 3 approaches: i) quantifying GABA-immunopositive neurons and their processes by light and electron microscopy to test for selective loss; ii) measuring evoked [3H]-GABA release from synaptosomes to test for functional abnormalities; and iii) determining the kinetics of PrP(Sc) accumulation in subcellular fractions to correlate it with GABAergic dysfunction. At the terminal stages of disease, we found a significant increase in the number of GABA-positive and -negative presynaptic boutons with abnormally aggregated synaptic vesicles. At the same stage, we also found an equal degree of GABA-immunopositive and -immunonegative presynaptic bouton loss. In contrast, GABA-positive neocortical cell bodies increased, based on stereologic estimates in the terminal stage of scrapie. In the context of these abnormalities, evoked release of [3H]-GABA from cortical and thalamic synaptosomes was significantly decreased, which correlated well with the accumulation of PrP(Sc) in synaptosomes and cell membrane fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essia Bouzamondo-Bernstein
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Bareggi SR, Braida D, Gervasoni M, Carcassola G, Pollera C, Verzoni C, Sala M, Vergerio C. Neurochemical and behavioural modifications induced by scrapie infection in golden hamsters. Brain Res 2003; 984:237-41. [PMID: 12932859 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Scrapie-infected hamsters were tested for spontaneous motor activity and passive avoidance at various times after infection. After testing, some animals were killed and their whole brains assayed for norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites. The apparent rate of turnover was estimated in terms of metabolite/amine concentrations. After 70 days, there was a decrease in passive avoidance and dopamine and serotonin. Passive avoidance correlated with the apparent rate of turnover of dopamine, whereas motor activity correlated with that of serotonin and dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bareggi
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) of cattle, scrapie of sheep, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) of humans. Prion diseases have become an important issue in public health and in the scientific world not only due to the possible relationship between BSE and new variant CJD (nvCJD) but also due to the unique biological features of the infectious agent. Although the nature of the infectious agent and the pathogenic mechanisms of prion diseases are not fully understood, considerable evidence suggests that an abnormal form (PrP(Sc)) of a host prion protein (PrP(C)) may compose substantial parts of the infectious agent and that various factors such as oxidative stress and calcium cytotoxicity are associated with the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Here, we briefly review and discuss the pathogenic mechanisms of prion diseases. These advances in understandings of fundamental biology of prion diseases may open the possibilities for the prevention and treatment of these unusual diseases and also suggest applications in more common neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon Hur
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym Academy of Sciences, Hallym University, Ilsong Building, Kwanyang-dong 1605-4, Dongan-gu, Anyang 431-060, South Korea
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Abstract
We present a theoretical framework that enables us to dissect out the parametric dependencies of the pathogenesis of prion diseases. We are able to determine the influence of both host-dependent factors (connectivity, cell density, protein synthesis rate, and cell death) and strain-dependent factors (cell tropism, virulence, and replication rate). We use a model based on a linked system of differential equations on a lattice to explore how the regional distribution of central nervous system pathology in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia relates to each of these factors. The model then is used to make qualitative predictions about the pathology for two possible hypothetical triggers of neuronal loss in prion diseases. Pathological progression in overexpressing mouse models has been shown to depend on the site of initial infection. The model allows us to compare the pathologies resulting from different inoculation routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Stumpf
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
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Kim JI, Ju WK, Choi JH, Choi E, Carp RI, Wisniewski HM, Kim YS. Expression of cytokine genes and increased nuclear factor-kappa B activity in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 73:17-27. [PMID: 10581394 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A number of aspects of the pathogenesis of scrapie remain to be elucidated. The cellular and molecular aspects of the neuropathology in scrapie suggest the possibility that the proinflammatory cytokines could act as pathogenic mediators in this neurodegenerative disease. To understand this possibility, we examined the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes in brains of IM mice-infected with 87V scrapie agent. Additionally, we also analyzed the activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), which is the major transcriptional activator for inflammatory cytokines, and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a common upstream messenger for its activation. The induction of mRNAs of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, was detected only in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. The activity of NF-kappaB was significantly increased in the nuclear extracts from brains of the scrapie-infected group and the immunoreactivity of NF-kappaB was increased in the hippocampus and thalamus in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. The NF-kappaB immunoreactivity was observed mainly in GFAP-positive astrocytes and also detected in the PrP-amyloid plaques in the brains of 87V scrapie-infected mice. Gene expression of IL-6 and iNOS, the representative target genes for NF-kappaB activation, were activated only in the infected group. The production of ROS was significantly increased in the brain mitochondrial fractions of scrapie-infected mice. These results suggest that prion accumulation in astrocytes might activate NF-kappaB through the increase of ROS generation, and thus alterations in NF-kappaB-directed gene expression may contribute to both the neurodegeneration and proinflammatory responses which occur in scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Kim
- Institute of Environment and Life Science, Hallym Academy of Sciences and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Ockcheon-Dong, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-702, South Korea
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Lee HG, Park SJ, Choi EK, Carp RI, Kim YS. Increased expression of prion protein is associated with changes in dopamine metabolism and MAO activity in PC12 cells. J Mol Neurosci 1999; 13:121-6. [PMID: 10691299 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:13:1-2:121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases of humans and animals occur following infection with infectious agents containing PrP(Sc) or in situations in which there is a mutation of the prion protein (PrP) gene. The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a sialoglycoprotein that is expressed predominantly in neurons. PrP(C) is converted into a pathogenic form of PrP (PrP(Sc)), which is distinguishable from PrP(C) by its relative resistance to protease digestion. A number of postulates have been advanced for the function of normal PrP (PrP(C)), but this issue has not been resolved. To investigate the function(s) of PrP(C), we established clonal PC12 cell lines, which have elevated PrP(C) expression. The results show that there were alterations in dopamine metabolism and in monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in transfected PC12 cells that overexpress PrP(C). There was an increase in concentration of DOPAC, a metabolite of dopamine, and in MAO activity in cells overexpressing PrP(C). MAO is involved in oxidative degradation of dopamine (DA). Our data suggest that PrP(C) plays a role in DA metabolism by regulating MAO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Lee
- Institute of Environment & Life Science, Hallym Academy of Sciences, Chuncheon, Korea
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