1
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Zhao F, Zhang K, Ma L, Huang Y. Identification of epithelial-related artificial neural network prognostic models for the prediction of bladder cancer prognosis through comprehensive analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34632. [PMID: 39157397 PMCID: PMC11328080 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BLCA) presents as a heterogeneous epithelial malignancy. Progress in the early detection and effective treatment of BLCA relies heavily on the identification of novel biomarkers. Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to pinpoint potential biomarkers for BLCA through the fusion of single-cell RNA sequencing and RNA sequencing assessments. Furthermore, the aim is to establish practical clinical prognostic models that can facilitate accurate categorization and individualized therapy for patients. Methods In this research, training sets were acquired from the TCGA database, whereas validation sets (GSE32894) and single-cell datasets (GSE135337) were extracted from the GEO database. Single-cell analysis was utilized to obtain characteristic subpopulations along with their associated marker genes. Subsequently, a novel BLCA subtype was identified within TCGA-BLCA. Furthermore, an artificial neural network prognostic model was constructed within the TCGA-BLCA cohort and subsequently verified utilizing a validation set. Two machine learning algorithms were employed to screen hub genes. QRT-qPCR was performed to detect the gene expression levels utilized in the construction of prognostic models across various cell lines. Additionally, the cMAP database and molecular docking were utilized for searching small molecule drugs. Results The results of single-cell analysis revealed the presence of epithelial cells in multiple subpopulations, with 1579 marker genes selected for subsequent investigations. Subsequently, four epithelial cell subtypes were identified within the TCGA-BLCA cohort. Notably, cluster A exhibited a significant survival advantage. Concurrently, an artificial neural network prognostic model comprising 17 feature genes was constructed, accurately stratifying patient risk. Patients categorized in the low-risk group demonstrated a considerable survival advantage. The ROC analysis suggested that the model has strong prognostic ability. Furthermore, the findings of the validation group align consistently with those from the training group. Two types of machine learning algorithms screened NFIC as hub genes. Forskolin, a small molecule drug that binds to NFIC, was identified by employing a cMAP database and molecular docking. Conclusion The analysis results supplement the research on the role of epithelial cells in BLCA. An artificial neural network prognostic model containing 17 characteristic genes demonstrates the capability to accurately stratify patient risk, thereby potentially improving clinical decision-making and optimizing personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Limin Ma
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yeqing Huang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
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2
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Becknell B, El-Harakeh M, Rodriguez-Tirado F, Grounds KM, Li B, Kercsmar M, Wang X, Jackson AR. Keratin 5 basal cells are temporally regulated developmental and tissue repair progenitors in bladder urothelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F1078-F1090. [PMID: 38634130 PMCID: PMC11386981 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00378.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Urothelium forms a distensible yet impermeable barrier, senses and transduces stimuli, and defends the urinary tract from mechanical, chemical, and bacterial injuries. Biochemical and genetic labeling studies support the existence of one or more progenitor populations with the capacity to rapidly regenerate the urothelium following injury, but slow turnover, a low mitotic index, and inconsistent methodologies obscure progenitor identity. The progenitor properties of basal keratin 5 urothelial cells (K5-UCs) have been previously investigated, but those studies focused on embryonic or adult bladder urothelium. Urothelium undergoes desquamation and apoptosis after birth, which requires postnatal proliferation and restoration. Therefore, we mapped the fate of bladder K5-UCs across postnatal development/maturation and following administration of cyclophosphamide to measure homeostatic and reparative progenitor capacities, respectively. In vivo studies demonstrate that basal K5-UCs are age-restricted progenitors in neonates and juveniles, but not in adult mice. Neonatal K5-UCs retain a superior progenitor capacity in vitro, forming larger and more differentiated urothelial organoids than adult K5-UCs. Accordingly, K5-UC transcriptomes are temporally distinct, with enrichment of transcripts associated with cell proliferation and differentiation in neonates. Induction of urothelial proliferation is sufficient to restore adult K5-UC progenitor capacity. Our findings advance the understanding of urothelial progenitors and support a linear model of urothelial formation and regeneration, which may have significant impact on therapeutic development or tissue engineering strategies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Fate mapping reveals an important linear relationship, whereby bladder basal urothelial cells give rise to intermediate and superficial cells in an age-restricted manner and contribute to tissue repair. Neonatal basal cells reprise their role as superior progenitors in vitro and display distinct transcriptional signatures, which suggest progenitor function is at least partially cell intrinsic. However, the urothelium progenitor niche cannot be overlooked, since FGF7 rescues adult basal cell progenitor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Becknell
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Mohammad El-Harakeh
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Felipe Rodriguez-Tirado
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Kelly M Grounds
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Birong Li
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Macie Kercsmar
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Ashley R Jackson
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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3
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Fashemi BE, Rougeau AK, Salazar AM, Bark SJ, Chappidi R, Brown JW, Cho CJ, Mills JC, Mysorekar IU. A new role for IFRD1 in regulation of ER stress in bladder epithelial homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.09.574887. [PMID: 38260387 PMCID: PMC10802459 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.09.574887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
A healthy bladder requires the homeostatic maintenance of and rapid regeneration of urothelium upon stress/injury/infection. Several factors have been identified to play important roles in urothelial development, injury and disease response, however, little is known about urothelial regulation at homeostasis. Here, we identify a new role for IFRD1, a stress-induced gene that has recently been demonstrated to play a critical role in adult tissue proliferation and regeneration, in maintenance of urothelial function/ homeostasis in a mouse model. We show that the mouse bladder expresses IFRD1 at homeostasis and its loss alters the global transcriptome of the bladder with significant accumulation of cellular organelles including multivesicular bodies with undigested cargo, lysosomes and mitochondria. We demonstrate that IFRD1 interacts with several mRNA-translation-regulating factors in human urothelial cells and that the urothelium of Ifrd1 -/- mice reveal decreased global translation and enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Ifrd1 -/- bladders have activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, specifically the PERK arm, with a concomitant increase in oxidative stress and spontaneous exfoliation of urothelial cells. Further, we show that such increase in cell shedding is associated with a compensatory proliferation of the basal cells but impaired regeneration of superficial cells. Finally, we show that upon loss of IFRD1, mice display aberrant voiding behavior. Thus, we propose that IFRD1 is at the center of many crucial cellular pathways that work together to maintain urothelial homeostasis, highlighting its importance as a target for diagnosis and/or therapy in bladder conditions.
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4
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Ramal M, Corral S, Kalisz M, Lapi E, Real FX. The urothelial gene regulatory network: understanding biology to improve bladder cancer management. Oncogene 2024; 43:1-21. [PMID: 37996699 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The urothelium is a stratified epithelium composed of basal cells, one or more layers of intermediate cells, and an upper layer of differentiated umbrella cells. Most bladder cancers (BLCA) are urothelial carcinomas. Loss of urothelial lineage fidelity results in altered differentiation, highlighted by the taxonomic classification into basal and luminal tumors. There is a need to better understand the urothelial transcriptional networks. To systematically identify transcription factors (TFs) relevant for urothelial identity, we defined highly expressed TFs in normal human bladder using RNA-Seq data and inferred their genomic binding using ATAC-Seq data. To focus on epithelial TFs, we analyzed RNA-Seq data from patient-derived organoids recapitulating features of basal/luminal tumors. We classified TFs as "luminal-enriched", "basal-enriched" or "common" according to expression in organoids. We validated our classification by differential gene expression analysis in Luminal Papillary vs. Basal/Squamous tumors. Genomic analyses revealed well-known TFs associated with luminal (e.g., PPARG, GATA3, FOXA1) and basal (e.g., TP63, TFAP2) phenotypes and novel candidates to play a role in urothelial differentiation or BLCA (e.g., MECOM, TBX3). We also identified TF families (e.g., KLFs, AP1, circadian clock, sex hormone receptors) for which there is suggestive evidence of their involvement in urothelial differentiation and/or BLCA. Genomic alterations in these TFs are associated with BLCA. We uncover a TF network involved in urothelial cell identity and BLCA. We identify novel candidate TFs involved in differentiation and cancer that provide opportunities for a better understanding of the underlying biology and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ramal
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Corral
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Kalisz
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eleonora Lapi
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Peskar D, Kerec Kos M, Cerkvenik U, Nemec Svete A, Erman A. Sex-Dependent Differences in Blood-Urine Barrier Are Subtle but Significant in Healthy and Chronically Inflamed Mouse Bladders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16296. [PMID: 38003485 PMCID: PMC10670955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium is a vital permeability barrier that prevents the uncontrolled flow of urinary components into and out of the bladder interstitium. Our study addressed the question of possible sex-specific variations in the urothelium of healthy mice and their impact on chronic bladder inflammation. We found that healthy female bladders have a less robust barrier function than male bladders, as indicated by significant differences in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values. These differences could be attributed to detected higher claudin 2 mRNA expression and a less pronounced glycocalyx in females than in males. In addition, TEER measurements showed delayed barrier recovery in chronically inflamed female bladders. We found subtle differences in the expressions of genes involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton between the sexes, as well as pronounced urothelial hyperplasia in females compensating for attenuated barrier function. The identified genetic variations in glycosylation pathways may also contribute to this divergence. Our findings add to the growing body of literature on the intricate sex-specific nuances of urothelial permeability function and their implications for chronic bladder inflammation. Understanding these differences could lead to tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the treatment of bladder disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Peskar
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.P.); (U.C.)
| | - Mojca Kerec Kos
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Uroš Cerkvenik
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.P.); (U.C.)
| | - Alenka Nemec Svete
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Andreja Erman
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.P.); (U.C.)
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6
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Murray O, Furrow E, Granick J, Merkel L, Lulich J. Safety and efficacy of nightly nitrofurantoin as prophylaxis in dogs with recurrent urinary tract infections: 13 cases (2015-2021). J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:477-484. [PMID: 36971090 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the protocol, efficacy and adverse events in dogs receiving nightly nitrofurantoin therapy as antimicrobial prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective case series of dogs prescribed nitrofurantoin as prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections. Data on urological history, diagnostic investigation, protocol, adverse events and efficacy (through serial urine cultures) were extracted from medical records. RESULTS Thirteen dogs were included. Before therapy, dogs had a median of 3 (range 3 to 7) positive urine cultures in the past year. In all but one dog, standard antimicrobial therapy was given before starting the nightly nitrofurantoin. The nightly nitrofurantoin was then prescribed at a median dose of 4.1 mg/kg orally every 24 hours for a median of 166 days (range 44 to 1740). The median infection-free interval on therapy was 268 days (95% confidence interval: 165 to undefined). Eight dogs had no positive urine cultures while on therapy. Of these, five (three which discontinued and two which remained on nitrofurantoin) had no return of clinical signs or bacteriuria at time of last follow-up evaluation or death, and three had suspected or confirmed bacteriuria 10 to 70 days after discontinuation. Five dogs developed bacteriuria on therapy, four of which were nitrofurantoin-resistant Proteus spp. Most other adverse events were minor; none were considered likely caused by the drug on causality assessment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Based on this small study group, nightly nitrofurantoin appears well tolerated and might be efficacious prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections in dogs. Infection with nitrofurantoin-resistant Proteus spp. was a common reason for treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Murray
- Veterinary Medical Center, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - E Furrow
- Veterinary Medical Center, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - J Granick
- Veterinary Medical Center, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - L Merkel
- Veterinary Medical Center, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - J Lulich
- Veterinary Medical Center, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
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7
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Jackson AR, Narla ST, Bates CM, Becknell B. Urothelial progenitors in development and repair. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:1721-1731. [PMID: 34471946 PMCID: PMC8942604 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Urothelium is a specialized multilayer epithelium that lines the urinary tract from the proximal urethra to the kidney. In addition to proliferation and differentiation during development, urothelial injury postnatally triggers a robust regenerative capacity to restore the protective barrier between the urine and tissue. Mounting evidence supports the existence of dedicated progenitor cell populations that give rise to urothelium during development and in response to injury. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis for urothelial patterning and repair will inform tissue regeneration therapies designed to ameliorate a number of structural and functional defects of the urinary tract. Here, we review the current understanding of urothelial progenitors and the signaling pathways that govern urothelial development and repair. While most published studies have focused on bladder urothelium, we also discuss literature on upper tract urothelial progenitors. Furthermore, we discuss evidence supporting existence of context-specific progenitors. This knowledge is fundamental to the development of strategies to regenerate or engineer damaged or diseased urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Jackson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute At Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, W308, Columbus, 43205, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sridhar T Narla
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Rangos Research Building, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15224, PA, USA
| | - Carlton M Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Rangos Research Building, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15224, PA, USA.
- Division of Nephrology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Brian Becknell
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute At Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, W308, Columbus, 43205, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
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8
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Jafari NV, Rohn JL. The urothelium: a multi-faceted barrier against a harsh environment. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1127-1142. [PMID: 36180582 PMCID: PMC9705259 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
All mucosal surfaces must deal with the challenge of exposure to the outside world. The urothelium is a highly specialized layer of stratified epithelial cells lining the inner surface of the urinary bladder, a gruelling environment involving significant stretch forces, osmotic and hydrostatic pressures, toxic substances, and microbial invasion. The urinary bladder plays an important barrier role and allows the accommodation and expulsion of large volumes of urine without permitting urine components to diffuse across. The urothelium is made up of three cell types, basal, intermediate, and umbrella cells, whose specialized functions aid in the bladder's mission. In this review, we summarize the recent insights into urothelial structure, function, development, regeneration, and in particular the role of umbrella cells in barrier formation and maintenance. We briefly review diseases which involve the bladder and discuss current human urothelial in vitro models as a complement to traditional animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila V Jafari
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Jennifer L Rohn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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9
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Lokeshwar SD, Lopez M, Sarcan S, Aguilar K, Morera DS, Shaheen DM, Lokeshwar BL, Lokeshwar VB. Molecular Oncology of Bladder Cancer from Inception to Modern Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112578. [PMID: 35681556 PMCID: PMC9179261 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the last forty years, seminal contributions have been made in the areas of bladder cancer (BC) biology, driver genes, molecular profiling, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for improving personalized patient care. This overview includes seminal discoveries and advances in the molecular oncology of BC. Starting with the concept of divergent molecular pathways for the development of low- and high-grade bladder tumors, field cancerization versus clonality of bladder tumors, cancer driver genes/mutations, genetic polymorphisms, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as an early form of immunotherapy are some of the conceptual contributions towards improving patient care. Although beginning with a promise of predicting prognosis and individualizing treatments, "-omic" approaches and molecular subtypes have revealed the importance of BC stem cells, lineage plasticity, and intra-tumor heterogeneity as the next frontiers for realizing individualized patient care. Along with urine as the optimal non-invasive liquid biopsy, BC is at the forefront of the biomarker field. If the goal is to reduce the number of cystoscopies but not to replace them for monitoring recurrence and asymptomatic microscopic hematuria, a BC marker may reach clinical acceptance. As advances in the molecular oncology of BC continue, the next twenty-five years should significantly advance personalized care for BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soum D. Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Maite Lopez
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Semih Sarcan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karina Aguilar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Daley S. Morera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Devin M. Shaheen
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Bal L. Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Correspondence: (B.L.L.); (V.B.L.)
| | - Vinata B. Lokeshwar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.L.); (V.B.L.)
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10
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Chen Z, Liu L, Chen Y, Liu M, Peng Xiang A, Deng C, Jiang MH. OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:659-673. [PMID: 35648087 PMCID: PMC9216508 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a bladder syndrome of unclear etiology with no generally accepted treatment. Growing evidence suggest that periostin (POSTN) is an important homeostatic component in the tissue repair and regeneration in adulthood, but its function in urinary bladder regeneration is still unknown. Here we investigate whether POSTN is involved in bladder tissue repair in a cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced interstitial cystitis model. POSTN is primarily expressed in bladder stroma (detrusor smooth muscle and lamina propria) and upregulated in response to CYP-induced injury. POSTN deficiency resulted in more severe hematuria, aggravated edema of the bladder, and delayed umbrella cell recovery. Besides, less proliferative urothelial cells (labeled by pHH3, Ki67, and EdU) and lower expression of Krt14 (a urothelial stem cell marker) were detected in POSTN−/− mice post CYP exposure, indicating a limited urothelial regeneration. Further investigations revealed that POSTN could induce Wnt4 upregulation and activate AKT signaling, which together activates β-catenin signaling to drive urothelial stem cell proliferation. In addition, POSTN can promote resident macrophage proliferation and polarization to a pro-regenerative (M2) phenotype, which favors urothelial regeneration. Furthermore, we generated injectable P-GelMA granular hydrogel as a biomaterial carrier to deliver recombinant POSTN into the bladder, which could increase urothelial stem cells number, decrease umbrella cells exfoliation, and hence alleviate hematuria in a CYP-induced interstitial cystitis model. In summary, our findings identify a pivotal role of POSTN in bladder urothelial regeneration and suggest that intravesical biomaterials-assisted POSTN delivery may be an efficacious treatment for interstitial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Minjie Liu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Deng
- Chunhua Deng, Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China. Tel: +86 20 87335633; Fax: +86 20 87332200;
| | - Mei Hua Jiang
- Corresponding authors: Mei Hua Jiang, Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People’s Republic of China. Tel: +86 20 87330639; Fax: +86 20 87330709;
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11
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Tate T, Xiang T, Wobker SE, Zhou M, Chen X, Kim H, Batourina E, Lin CS, Kim WY, Lu C, Mckiernan JM, Mendelsohn CL. Pparg signaling controls bladder cancer subtype and immune exclusion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6160. [PMID: 34697317 PMCID: PMC8545976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pparg, a nuclear receptor, is downregulated in basal subtype bladder cancers that tend to be muscle invasive and amplified in luminal subtype bladder cancers that tend to be non-muscle invasive. Bladder cancers derive from the urothelium, one of the most quiescent epithelia in the body, which is composed of basal, intermediate, and superficial cells. We find that expression of an activated form of Pparg (VP16;Pparg) in basal progenitors induces formation of superficial cells in situ, that exit the cell cycle, and do not form tumors. Expression in basal progenitors that have been activated by mild injury however, results in luminal tumor formation. We find that these tumors are immune deserted, which may be linked to down-regulation of Nf-kb, a Pparg target. Interestingly, some luminal tumors begin to shift to basal subtype tumors with time, down-regulating Pparg and other luminal markers. Our findings have important implications for treatment and diagnosis of bladder cancer. PPARg is differentially expressed in bladder cancer subtypes. Here, the authors show in mice that when an activated form of PPARg is expressed in basal bladder cells tumours do not form, however in the presence of injury the basal cells differentiate into luminal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Tate
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tina Xiang
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sarah E Wobker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mi Zhou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ekatherina Batourina
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Chyuan-Sheng Lin
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Transgenic Mouse Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - William Y Kim
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - James M Mckiernan
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Cathy Lee Mendelsohn
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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12
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Catozzi S, Halasz M, Kiel C. Predicted 'wiring landscape' of Ras-effector interactions in 29 human tissues. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2021; 7:10. [PMID: 33580066 PMCID: PMC7881153 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-021-00170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras is a plasma membrane (PM)-associated signaling hub protein that interacts with its partners (effectors) in a mutually exclusive fashion. We have shown earlier that competition for binding and hence the occurrence of specific binding events at a hub protein can modulate the activation of downstream pathways. Here, using a mechanistic modeling approach that incorporates high-quality proteomic data of Ras and 56 effectors in 29 (healthy) human tissues, we quantified the amount of individual Ras-effector complexes, and characterized the (stationary) Ras "wiring landscape" specific to each tissue. We identified nine effectors that are in significant amount in complex with Ras in at least one of the 29 tissues. We simulated both mutant- and stimulus-induced network re-configurations, and assessed their divergence from the reference scenario, specifically discussing a case study for two stimuli in three epithelial tissues. These analyses pointed to 32 effectors that are in significant amount in complex with Ras only if they are additionally recruited to the PM, e.g. via membrane-binding domains or domains binding to activated receptors at the PM. Altogether, our data emphasize the importance of tissue context for binding events at the Ras signaling hub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Catozzi
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Melinda Halasz
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Christina Kiel
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
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13
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A three dimensional computer model of urothelium and bladder cancer initiation, progress and collective invasion. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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14
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Carvalho J, Lopes V, Travasso R. Tumor cell invasiveness in the initial stages of bladder cancer development - A computational study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 37:e3417. [PMID: 33222396 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, being the sixth more frequent in men, and one with higher recurrence rates and overall treatment costs. We introduce an agent-based computational model of the urothelium, adopting a Cellular Potts Model (CPM) approach to describe both a healthy urothelium and the development of bladder cancer. We focus on the identification of the conditions in which cancer cells cross, by mechanical means, the basement membrane and invade the bladder lamina propria. When within the urothelium the tumor grows in a very constrained environment. These tight conditions imply that the urothelium layer where the tumor initiates greatly determines tumor growth and invasiveness. Moreover, we demonstrate how specific mechanical properties of the cancer cells, as their stiffness or the adhesion to neighboring cells, heavily modulate the critical initial moments of tumor development. We propose that these characteristics should be considered as therapeutic targets to control tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Carvalho
- CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Valeria Lopes
- CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Travasso
- CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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15
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Lacerda Mariano L, Rousseau M, Varet H, Legendre R, Gentek R, Saenz Coronilla J, Bajenoff M, Gomez Perdiguero E, Ingersoll MA. Functionally distinct resident macrophage subsets differentially shape responses to infection in the bladder. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/48/eabc5739. [PMID: 33239294 PMCID: PMC7688323 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Resident macrophages are abundant in the bladder, playing key roles in immunity to uropathogens. Yet, whether they are heterogeneous, where they come from, and how they respond to infection remain largely unknown. We identified two macrophage subsets in mouse bladders, MacM in muscle and MacL in the lamina propria, each with distinct protein expression and transcriptomes. Using a urinary tract infection model, we validated our transcriptomic analyses, finding that MacM macrophages phagocytosed more bacteria and polarized to an anti-inflammatory profile, whereas MacL macrophages died rapidly during infection. During resolution, monocyte-derived cells contributed to tissue-resident macrophage pools and both subsets acquired transcriptional profiles distinct from naïve macrophages. Macrophage depletion resulted in the induction of a type 1-biased immune response to a second urinary tract infection, improving bacterial clearance. Our study uncovers the biology of resident macrophages and their responses to an exceedingly common infection in a largely overlooked organ, the bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Lacerda Mariano
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- INSERM U1223 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Rousseau
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- INSERM U1223 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Bioinformatic and Biostatistic Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, Paris, France
- Biomics Platform, Center for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Bioinformatic and Biostatistic Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, Paris, France
- Biomics Platform, Center for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Javier Saenz Coronilla
- Macrophages and Endothelial Cells, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marc Bajenoff
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Elisa Gomez Perdiguero
- Macrophages and Endothelial Cells, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Molly A Ingersoll
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
- INSERM U1223 Paris, France
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16
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Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. The Urothelium: Life in a Liquid Environment. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1621-1705. [PMID: 32191559 PMCID: PMC7717127 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra, forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical environment and communicates changes to underlying tissues including afferent nerve fibers and the smooth muscle. The goal of this review is to summarize new insights into urothelial biology and function that have occurred in the past decade. After familiarizing the reader with key aspects of urothelial histology, we describe new insights into urothelial development and regeneration. This is followed by an extended discussion of urothelial barrier function, including information about the roles of the glycocalyx, ion and water transport, tight junctions, and the cellular and tissue shape changes and other adaptations that accompany expansion and contraction of the lower urinary tract. We also explore evidence that the urothelium can alter the water and solute composition of urine during normal physiology and in response to overdistension. We complete the review by providing an overview of our current knowledge about the urothelial environment, discussing the sensor and transducer functions of the urothelium, exploring the role of circadian rhythms in urothelial gene expression, and describing novel research tools that are likely to further advance our understanding of urothelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Montalbetti
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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17
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Vitamin A Rich Diet Diminishes Early Urothelial Carcinogenesis by Altering Retinoic Acid Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071712. [PMID: 32605249 PMCID: PMC7407197 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer is one of the leading malignancies worldwide, with the highest recurrence rates. A diet rich in vitamin A has proven to lower the risk of cancer, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown. We found that vitamin A decreased urothelial atypia and apoptosis during early bladder carcinogenesis induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN). Vitamin A did not alter urothelial cell desquamation, differentiation, or proliferation rate. Genes like Wnt5a, involved in retinoic acid signaling, and transcription factors Pparg, Ppara, Rxra, and Hoxa5 were downregulated, while Sox9 and Stra6 were upregulated in early urothelial carcinogenesis. When a vitamin A rich diet was provided during BBN treatment, none of these genes was up- or downregulated; only Lrat and Neurod1 were upregulated. The lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) enzyme that produces all-trans retinyl esters was translocated from the cytoplasm to the nuclei in urothelial cells as a consequence of BBN treatment regardless of vitamin A rich diet. A vitamin A-rich diet altered retinoic acid signaling, decreased atypia and apoptosis of urothelial cells, and consequently diminished early urothelial carcinogenesis.
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18
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Liu C, Tate T, Batourina E, Truschel ST, Potter S, Adam M, Xiang T, Picard M, Reiley M, Schneider K, Tamargo M, Lu C, Chen X, He J, Kim H, Mendelsohn CL. Pparg promotes differentiation and regulates mitochondrial gene expression in bladder epithelial cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4589. [PMID: 31597917 PMCID: PMC6785552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The urothelium is an epithelial barrier lining the bladder that protects against infection, fluid exchange and damage from toxins. The nuclear receptor Pparg promotes urothelial differentiation in vitro, and Pparg mutations are associated with bladder cancer. However, the function of Pparg in the healthy urothelium is unknown. Here we show that Pparg is critical in urothelial cells for mitochondrial biogenesis, cellular differentiation and regulation of inflammation in response to urinary tract infection (UTI). Superficial cells, which are critical for maintaining the urothelial barrier, fail to mature in Pparg mutants and basal cells undergo squamous-like differentiation. Pparg mutants display persistent inflammation after UTI, and Nf-KB, which is transiently activated in response to infection in the wild type urothelium, persists for months. Our observations suggest that in addition to its known roles in adipogegnesis and macrophage differentiation, that Pparg-dependent transcription plays a role in the urothelium controlling mitochondrial function development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tiffany Tate
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ekatherina Batourina
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Steven T Truschel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mike Adam
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tina Xiang
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Maia Reiley
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Surgery, Ascension/St. John Providence, 16001 West Nine Mile Road, Southfield, MI, 48075, USA
| | - Kerry Schneider
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Manuel Tamargo
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jing He
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Cathy Lee Mendelsohn
- Department of Urology, Genetics, and Devlopment, Pathology and Cell Biology and CSCI, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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19
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Poly-L-lysine as an Effective and Safe Desquamation Inducer of Urinary Bladder Epithelium. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091506. [PMID: 31527451 PMCID: PMC6780635 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced desquamation of urinary bladder epithelial cells, also called urothelial cells, is frequently used in studies of bladder epithelial regeneration and also in treating recurrent bacterial cystitis. Positively charged polymer chitosan is known to cause large-scale desquamation of terminally differentiated urothelial cells called umbrella cells. Aiming to compare the desquamation ability of another polycation poly-L-lysine, we studied the effect of this polymer on the functional and structural integrity of the urothelium in ex vivo and in vivo experiments. The urothelium was analyzed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance, and the structural changes of its luminal surface were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed a selective and concentration-dependent desquamation effect of poly-L-lysine on superficial urothelial cells followed by quick regeneration of the urothelium, which functionally and structurally recovers in 2 to 3 h after poly-L-lysine–induced injury. Poly-L-lysine was thus proven to be a promising polymer to be used when desquamation of urothelial cells is required in basic and potentially clinical studies.
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20
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Mouse and human urothelial cancer organoids: A tool for bladder cancer research. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4567-4574. [PMID: 30787188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803595116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common malignancy that has a relatively poor outcome. Lack of culture models for the bladder epithelium (urothelium) hampers the development of new therapeutics. Here we present a long-term culture system of the normal mouse urothelium and an efficient culture system of human bladder cancer cells. These so-called bladder (cancer) organoids consist of 3D structures of epithelial cells that recapitulate many aspects of the urothelium. Mouse bladder organoids can be cultured efficiently and genetically manipulated with ease, which was exemplified by creating genetic knockouts in the tumor suppressors Trp53 and Stag2. Human bladder cancer organoids can be derived efficiently from both resected tumors and biopsies and cultured and passaged for prolonged periods. We used this feature of human bladder organoids to create a living biobank consisting of bladder cancer organoids derived from 53 patients. Resulting organoids were characterized histologically and functionally. Organoid lines contained both basal and luminal bladder cancer subtypes based on immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis. Common bladder cancer mutations like TP53 and FGFR3 were found in organoids in the biobank. Finally, we performed limited drug testing on organoids in the bladder cancer biobank.
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21
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Sone M, Toyoda T, Cho YM, Akagi JI, Matsushita K, Mizuta Y, Morikawa T, Nishikawa A, Ogawa K. Immunohistochemistry of γ-H2AX as a method of early detection of urinary bladder carcinogenicity in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:868-876. [PMID: 30701581 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) has been demonstrated as a DNA damage marker both in vitro and in vivo. We previously reported the effects of genotoxic carcinogens in the urinary bladder of rats by immunohistochemical analysis of γ-H2AX using samples from 28-day repeated-dose tests. To evaluate the application of γ-H2AX as a biomarker of carcinogenicity in the bladder, we examined species differences in γ-H2AX formation in the urinary bladder of mice. Six-week-old male B6C3F1 mice were treated orally with 12 chemicals for 4 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, p-cresidine and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), classified as genotoxic bladder carcinogens, induced significant increases in γ-H2AX levels in the bladder urothelium. In contrast, genotoxic (2-nitroanisole, glycidol, N-nitrosodiethylamine and acrylamide) and non-genotoxic (dimethylarsinic acid and melamine) non-bladder carcinogens did not upregulate γ-H2AX. Importantly, 2-nitroanisole, a potent genotoxic bladder carcinogen in rats, significantly increased the proportion of γ-H2AX-positive cells in rats only, reflecting differences in carcinogenicity in the urinary bladder between rats and mice. Significant upregulation of γ-H2AX was also induced by uracil, a non-genotoxic bladder carcinogen that may be associated with cell proliferation, as demonstrated by increased Ki67 expression. 2-AAF caused γ-H2AX formation mainly in the superficial layer, together with reduced and disorganized expression of uroplakin III, unlike in rats, suggesting the mouse-specific cytotoxicity of 2-AAF in umbrella cells. These results suggest γ-H2AX is a useful biomarker reflecting species differences in carcinogenicity in the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sone
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Akagi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mizuta
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Morikawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashi-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
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22
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Jackson AR, Li B, Cohen SH, Ching CB, McHugh KM, Becknell B. The uroplakin plaque promotes renal structural integrity during congenital and acquired urinary tract obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1019-F1031. [PMID: 29897287 PMCID: PMC6230727 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00173.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract obstruction represents a common cause of kidney injury across the human life span, resulting in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Yet, the extent of obstructive renal damage can be heterogeneous between individuals, implying the existence of unknown mechanisms that protect against or accelerate kidney injury. In this study, we investigated the role of urothelial remodeling in renal adaptation during congenital and acquired obstruction. In the Megabladder ( Mgb-/-) model of congenital obstruction and unilateral ureteral ligation model of acute obstruction, progressive hydronephrosis is strongly associated with dynamic reorganization of the renal urothelium, which elaborates a continuous uroplakin (Upk) plaque. This led us to postulate that the Upk plaque prevents parenchymal injury during urinary tract obstruction. To test this hypothesis, we interbred Mgb-/- and Upk1b-/- mice, which lack the critical Upk1b subunit for Upk plaque formation. Upk1b-/-; Mgb-/- mice experienced an accelerated onset of bilateral hydronephrosis with severe (>67%) parenchymal loss, leading to renal failure and mortality in adolescence. To investigate the function of the renal Upk plaque during acute obstruction, we destabilized the Upk plaque by Upk1b deletion or genetically depleted Upk+ cells following unilateral ureteral obstruction. Both of these strategies accelerated renal parenchymal loss following ureteral ligation, attesting to a conserved, stabilizing role for Upk plaque deposition in the acutely obstructed kidney. In aggregate, these complementary experiments provide the first evidence that the Upk plaque confers an essential, protective adaptation to preserve renal parenchymal integrity during congenital and acquired urinary tract obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Jackson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Birong Li
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shira H Cohen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christina B Ching
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kirk M McHugh
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Anatomy, Ohio State University School of Medicine , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian Becknell
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
- Nephrology Section, Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus, Ohio
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23
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Sano T, Kobayashi T, Ogawa O, Matsuda M. Gliding Basal Cell Migration of the Urothelium during Wound Healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2564-2573. [PMID: 30121259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration during wound healing has been extensively studied in the epidermis. However, it remains unknown whether the urothelium repairs wounds in a manner similar to the epidermis. By in vivo two-photon excitation microscopy of transgenic mice that express fluorescent biosensors, we studied the collective cell migration of the urothelium in comparison with that of the epidermis. In vivo time-lapse imaging revealed that, even in the absence of a wound, urothelial cells continuously moved and sometimes glided as a sheet over the underlying lamina propria. On abrasion of the epithelium, the migration speed of each epidermal cell was inversely correlated with the distance to the wound edge. Repetitive activation waves of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were generated at and propagated away from the wound edge. In contrast, urothelial cells glided as a sheet over the lamina propria without any ERK activation waves. Accordingly, the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase inhibitor PD0325901 decreased the migration velocity of the epidermis but not the urothelium. Interestingly, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib inhibited migration of the urothelium as well as the epidermis, suggesting that the gliding migration of the urothelium is an active, not a passive, migration. In conclusion, the urothelium glides over the lamina propria to fill wounds in an ERK-independent manner, whereas the epidermis crawls to cover wounds in an ERK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sano
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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24
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Roberts KJ, Kershner AM, Beachy PA. The Stromal Niche for Epithelial Stem Cells: A Template for Regeneration and a Brake on Malignancy. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:404-410. [PMID: 29017054 PMCID: PMC5679442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stromal restraint of cancer growth and progression-emerging as a widespread phenomenon in epithelial cancers such as bladder, pancreas, colon, and prostate-appears rooted in stromal cell niche activity. During normal tissue repair, stromal niche signals, often Hedgehog-induced, promote epithelial stem cell differentiation as well as self-renewal, thus specifying a regenerating epithelial pattern. In the case of cancerous tissue, stromal cell-derived differentiation signals in particular may provide a brake on malignant growth. Understanding and therapeutic harnessing of the role of stroma in cancer restraint may hinge on our knowledge of the signaling programs elaborated by the stromal niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J Roberts
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron M Kershner
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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25
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Erman A, Hergouth VK, Blango MG, Kos MK, Mulvey MA, Veranic P. Repeated Treatments with Chitosan in Combination with Antibiotics Completely Eradicate Uropathogenic Escherichia coli From Infected Mouse Urinary Bladders. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:375-381. [PMID: 28119486 PMCID: PMC5853829 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the primary causative agents of urinary tract infections, colonize and invade the epithelial cells of the bladder urothelium. Infection of immature urothelial cells can result in the formation of persistent intracellular reservoirs that are refractory to antibiotic treatments. Previously, we defined a novel therapeutic strategy that used the bladder cell exfoliant chitosan to deplete UPEC reservoirs. However, although a single treatment of chitosan followed by ciprofloxacin administration had a marked effect on reducing UPEC titers within the bladder, this treatment failed to prevent relapsing bacteriuria. We show here that repeated use of chitosan in conjunction with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin completely eradicates UPEC from the urinary tract and prevents the development of relapsing bouts of bacteriuria. In addition, microscopy revealed rapid restoration of bladder integrity following chitosan treatment, indicating that chitosan can be used to effectively combat recalcitrant bladder infections without causing lasting harm to the urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Erman
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Križan Hergouth
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matthew G Blango
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | | | - Matthew A Mulvey
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Peter Veranic
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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Zhu X, Zhai K, Mi Y, Ji G. Expression and function of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in the rat urinary bladder. BMC Urol 2017; 17:54. [PMID: 28687079 PMCID: PMC5501575 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-017-0244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown that hosphodiesterases (PDEs) play an important role in mediating the smooth muscle tone of rat urinary bladder. However, the gene expression profiles of them were still unknown. Methods Urinary bladder Strips were obtained from both neonatal and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. RT-PCR/western blot and organ bath were used to measure the expression and function of PDEs. Results Adult rat urinary bladder expressed various PDE mRNA with the following rank order: PDE5A ≈ PDE9A ≈ PDE10A > PDE2A ≈ PDE4A ≈ PDE4D > PDE4B ≈ PDE3B ≈ PDE8B ≈ PDE7A ≈ PDE7B > PDE1A. PDE1B, PDE1C, PDE3A, PDE4C, PDE8A, and PDE11A were not detected. Of interest, the mRNA and protein of PDE3A were significantly decreased in adult rat urinary bladder compared to neonatal rat urinary bladder. Cilostamide, a specific inhibitor for PDE3, significantly inhibited the amplitude and frequency of carbachol-enhanced phasic contractions of neonatal rat bladder strips by 38.8% and 12.1%, respectively. Compared to the neonatal rat bladder, the effect of cilostamide was significantly blunted in adult rat urinary bladder: the amplitude and frequency of carbachol-enhanced phasic contractions were decreased by 13.4% (P < 0.01 vs neonatal rat bladder) and 4.4%, respectively. However, the mRNA and the protein levels of PDE3B were similar between neonatal and adult rat bladder. Conclusion We found that several PDE isoforms were expressed in the rat urinary bladder with distinct levels. Moreover, we showed that the function of PDE3 was blunted in adult rat bladder likely due to the decreased expression of PDE3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Zhai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yue Mi
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangju Ji
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China.
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27
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Balsara ZR, Li X. Sleeping beauty: awakening urothelium from its slumber. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F732-F743. [PMID: 28122714 PMCID: PMC5407074 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00337.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bladder urothelium is essentially quiescent but regenerates readily upon injury. The process of urothelial regeneration harkens back to the process of urothelial development whereby urothelial stem/progenitor cells must proliferate and terminally differentiate to establish all three urothelial layers. How the urothelium regulates the level of proliferation and the timing of differentiation to ensure the precise degree of regeneration is of significant interest in the field. Without a carefully-orchestrated process, urothelial regeneration may be inadequate, thereby exposing the host to toxins or pathogens. Alternatively, regeneration may be excessive, thereby setting the stage for tumor development. This review describes our current understanding of urothelial regeneration. The current controversies surrounding the identity and location of urothelial progenitor cells that mediate urothelial regeneration are discussed and evidence for each model is provided. We emphasize the factors that have been shown to be crucial for urothelial regeneration, including local growth factors that stimulate repair, and epithelial-mesenchymal cross talk, which ensures feedback regulation. Also highlighted is the emerging concept of epigenetic regulation of urothelial regeneration, which additionally fine tunes the process through transcriptional regulation of cell cycle genes and growth and differentiation factors. Finally, we emphasize how several of these pathways and/or programs are often dysregulated during malignant transformation, further corroborating their importance in directing normal urothelial regeneration. Together, evidence in the field suggests that any attempt to exploit regenerative programs for the purposes of enhanced urothelial repair or replacement must take into account this delicate balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarine R Balsara
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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28
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Kullmann FA, Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Wolf-Johnston A, Gauthier C, Kanai A, Birder LA, Apodaca G. Urothelial proliferation and regeneration after spinal cord injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F85-F102. [PMID: 28331065 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00592.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal, intermediate, and superficial cell layers of the urothelium undergo rapid and complete recovery following acute injury; however, the effects of chronic injury on urothelial regeneration have not been well defined. To address this discrepancy, we employed a mouse model to explore urothelial changes in response to spinal cord injury (SCI), a condition characterized by life-long bladder dysfunction. One day post SCI there was a focal loss of umbrella cells, which are large cells that populate the superficial cell layer and normally express uroplakins (UPKs) and KRT20, but not KRT5, KRT14, or TP63. In response to SCI, regions of urothelium devoid of umbrella cells were replaced with small superficial cells that lacked KRT20 expression and appeared to be derived in part from the underlying intermediate cell layer, including cells positive for KRT5 and TP63. We also observed KRT14-positive basal cells that extended thin cytoplasmic extensions, which terminated in the bladder lumen. Both KRT14-positive and KRT14-negative urothelial cells proliferated 1 day post SCI, and by 7 days, cells in the underlying lamina propria, detrusor, and adventitia were also dividing. At 28 days post SCI, the urothelium appeared morphologically patent, and the number of proliferative cells decreased to baseline levels; however, patches of small superficial cells were detected that coexpressed UPKs, KRT5, KRT14, and TP63, but failed to express KRT20. Thus, unlike the rapid and complete restoration of the urothelium that occurs in response to acute injuries, regions of incompletely differentiated urothelium were observed even 28 days post SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aura Kullmann
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis R Clayton
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda Wolf-Johnston
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christian Gauthier
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony Kanai
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Lori A Birder
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; .,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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29
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Wang C, Ross WT, Mysorekar IU. Urothelial generation and regeneration in development, injury, and cancer. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:336-343. [PMID: 28109014 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic maintenance and repair of the urothelium upon injury are required for a functional bladder in both healthy and disease conditions. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the urothelial regenerative response is key to designing strategies for tissue repair and ultimately treatments for urologic diseases including urinary tract infections, voiding dysfunction, painful bladder syndrome, and bladder cancer. In this article, we review studies on urothelial ontogeny during development and regeneration following various injury modalities. Signaling pathways involved in urothelial regeneration and in urothelial carcinogenesis are also discussed. Developmental Dynamics 246:336-343, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Whitney Trotter Ross
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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30
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Guo C, Balsara ZR, Hill WG, Li X. Stage- and subunit-specific functions of polycomb repressive complex 2 in bladder urothelial formation and regeneration. Development 2017; 144:400-408. [PMID: 28049658 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Urothelium is the protective lining of the urinary tract. The mechanisms underlying urothelial formation and maintenance are largely unknown. Here, we report the stage-specific roles of PRC2 epigenetic regulators in embryonic and adult urothelial progenitors. Without Eed, the obligatory subunit of PRC2, embryonic urothelial progenitors demonstrate reduced proliferation with concomitant dysregulation of genes including Cdkn2a (p16), Cdkn2b (p15) and Shh. These mutants display premature differentiation of keratin 5-positive (Krt5+) basal cells and ectopic expression of squamous-like differentiation markers. Deletion of Ezh2, the major enzymatic component of PRC2, causes upregulation of Upk3a+ superficial cells. Unexpectedly, Eed and Eed/Ezh2 double mutants exhibit delayed superficial cell differentiation. Furthermore, Eed regulates the proliferative and regenerative capacity of adult urothelial progenitors and prevents precocious differentiation. Collectively, these findings uncover the epigenetic mechanism by which PRC2 controls urothelial progenitor cell fate and the timing of differentiation, and further suggest an epigenetic basis of urothelial maintenance and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Guo
- Department of Urology and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zarine R Balsara
- Department of Urology and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Warren G Hill
- Laboratory of Voiding Dysfunction, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Urology and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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31
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Oleksiewicz MB, Thorup I, Nielsen HS, Andersen HV, Hegelund AC, Iversen L, Guldberg TS, Brinck PR, Sjogren I, Thinggaard UK, Jørgensen L, Jensen MB. Generalized Cellular Hypertrophy is Induced by a Dual-Acting PPAR Agonist in Rat Urinary Bladder Urothelium In Vivo. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 33:552-60. [PMID: 16076770 DOI: 10.1080/01926230500214657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Some developmental dual-acting PPARα/γ agonists, such as ragaglitazar, have shown carcinogenic effects in the rodent urinary bladder urothelium after months-years of dosing. We examined early (precancerous) changes in the bladder urothelium of rats orally dosed with ragaglitazar, using a newly developed flow cytometric method. Following 3 weeks of oral ragaglitazar dosing, increases in physical size occurred in a generalized fashion in rat bladder urothelial cells, determined by flow cytometry. Protein/DNA measurements confirmed increased protein content of urothelial cells in the bladder, and hypertrophy was observed in the kidney pelvis urothelium by histopathology. In animals exhibiting urothelial hypertrophy, no cell cycle changes were detected in parallel samples of bladder urothelium. Interestingly, urothelial cells from normal rats were found to constitute a unique type of noncycling population, with high G2/M fractions. In summary, our findings showed that in the urothelium of ragaglitazar-treated animals, hypertrophy (increased size and protein content per cell) was an early change, that affected the whole bladder urothelial cell population. The urothelial hypertrophy was primary, i.e., occurred in the absence of similarly pronounced changes in cell cycle distributions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a direct hypertrophic effect of a PPAR agonist. Urothelial hypertrophy might be a relevant early biological endpoint in mechanistic studies regarding the bladder-carcinogenic effect of PPAR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Oleksiewicz
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Department of Virology and Molecular Toxicology, Maalov, Denmark.
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32
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Kriegbaum MC, Jacobsen B, Füchtbauer A, Hansen GH, Christensen IJ, Rundsten CF, Persson M, Engelholm LH, Madsen AN, Di Meo I, Lund IK, Holst B, Kjaer A, Lærum OD, Füchtbauer EM, Ploug M. C4.4A gene ablation is compatible with normal epidermal development and causes modest overt phenotypes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25833. [PMID: 27169360 PMCID: PMC4864438 DOI: 10.1038/srep25833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C4.4A is a modular glycolipid-anchored Ly6/uPAR/α-neurotoxin multidomain protein that exhibits a prominent membrane-associated expression in stratified squamous epithelia. C4.4A is also expressed in various solid cancer lesions, where high expression levels often are correlated to poor prognosis. Circumstantial evidence suggests a role for C4.4A in cell adhesion, migration, and invasion, but a well-defined biological function is currently unknown. In the present study, we have generated and characterized the first C4.4A-deficient mouse line to gain insight into the functional significance of C4.4A in normal physiology and cancer progression. The unchallenged C4.4A-deficient mice were viable, fertile, born in a normal Mendelian distribution and, surprisingly, displayed normal development of squamous epithelia. The C4.4A-deficient mice were, nonetheless, significantly lighter than littermate controls predominantly due to differences in fat mass. Congenital C4.4A deficiency delayed migration of keratinocytes enclosing incisional skin wounds in male mice. In chemically induced bladder carcinomas, C4.4A deficiency attenuated the incidence of invasive lesions despite having no effect on total tumour burden. This new C4.4A-deficient mouse line provides a useful platform for future studies on functional aspects of C4.4A in tumour cell invasion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Camilla Kriegbaum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benedikte Jacobsen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Füchtbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gert Helge Hansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ib Jarle Christensen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Friis Rundsten
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Persson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine &PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Henning Engelholm
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ivano Di Meo
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milano, Italy
| | - Ida Katrine Lund
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Deparment of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine &PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Didrik Lærum
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory of Pathology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Michael Ploug
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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33
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Tissue engineering in urothelium regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:64-8. [PMID: 25477302 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic treatments to regenerate urothelium, manufacture tissue equivalents or neourethras for in-vivo application is a significant challenge in the field of tissue engineering. Many studies have focused on urethral defects that, in most cases, inadequately address current therapies. This article reviews the primary tissue engineering strategies aimed at the clinical requirements for urothelium regeneration while concentrating on promising investigations in the use of grafts, cellular preparations, as well as seeded or unseeded natural and synthetic materials. Despite significant progress being made in the development of scaffolds and matrices, buccal mucosa transplants have not been replaced. Recently, graft tissues appear to have an advantage over the use of matrices. These therapies depend on cell isolation and propagation in vitro that require, not only substantial laboratory resources, but also subsequent surgical implant procedures. The choice of the correct cell source is crucial when determining an in-vivo application because of the risks of tissue changes and abnormalities that may result in donor site morbidity. Addressing an appropriately-designed animal model and relevant regulatory issues is of fundamental importance for the principal investigators when a therapy using cellular components has been developed for clinical use.
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34
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Lasič E, Višnjar T, Kreft ME. Properties of the Urothelium that Establish the Blood–Urine Barrier and Their Implications for Drug Delivery. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 168:1-29. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bladder cancers arise from distinct urothelial sub-populations. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:982-91, 1-5. [PMID: 25218638 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in humans. This heterogeneous set of lesions including urothelial carcinoma (Uca) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arise from the urothelium, a stratified epithelium composed of K5-expressing basal cells, intermediate cells and umbrella cells. Superficial Uca lesions are morphologically distinct and exhibit different clinical behaviours: carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a flat aggressive lesion, whereas papillary carcinomas are generally low-grade and non-invasive. Whether these distinct characteristics reflect different cell types of origin is unknown. Here we show using lineage tracing in a murine model of carcinogenesis that intermediate cells give rise primarily to papillary lesions, whereas K5-basal cells are likely progenitors of CIS, muscle-invasive lesions and SCC depending on the genetic background. Our results provide a cellular and genetic basis for the diversity in bladder cancer lesions and provide a possible explanation for their clinical and morphological differences.
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Sun W, Wilhelmina Aalders T, Oosterwijk E. Identification of potential bladder progenitor cells in the trigone. Dev Biol 2014; 393:84-92. [PMID: 24992712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial cells are specialized epithelial cells in the bladder that serve as a barrier toward excreted urine. The urothelium consists of superficial cells (most differentiated cells), intermediate cells, and basal cells; the latter have been considered as urothelium progenitor cells. In this study, BrdU or EdU was administrated to pregnant mice during E8-E13 for 2 consecutive days when bladder development occurs. The presence of label retaining cells was investigated in bladders from offspring. In 6 months old mice ~1% of bladder cells retained labeling. Stem cell markers as defined for other tissues (e.g., p63, CD44, CD117, trop2) co-localized or were in close vicinity to label retaining cells, but they were not uniquely limited to these cells. Remarkably, label retaining cells were distributed in all three cell layers (p63+, CK7+, and CK20+) of the urothelium and concentrated in the bladder trigone. This study demonstrates that bladder progenitor cells are present in all cell layers and reside mostly in the trigone. Understanding the geographic location of slow cycling cells provides crucial information for tissue regenerative purposes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilun Sun
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Experimental Urology 267, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tilly Wilhelmina Aalders
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Experimental Urology 267, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Egbert Oosterwijk
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Experimental Urology 267, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Colopy SA, Bjorling DE, Mulligan WA, Bushman W. A population of progenitor cells in the basal and intermediate layers of the murine bladder urothelium contributes to urothelial development and regeneration. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:988-98. [PMID: 24796293 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeostatic maintenance and repair of the bladder urothelium has been attributed to proliferation of keratin 5-expressing basal cells (K5-BC) with subsequent differentiation into superficial cells. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the intermediate cell layer harbors a population of progenitor cells. We use label-retaining cell (LRC) methodology in conjunction with a clinically relevant model of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)-induced injury to characterize urothelial ontogeny during development and in response to diffuse urothelial injury. RESULTS In the developing urothelium, proliferating cells were dispersed throughout the K5-BC and intermediate cells layers, becoming progressively concentrated in the K5-BC layer with age. When 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered during urothelial development, LRCs in the adult were found within the K5-BC, intermediate, and superficial cell layers, the location dependent upon time of labeling. UPEC inoculation resulted in loss of the superficial cell layer followed by robust proliferation of K5-BCs and intermediate cells. LRCs within the K5-BC and intermediate cell layers proliferated in response to injury. CONCLUSIONS Urothelial development and regeneration following injury relies on proliferation of K5-BC and intermediate cells. The existence and proliferation of LRCs within both the K5-BC and intermediate cell layers suggests the presence of two populations of urothelial progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Colopy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Shin K, Lim A, Odegaard JI, Honeycutt JD, Kawano S, Hsieh MH, Beachy PA. Cellular origin of bladder neoplasia and tissue dynamics of its progression to invasive carcinoma. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:469-78. [PMID: 24747439 PMCID: PMC4196946 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how malignancies arise within normal tissues requires identification of the cancer cell of origin and knowledge of the cellular and tissue dynamics of tumor progression. Here we examine bladder cancer in a chemical carcinogenesis model that mimics muscle-invasive human bladder cancer. With no prior bias regarding genetic pathways or cell types, we prospectively mark or ablate cells to show that muscle-invasive bladder carcinomas arise exclusively from Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-expressing stem cells in basal urothelium. These carcinomas arise clonally from a single cell whose progeny aggressively colonize a major portion of the urothelium to generate a lesion with histological features identical to human carcinoma-in-situ. Shh-expressing basal cells within this precursor lesion become tumor-initiating cells, although Shh expression is lost in subsequent carcinomas. We thus find that invasive carcinoma is initiated from basal urothelial stem cells but that tumor cell phenotype can diverge significantly from that of the cancer cell-of-origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyoo Shin
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Agnes Lim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Justin I Odegaard
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jared D Honeycutt
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sally Kawano
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael H Hsieh
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- 1] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA [3] Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA [4] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Sun Y, Jiang YN, Xu CF, Du YX, Zhang JJ, Yan Y, Gao XL. The recovery of bladder epithelial hyperplasia caused by a melamine diet-induced bladder calculus in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 64:378-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yi-Na Jiang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chang-Fu Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yun-Xia Du
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yang Yan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Li Gao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
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40
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Dodmane PR, Arnold LL, Muirhead DE, Suzuki S, Yokohira M, Pennington KL, Dave BJ, Lu X, Le XC, Cohen SM. Characterization of intracellular inclusions in the urothelium of mice exposed to inorganic arsenic. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:36-46. [PMID: 24097667 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a known human carcinogen at high exposures, increasing the incidences of urinary bladder, skin, and lung cancers. In most mammalian species, ingested iAs is excreted mainly through urine primarily as dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)). In wild-type (WT) mice, iAs, DMA(V), and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) exposures induce formation of intramitochondrial urothelial inclusions. Arsenite (iAs(III)) also induced intranuclear inclusions in arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase knockout (As3mt KO) mice. The arsenic-induced formation of inclusions in the mouse urothelium was dose and time dependent. The inclusions do not occur in iAs-treated rats and do not appear to be related to arsenic-induced urothelial cytotoxicity. Similar inclusions in exfoliated urothelial cells from humans exposed to iAs have been incorrectly identified as micronuclei. We have characterized the urothelial inclusions using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), DNA-specific 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and non-DNA-specific Giemsa staining and determined the arsenical content. The mouse inclusions stained with Giemsa but not with the DAPI stain. Analysis of urothelial mitochondrial- and nuclear-enriched fractions isolated from WT (C57BL/6) and As3mt KO mice exposed to arsenate (iAs(V)) for 4 weeks showed higher levels of iAs(V) in the treated groups. iAs(III) was the major arsenical present in the enriched nuclear fraction from iAs(V)-treated As3mt KO mice. In conclusion, the urothelial cell inclusions induced by arsenicals appear to serve as a detoxifying sequestration mechanism similar to other metals, and they do not represent micronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puttappa R Dodmane
- * Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135
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Gandhi D, Molotkov A, Batourina E, Schneider K, Dan H, Reiley M, Laufer E, Metzger D, Liang F, Liao Y, Sun TT, Aronow B, Rosen R, Mauney J, Adam R, Rosselot C, Van Batavia J, McMahon A, McMahon J, Guo JJ, Mendelsohn C. Retinoid signaling in progenitors controls specification and regeneration of the urothelium. Dev Cell 2013; 26:469-482. [PMID: 23993789 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The urothelium is a multilayered epithelium that serves as a barrier between the urinary tract and blood, preventing the exchange of water and toxic substances. It consists of superficial cells specialized for synthesis and transport of uroplakins that assemble into a tough apical plaque, one or more layers of intermediate cells, and keratin 5-expressing basal cells (K5-BCs), which are considered to be progenitors in the urothelium and other specialized epithelia. Fate mapping, however, reveals that intermediate cells rather than K5-BCs are progenitors in the adult regenerating urothelium, that P cells, a transient population, are progenitors in the embryo, and that retinoids are critical in P cells and intermediate cells, respectively, for their specification during development and regeneration. These observations have important implications for tissue engineering and repair and, ultimately, may lead to treatments that prevent loss of the urothelial barrier, a major cause of voiding dysfunction and bladder pain syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devangini Gandhi
- Columbia University, Depts. of Urology, Genetics & Development and Pathology 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York NY, USA
| | - Andrei Molotkov
- Columbia University, Depts. of Urology, Genetics & Development and Pathology 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York NY, USA
| | - Ekatherina Batourina
- Columbia University, Depts. of Urology, Genetics & Development and Pathology 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York NY, USA
| | - Kerry Schneider
- Columbia University, Depts. of Urology, Genetics & Development and Pathology 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York NY, USA
| | - Hanbin Dan
- Columbia University, Depts. of Urology, Genetics & Development and Pathology 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York NY, USA
| | - Maia Reiley
- Columbia University, Depts. of Urology, Genetics & Development and Pathology 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York NY, USA
| | - Ed Laufer
- Columbia University, Department of Pathology, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Metzger
- IGBMC, CNRS UMR7104/ INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Collège de France, B.P. 10142, ILLKIRCH Cedex, FRANCE
| | - Fengxia Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Medical School, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Medical School, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tung-Tien Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Medical School, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7024 Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Roni Rosen
- Columbia University, Depts. of Urology, Genetics & Development and Pathology 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York NY, USA
| | - Josh Mauney
- Boston Children's Hospital, Urological Diseases Research Center, Enders Research Building, 300, Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Rosalyn Adam
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Medical School, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carolina Rosselot
- Columbia University, Depts. of Urology, Genetics & Development and Pathology 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York NY, USA
| | - Jason Van Batavia
- Columbia University, Depts. of Urology, Genetics & Development and Pathology 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York NY, USA
| | - Andrew McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jill McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jin-Jin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cathy Mendelsohn
- Columbia University, Depts. of Urology, Genetics & Development and Pathology 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York NY, USA
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42
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Lin C, Yin Y, Stemler K, Humphrey P, Kibel AS, Mysorekar IU, Ma L. Constitutive β-catenin activation induces male-specific tumorigenesis in the bladder urothelium. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5914-25. [PMID: 23928991 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incidence for bladder urothelial carcinoma, a common malignancy of the urinary tract, is about three times higher in men than in women. Although this gender difference has been primarily attributed to differential exposures, it is likely that underlying biologic causes contribute to the gender inequality. In this study, we report a transgenic mouse bladder tumor model upon induction of constitutively activated β-catenin signaling in the adult urothelium. We showed that the histopathology of the tumors observed in our model closely resembled that of the human low-grade urothelial carcinoma. In addition, we provided evidence supporting the KRT5-positive;KRT7-negative (KRT5(+); KRT7(-)) basal cells as the putative cells-of-origin for β-catenin-induced luminal tumor. Intriguingly, the tumorigenesis in this model showed a marked difference between opposite sexes; 40% of males developed macroscopically detectable luminal tumors in 12 weeks, whereas only 3% of females developed tumors. We investigated the mechanisms underlying this sexual dimorphism in pathogenesis and showed that nuclear translocation of the androgen receptor (AR) in the urothelial cells is a critical mechanism contributing to tumor development in male mice. Finally, we carried out global gene profiling experiments and defined the molecular signature for the β-catenin-induced tumorigenesis in males. Altogether, we have established a model for investigating sexual dimorphism in urothelial carcinoma development, and implicated synergy between β-catenin signaling and androgen/AR signaling in carcinogenesis of the basal urothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxing Lin
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; and Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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43
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Correlative study of functional and structural regeneration of urothelium after chitosan-induced injury. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:521-31. [PMID: 23553328 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
High transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) demonstrates a functional permeability barrier of the normal urothelium, which is maintained by a layer of highly differentiated superficial cells. When the barrier is challenged, a quick regeneration is induced. We used side-by-side diffusion chambers as an ex vivo system to determine the time course of functional and structural urothelial regeneration after chitosan-induced injury. The exposure of the urothelium to chitosan caused a 60 % decrease in TEER, the exposure of undifferentiated urothelial cells to the luminal surface and leaky tight junctions. During the regeneration period (350 min), TEER recovered to control values after approximately 200 min, while structural regeneration continued until 350 min after injury. The tight junctions are the earliest and predominant component of the barrier to appear, while complete barrier regeneration is achieved by delayed superficial cell terminal differentiation. The barrier function and the structure of untreated urothelium were unaffected in side-by-side diffusion chambers for at least 6 h. The urinary bladder tissue excised from an animal thus retains the ability to maintain and restore the transepithelial barrier and cellular ultrastructure for a sufficient period to allow for studies of regeneration in ex vivo conditions.
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44
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45
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Perše M, Injac R, Erman A. Oxidative status and lipofuscin accumulation in urothelial cells of bladder in aging mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59638. [PMID: 23527235 PMCID: PMC3603863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in various tissues have been associated with the onset of a number of age-related diseases, including inflammation and cancer. Bladder cancer, for instance, is a disease that mainly afflicts middle-aged or elderly people and is mostly of urothelial origin. Although research on age-related changes of long-lived post-mitotic cells such as neurons is rapidly progressing, nothing is known about age-related changes in the urothelium of the urinary bladder, despite all the evidence confirming the important role of oxidative stress in urinary bladder pathology. The purpose of this study was thus to investigate the oxidative status and age-related changes in urothelial cells of the urinary bladder of young (2 months) and aging (20 months) mice by means of various methods. Our results demonstrated that healthy young urothelium possesses a powerful antioxidant defence system that functions as a strong defence barrier against reactive species. In contrast, urothelial cells of aging bladder show significantly decreased total antioxidant capacity and significantly increased levels of lipid peroxides (MDA) and iNOS, markers of oxidative stress. Our study demonstrates for the first time that ultrastructural alterations in mitochondria and accumulation of lipofuscin, known to be one of the aging pigments, can clearly be found in superficial urothelial cells of the urinary bladder in aging mice. Since the presence of lipofuscin in the urothelium has not yet been reported, we applied various methods to confirm our finding. Our results reveal changes in the oxidative status and structural alterations to superficial urothelial cells similar to those of other long-lived post-mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Perše
- Medical Experimental Centre, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rade Injac
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Erman
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hanna-Mitchell AT, Ruiz GW, Daneshgari F, Liu G, Apodaca G, Birder LA. Impact of diabetes mellitus on bladder uroepithelial cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 304:R84-93. [PMID: 23174855 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00129.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD), a prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is characterized by a broad spectrum of symptoms including urinary urgency, frequency, and incontinence. As DBD is commonly diagnosed late, it is important to understand the chronic impact of DM on bladder tissues. While changes in bladder smooth muscle and innervation have been reported in diabetic patients, the impact of DM on the specialized epithelial lining of the urinary bladder, the urothelium (UT), is largely unknown. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and electron microscopy were used to evaluate UT gene expression and cell morphology 3, 9, and 20 wk following streptozotocin (STZ) induction of DM in female Sprague-Dawley rats compared with age-matched control tissue. Desquamation of superficial (umbrella) cells was noted at 9 wk DM, indicating a possible breach in barrier function. One causative factor may be metabolic burden due to chronic hyperglycemia, suggested by upregulation of the polyol pathway and glucose transport genes in DM UT. While superficial UT repopulation occurred by 20 wk DM, the phenotype was different, with significant upregulation of receptors associated with UT mechanosensation (transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1; TRPV1) and UT autocrine/paracrine signaling (acetylcholine receptors AChR-M2 and -M3, purinergic receptors P2X(2) and P2X(3)). Compromised barrier function and alterations in UT mechanosensitivity and cell signaling could contribute to bladder instability, hyperactivity, and altered bladder sensation by modulating activity of afferent nerve endings, which appose the urothelium. Our results show that DM impacts urothelial homeostasis and may contribute to the underlying mechanisms of DBD.
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47
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Hunstad DA, Justice SS. Intracellular lifestyles and immune evasion strategies of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Annu Rev Microbiol 2010; 64:203-21. [PMID: 20825346 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Paradigms in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections have shifted dramatically as a result of recent scientific revelations. Beyond extracellular colonization of the bladder luminal surface, as traditional clinical thinking would hold, uropathogenic bacteria direct a complex, intracellular cascade that shelters bacteria from host defenses and leads to persistent bacterial residence within the epithelium. After epithelial invasion, many organisms are promptly expelled by bladder epithelial cells; a minority establish a niche in the cytoplasm that results in the development of biofilm-like intracellular bacterial communities and serves as the primary location for bacterial expansion. Exfoliation of the superficial epithelial layer acts to reduce the bacterial load but facilitates chronic residence of small nests of bacteria that later reemerge to cause some episodes of recurrent cystitis, a familiar clinical scenario in otherwise healthy women. Advances in both in vitro and animal models of cystitis promise to provide insights into the bacterial and host transcriptional and biochemical pathways that define these pathogenic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hunstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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48
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Kreft ME, Hudoklin S, Jezernik K, Romih R. Formation and maintenance of blood-urine barrier in urothelium. PROTOPLASMA 2010; 246:3-14. [PMID: 20521071 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Blood-urine barrier, which is formed during differentiation of superficial urothelial cells, is the tightest and most impermeable barrier in the body. In the urinary bladder, the barrier must accommodate large changes in the surface area during distensions and contractions of the organ. Tight junctions and unique apical plasma membrane of superficial urothelial cells play a critical role in the barrier maintenance. Alterations in the blood-urine barrier function accompany most of the urinary tract diseases. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries on the role of tight junctions, dynamics of Golgi apparatus and post-Golgi compartments, and intracellular membrane traffic during the biogenesis and maintenance of blood-urine barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Lipiceva 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Thangappan R, Kurzrock EA. Three clonal types of urothelium with different capacities for replication. Cell Prolif 2009; 42:770-9. [PMID: 19765021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Similar to other epithelia, urothelium in vivo has a hierarchal organization of cells each with specific gradients of differentiation. While distinct cell types have been described as important in bladder cancer in vitro, clonal and proliferative capacities of normal urothelial cells have not been characterized. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three cell types and colony types were identified from primary porcine urothelial culture. Proliferative activity, patterns of apoptosis and differentiation, colony forming efficiency and ability to change phenotype with passage were determined and compared. RESULTS Small, T-I colonies with large flattened (type-1) cells had low levels of proliferation and high levels of apoptosis. Large T-III colonies had a central area of small (type-3) cells surrounded by type-1 and type-2 cells. Proliferation and apoptosis were asymmetrically distributed in the periphery of T-II and T-III colonies. T-III colonies proved to be significantly more clonogenic and proliferative. With appropriate induction, type-1 cells were able to proliferate upon passage and form type-3 cells, yet long-term culture demonstrated that progeny of type-1 cells appeared to have inherited a clonogenic handicap. CONCLUSIONS Type-3 cells in the centre of T-III colonies appear to harbour stem-like qualities with a relatively low proliferative and apoptotic index at homeostasis and the ability to become highly proliferative upon passage. This study demonstrates that distinct urothelial cell types with differing clonal capacities can be isolated from the bladder and these cells may have implications for tissue engineering and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thangappan
- Urology and Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Khandelwal P, Abraham SN, Apodaca G. Cell biology and physiology of the uroepithelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F1477-501. [PMID: 19587142 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00327.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The uroepithelium sits at the interface between the urinary space and underlying tissues, where it forms a high-resistance barrier to ion, solute, and water flux, as well as pathogens. However, the uroepithelium is not simply a passive barrier; it can modulate the composition of the urine, and it functions as an integral part of a sensory web in which it receives, amplifies, and transmits information about its external milieu to the underlying nervous and muscular systems. This review examines our understanding of uroepithelial regeneration and how specializations of the outermost umbrella cell layer, including tight junctions, surface uroplakins, and dynamic apical membrane exocytosis/endocytosis, contribute to barrier function and how they are co-opted by uropathogenic bacteria to infect the uroepithelium. Furthermore, we discuss the presence and possible functions of aquaporins, urea transporters, and multiple ion channels in the uroepithelium. Finally, we describe potential mechanisms by which the uroepithelium can transmit information about the urinary space to the other tissues in the bladder proper.
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