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Highly stable atropisomers by electrophilic amination of a chiral γ-lactam within the synthesis of an elusive conformationally restricted analogue of α-methylhomoserine. Amino Acids 2015; 48:461-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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2
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Lin LX, Bo XY, Tan YZ, Sun FX, Song M, Zhao J, Ma ZH, Li M, Zheng KJ, Xu SM. Feasibility of β-sheet breaker peptide-H102 treatment for Alzheimer's disease based on β-amyloid hypothesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112052. [PMID: 25372040 PMCID: PMC4221228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-amyloid hypothesis is the predominant hypothesis in the study of pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. This hypothesis claims that aggregation and neurotoxic effects of amyloid β (Aβ) is the common pathway in a variety of etiological factors for Alzheimer's disease. Aβ peptide derives from amyloid precursor protein (APP). β-sheet breaker peptides can directly prevent and reverse protein misfolding and aggregation in conformational disorders. Based on the stereochemical structure of Aβ1-42 and aggregation character, we had designed a series of β-sheet breaker peptides in our previous work and screened out a 10-residue peptide β-sheet breaker peptide, H102. We evaluated the effects of H102 on expression of P-tau, several associated proteins, inflammatory factors and apoptosis factors, and examined the cognitive ability of APP transgenic mice by behavioral test. This study aims to validate the β-amyloid hypothesis and provide an experimental evidence for the feasibility of H102 treatment for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-xiang Lin
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang-yu Bo
- Department of physiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan-zhen Tan
- Department of physiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng-xian Sun
- Department of physiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Song
- Department of physiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of physiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-hong Ma
- Department of physiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of physiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai-jun Zheng
- Department of physiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu-mei Xu
- Department of physiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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Kazmierski WM, Kenakin TP, Gudmundsson KS. Peptide, Peptidomimetic and Small-molecule Drug Discovery Targeting HIV-1 Host-cell Attachment and Entry through gp120, gp41, CCR5 and CXCR4+. Chem Biol Drug Des 2006; 67:13-26. [PMID: 16492145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2005.00319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights selected examples of peptide, peptidomimetic and small-molecule drug discovery targeting HIV-1 to advance novel anti-HIV pharmaceuticals that inhibit initial stages of the viral cycle; namely, attachment and entry. Some of these approaches have culminated in the development of peptide-based drugs, while other have exploited peptides as enabling tools toward the identification of small-molecule lead compounds. Both of these conceptually different approaches have facilitated lead optimization of molecules with complementary and often surprising anti-HIV pharmacological properties, supporting their role in pharmaceutical development. Furthermore, such molecules enabled mechanistic elucidation of viral attachment and entry and provided additional insights toward achieving the desired drug profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw M Kazmierski
- Division of Chemistry MV CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Saxinger C, Conrads TP, Goldstein DJ, Veenstra TD. Fully automated synthesis of (phospho)peptide arrays in microtiter plate wells provides efficient access to protein tyrosine kinase characterization. BMC Immunol 2005; 6:1. [PMID: 15647109 PMCID: PMC546003 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Synthetic peptides have played a useful role in studies of protein kinase substrates and interaction domains. Synthetic peptide arrays and libraries, in particular, have accelerated the process. Several factors have hindered or limited the applicability of various techniques, such as the need for deconvolution of combinatorial libraries, the inability or impracticality of achieving full automation using two-dimensional or pin solid phases, the lack of convenient interfacing with standard analytical platforms, or the difficulty of compartmentalization of a planar surface when contact between assay components needs to be avoided. This paper describes a process for synthesis of peptides and phosphopeptides on microtiter plate wells that overcomes previous limitations and demonstrates utility in determination of the epitope of an autophosphorylation site phospho-motif antibody and utility in substrate utilization assays of the protein tyrosine kinase, p60c-src. Results The overall reproducibility of phospho-peptide synthesis and multiplexed EGF receptor (EGFR) autophosphorylation site (pY1173) antibody ELISA (9H2) was within 5.5 to 8.0%. Mass spectrometric analyses of the released (phospho)peptides showed homogeneous peaks of the expected molecular weights. An overlapping peptide array of the complete EGFR cytoplasmic sequence revealed a high redundancy of 9H2 reactive sites. The eight reactive phospopeptides were structurally related and interestingly, the most conserved antibody reactive peptide motif coincided with a subset of other known EGFR autophosphorylation and SH2 binding motifs and an EGFR optimal substrate motif. Finally, peptides based on known substrate specificities of c-src and related enzymes were synthesized in microtiter plate array format and were phosphorylated by c-Src with the predicted specificities. The level of phosphorylation was proportional to c-Src concentration with sensitivities below 0.1 Units of enzyme. Conclusions The ability of this method to interface with various robotics and instrumentation is highly flexible since the microtiter plate is an industry standard. It is highly scalable by increasing the surface area within the well or the number of wells and does not require specialized robotics. The microtiter plate array system is well suited to the study of protein kinase substrates, antigens, binding molecules, and inhibitors since these all can be quantitatively studied at a single uniform, reproducible interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Saxinger
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Building 1052, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Thomas P Conrads
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, PO Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - David J Goldstein
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Building 31, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy D Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, PO Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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Abstract
Chemical genetics is a research approach that uses small molecules as probes to study protein functions in cells or whole organisms. Here, I review the parallels between classical genetic and chemical-genetic approaches and discuss the merits of small molecules to dissect dynamic cellular processes. I then consider the pros and cons of different screening approaches and specify strategies aimed at identifying and validating cellular target proteins. Finally, I highlight the impact of chemical genetics on our current understanding of cell biology and its potential for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas U Mayer
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Am Klopfersitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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Adessi C, Frossard MJ, Boissard C, Fraga S, Bieler S, Ruckle T, Vilbois F, Robinson SM, Mutter M, Banks WA, Soto C. Pharmacological profiles of peptide drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:13905-11. [PMID: 12578830 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211976200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid plaques in brain, composed of aggregates of amyloid-beta peptide, play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and represent a good target for treatment. We have shown previously that a 5-amino acid beta-sheet breaker peptide (iA beta 5p), end-protected, has the ability to induce a dramatic reduction in amyloid deposition in two different transgenic Alzheimer's models (Permanne, B., Adessi, C., Saborio, G. P., Fraga, S., Frossard, M.-J., Dewachter, I., Van Dorpe, J., Banks, W. A., Van Leuven, F., and Soto, C. (2002) FASEB J. 16, 860-862). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemical modifications of the peptide bonds at the metabolite cleavage sites on the pharmacological properties of iA beta 5p derivatives. Using a rational approach, peptide analogs were designed and tested for in vitro activity and enzymatic stability. One peptide analog containing a methyl group introduced at the nitrogen atom of one amide bond showed increased stability in vitro, a 10-fold higher in vivo half-life, and good brain uptake compared with iA beta 5p while maintaining a similar activity in vitro. Our results suggest that the pharmacological profile of beta-sheet breaker peptides can be improved to produce compounds with drug-like properties that might offer a new promise in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Adessi
- Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1228 Geneva, Switzerland
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Nitz M, Franz KJ, Maglathlin RL, Imperiali B. A powerful combinatorial screen to identify high-affinity terbium(III)-binding peptides. Chembiochem 2003; 4:272-6. [PMID: 12672106 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200390047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanide-binding tags (LBTs) are protein fusion partners consisting of encoded amino acids that bind lanthanide ions with high affinity. Herein, we present a new screening methodology for the identification of new LBT sequences with high affinity for Tb(3+) ions and intense luminescence properties. This methodology utilizes solid-phase split-and-pool combinatorial peptide synthesis. Orthogonally cleavable linkers allow an efficient two-step screening procedure. The initial screen avoids the interference caused by on-bead screening by photochemically releasing a portion of the peptides into an agarose matrix for evaluation. The secondary screen further characterizes each winning sequence in a defined aqueous solution. Employment of this methodology on a series of focused combinatorial libraries yielded a linear peptide sequence of 17 encoded amino acids that demonstrated a 140-fold increase in affinity (57 nM dissociation constant, K(D)) over previously reported lanthanide-binding peptides. This linear sequence was macrocyclized by introducing a disulfide bond between flanking cysteine residues to produce a peptide with a 2-nM apparent dissociation constant for Tb(3+) ions.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.chemphyschem.org or from the author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Abstract
High-throughput screening of small molecules is used extensively in pharmaceutical settings for the purpose of drug discovery. In the case of antimicrobials, this involves the identification of small molecules that are significantly more toxic to the microbe than to the host. Only a small percentage of the small molecules identified in these screens have been studied in sufficient detail to explain the molecular basis of their antimicrobial effect. Rarer still are small molecule screens undertaken with the explicit goal of learning more about the biology of a particular microbe or the mechanism of its interaction with its host. Recent technological advances in small molecule synthesis and high-throughput screening have made such mechanism-directed small molecule approaches a powerful and accessible experimental option. In this article, we provide an overview of the methods and technical requirements and we discuss the potential of small molecule approaches to address important and often otherwise experimentally intractable problems in cellular microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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Herrera-Ruiz D, Wang Q, Cook TJ, Knipp GT, Gudmundsson OS, Smith RL, Faria TN. Spatial expression patterns of peptide transporters in the human and rat gastrointestinal tracts, Caco-2 in vitro cell culture model, and multiple human tissues. AAPS PHARMSCI 2001; 3:E9. [PMID: 11741260 PMCID: PMC2751241 DOI: 10.1208/ps030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to identify the spatial patterns of expression of peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), peptide transporter 3 (PTR3), peptide/histidine transporter 1 (PHT1), and the human peptide transporter 1 (HPT-1) mRNA in complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries of the human and rat gastrointestinal tracts (GIT), Caco-2 in vitro cell culture model, and in a human multiple tissue panel. Human PTR3 and PHT1 are putative peptide transporters recently discovered. Using sequence-specific primers designed to amplify regions of PepT1, PTR3, PHT1, and HPT-1, we were able to identify the expression of mRNA for each of these transporters in human cDNA panels (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA), the rat GIT, and in Caco-2 cDNA libraries by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern Blot analysis. These studies suggest that in the human GIT, PepT1 appears to be localized predominantly in the duodenum, with decreasing expression in the jejunum and ileum. In contrast, PTR3 and HPT-1 were widely expressed in the human GIT, with predominant expression in the different regions of the colon. PHT1 appeared to be expressed in low levels throughout the human GI tract. Interestingly, the mRNAs for all 4 peptide transporters were expressed in Caco-2 cells throughout 30 days of culture. PepT1, PTR3, PHT1, and HPT-1 were also widely expressed in the rat GIT. Human tissue cDNA panel screening suggests that PTR3 and PHT1 are more uniformly expressed, whereas PepT1 and HPT-1 demonstrated site-specific expression. These results suggest that PepT1, PTR3, PHT1, and HPT-1 all may act to facilitate the diffusion of peptides and peptide-based pharmaceuticals in the GIT. PTR3, PHT1, and HPT-1 expressions in Caco-2 cell monolayers strongly suggest that their function needs to be further elucidated and their contribution to peptide transport not ignored. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential for molecular biological characterization in localizing active transporter systems that can potentially be targeted for enhancing the absorption of peptide-based pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Herrera-Ruiz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, 08854-8022 Piscataway, NJ
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, 08854-8022 Piscataway, NJ
| | - Thomas J. Cook
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, 08854-8022 Piscataway, NJ
| | - Gregory T. Knipp
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, 08854-8022 Piscataway, NJ
| | | | - Ronald L. Smith
- Exploratory Biopharmaceutics & Drug Delivery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Institute, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Teresa N. Faria
- Exploratory Biopharmaceutics & Drug Delivery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Institute, New Brunswick, NJ
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Gilchrist A, Li A, Hamm HE. Use of peptides-on-plasmids combinatorial library to identify high-affinity peptides that bind rhodopsin. Methods Enzymol 2000; 315:388-404. [PMID: 10736715 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)15856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gilchrist
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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O'Donnell MJ, Delgado F, Pottorf RS. Enantioselective solid-phase synthesis of α-amino acid derivatives. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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El-Gewely MR. Shorter is better. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17:210. [PMID: 10096273 DOI: 10.1038/6910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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