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Sánchez-Virosta P, Espín S, García-Fernández AJ, Eeva T. A review on exposure and effects of arsenic in passerine birds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:506-525. [PMID: 25644847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Arsenic (As) is a metalloid of high concern because of its toxic effects for plants and animals. However, it is hard to find information on this metalloid in passerines. This review presents a comprehensive overview of As exposure and effects in birds, and more particularly in passerines, as a result of an extensive search of the literature available. Internal tissues are the most frequently analyzed matrices for As determination in passerines (37.5% of the reviewed studies used internal tissues), followed by feathers and eggs (32.5% each), feces (27.5%), and finally blood (15%). A clear tendency is found in recent years to the use of non-destructive samples. Most studies on As concentrations in passerines have been done in great tit (Parus major; 50%), followed by pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca; 22.5%). Some factors such as diet and migratory status are crucial on the interspecific differences in As exposure. More studies are needed to elucidate if intraspecific factors like age or gender affect As concentrations in different tissues. The literature review shows that studies on As concentrations in passerines have been done mainly in the United States (30%), followed by Belgium (22.5%), and Finland (20%), making evident the scarce or even lack of information in some countries, so we recommend further research in order to overcome the data gap, particularly in the southern hemisphere. Studies on humans, laboratory animals and birds have found a wide range of effects on different organ systems when they are exposed to different forms of As. This review shows that few field studies on As exposure and effects in passerines have been done, and all of them are correlative so far. Arsenic manipulation experiments on passerines are recommended to explore the adverse effects of As in free-living populations at similar levels to those occurring in the environment. CAPSULE This review summarizes the most interesting published studies on As exposure and effects in passerines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sánchez-Virosta
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - S Espín
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - A J García-Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - T Eeva
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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Gârban G, Silaghi-Dumitrescu R, Ioniţă H, Gârban Z, Hădărugă NG, Ghibu GD, Baltă C, Simiz FD, Mitar C. Influence of novel gallium complexes on the homeostasis of some biochemical and hematological parameters in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 155:387-95. [PMID: 23990509 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect possible homeostasis changes in some biochemical and hematological parameters after the administration of gallium (Ga) complexes C (24) and C (85) on an experimental animal model (Wistar strain rats). In order to observe chronobiological aspects, a morning (m) and an evening (e) animal series were constituted. Further on, each series were divided into three groups: control (C), experimental I (EI), and experimental II (EII). Both Ga complexes were solubilized in a carrier solution containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, water, and ethanol. Animals of the C groups received the carrier solution by intraperitoneal injection, those from the EI groups received the solubilized C(24) gallium complex, and those of the EII groups received the solubilized C(85) gallium complex. At the end of the experiment, blood and tissue samples were taken and the following parameters were determined: serum concentration of the nonprotein nitrogenous compounds (uric acid, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen), hematological parameters (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, leukocytes, and platelets), and the kidney tissue concentration of three essential trace elements (Fe, Cu, and Zn). With the exception of uric acid, the results revealed increased concentrations of the nonprotein nitrogenous compounds both in the morning and in the evening experimental groups. Hematological data showed increased levels of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and leukocytes and decreased platelet levels in the experimental group given the C(24) gallium complex in the morning (EI-m) group; increased levels of leukocytes and decreased levels of the other parameters in the experimental group given the C(24) gallium complex in the evening (EI-e) group; and increased levels of all hematological parameters in the experimental groups receiving the C(85) gallium complex in the morning (EII-m) group and in the evening (EII-e) group. Decreased kidney tissue concentrations of metals were found in all the experimental groups. Fe levels were significantly decreased in the EI-m receiving the C(24) gallium complex and EII-m which received the C(85) gallium complex and in the EII-e group which received the C(85) gallium complex. In the EI-e group which received the C(24) gallium complex, a significant decrease of Cu concentration was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gârban
- National Institute of Public Health-Branch Timişoara, Blvd. Dr. V. Babeş No.16, 300-226, Timişoara, Romania,
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Bomhard EM, Gelbke HP, Schenk H, Williams GM, Cohen SM. Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of gallium arsenide. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:436-66. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.792329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rocha JBT, Saraiva RA, Garcia SC, Gravina FS, Nogueira CW. Aminolevulinate dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) as marker protein of intoxication with metals and other pro-oxidant situations. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tx20014g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Flora SJ. Possible Health Hazards Associated with the Use of Toxic Metals in Semiconductor Industries. J Occup Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.42.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Swaran J.S. Flora
- Division of Pharmacology and ToxicologyDefence Research and Development EstablishmentGwaliorIndia
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Tanaka A. Toxicity of indium arsenide, gallium arsenide, and aluminium gallium arsenide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 198:405-11. [PMID: 15276420 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium arsenide (InAs), and aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) are semiconductor applications. Although the increased use of these materials has raised concerns about occupational exposure to them, there is little information regarding the adverse health effects to workers arising from exposure to these particles. However, available data indicate these semiconductor materials can be toxic in animals. Although acute and chronic toxicity of the lung, reproductive organs, and kidney are associated with exposure to these semiconductor materials, in particular, chronic toxicity should pay much attention owing to low solubility of these materials. Between InAs, GaAs, and AlGaAs, InAs was the most toxic material to the lung followed by GaAs and AlGaAs when given intratracheally. This was probably due to difference in the toxicity of the counter-element of arsenic in semiconductor materials, such as indium, gallium, or aluminium, and not arsenic itself. It appeared that indium, gallium, or aluminium was toxic when released from the particles, though the physical character of the particles also contributes to toxic effect. Although there is no evidence of the carcinogenicity of InAs or AlGaAs, GaAs and InP, which are semiconductor materials, showed the clear evidence of carcinogenic potential. It is necessary to pay much greater attention to the human exposure of semiconductor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Tanaka
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Flora SJS, Mehta A, Rao PVL, Kannan GM, Bhaskar ASB, Dube SN, Pant BP. Therapeutic potential of monoisoamyl and monomethyl esters of meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in gallium arsenide intoxicated rats. Toxicology 2004; 195:127-46. [PMID: 14751669 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dose dependent effects of monoisoamyl and monomethyl esters of meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mmol kg(-1), intraperitoneally (i.p.) once daily for 5 days) to offset the characteristic biochemical, immunological, oxidative stress consequences and DNA damage (based on DNA fragmentation and comet assay) following sub-chronic administration of gallium arsenide and the mobilization of gallium and arsenic were examined. The effects of these chelators alone in normal animals too were examined on above-mentioned variables. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 10 mg kg(-1), GaAs, orally once daily for 12 weeks and were administered DMSA or two of its monoesters (monoisoamyl or monomethyl) for 5 consecutive days. DMSA was used as a positive control. DMSA and its derivatives, when given alone, generally have no adverse effects on various parameters. After 5 days of chelation therapy in GaAs pre-exposed rats, MiADMSA was most effective in the reduction of inhibited blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and zinc protoporphyrin level while, all three chelators effectively reduced urinary ALA excretion, compared to GaAs alone exposed rats. MiADMSA was also effective, particularly at a dose of 0.3 mmol kg(-1), in enhancing the inhibited hepatic transaminase activities. Parameters indicative of oxidative stress responded less favorably to the chelation therapy, however, three chelators significantly restored the altered immunological variables. MiADMSA was relatively more effective than the other two chelators. GaAs produced significant DNA damage in the liver and kidneys and the chelation treatment had moderate but significant influence in reducing DNA damage. All three chelators significantly reduced arsenic concentration and, however, MiADMSA was more effective than the other two chelators in depleting arsenic concentration from blood and other soft tissues. A dose of 0.3 mmol kg(-1) was found to be relatively better than the other two doses examined. Gallium contents of blood and soft tissues remained uninfluenced by the chelation therapy. Significant loss of copper after MiADMSA administration, however, is of concern and requires further exploration. Additionally, further studies are required for the choice of appropriate dose, duration of treatment and possible toxic/side effects. Keeping in view the promising role of MiADMSA in the treatment of GaAs poisoning, these data will be needed for the registration of this chelating agent as licensed drug for the treatment of gallium arsenide intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaran J S Flora
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
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Flora SJS, Dubey R, Kannan GM, Chauhan RS, Pant BP, Jaiswal DK. Meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and monoisoamyl DMSA effect on gallium arsenide induced pathological liver injury in rats. Toxicol Lett 2002; 132:9-17. [PMID: 12084615 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and monoisoamyl DMSA (MiADMSA) on gallium arsenide (GaAs) induced liver damage was studied. The oral feeding rat model was used in this study. The animals were exposed to 10 mg/kg GaAs, orally, once daily, 5 days a week for 24 weeks and treated thereafter with single oral daily dose of either 0.3 mmol/kg DMSA or MiADMSA for two course of 5 days treatment. The animals were sacrificed thereafter. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by measuring liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). Liver damage was assessed by number of biochemical variables and by light microscopy. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) beside reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration was measured in blood. Exposure to GaAs produced a significant reduction in GSH while, increased the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentration. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase activity increased significantly while level of serum transaminase increased moderately. Gallium arsenide exposure also produced marked hepatic histopathological lesions. Overall, treatment with MiADMSA proved to be better than DMSA in the mobilization of arsenic and in the turnover of some of the above mentioned GaAs sensitive biochemical alterations. Histopathological lesions also, responded more favorably to chelation treatment with MiADMSA than DMSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J S Flora
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Raod, 474 002, Gwalior, India.
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Flora SJ, Kannan GM, Kumar P. Selenium effects on gallium arsenide induced biochemical and immunotoxicological changes in rats. Chem Biol Interact 1999; 122:1-13. [PMID: 10475611 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(99)00112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of selenium (6.3 and 12.6 micromol/kg, intraperitoneally) on the disposition of gallium and arsenic and a few gallium arsenide (GaAs) sensitive biochemical variables was studied in male rats. Concomitant administration of Se and GaAs (70 micromol/kg, orally, 5 days a week for 4 weeks) significantly prevented the accumulation of arsenic while, the gallium concentration reduced moderately in the soft organs. The biochemical (haematopoietic and liver) and immunological variables however, responded less favorably to selenium administration. Most of the protection was however observed with the dose of 12.6 micromol rather than at 6.3 micromol. The results thus suggest a few beneficial effects of selenium in preventing the appearance of signs of GaAs toxicity like preventing inhibition of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and the accumulation of gallium and arsenic concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Flora
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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