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Chudakov DB, Kotsareva OD, Konovalova MV, Tsaregorodtseva DS, Shevchenko MA, Sergeev AA, Fattakhova GV. Early IgE Production Is Linked with Extrafollicular B- and T-Cell Activation in Low-Dose Allergy Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060969. [PMID: 35746576 PMCID: PMC9231339 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its paramount importance, the predominant association of early IgE production with harmless antigens, via germinal-center B- and T-cell subpopulations or extrafollicular activation, remains unresolved. The aim of this work was to clarify whether the reinforced IgE production following the subcutaneous immunization of BALB/c mice with low antigen doses in withers adipose tissue might be linked with intensified extrafollicular or germinal-center responses. The mice were immunized three times a week for 4 weeks in the withers region, which is enriched in subcutaneous fat and tissue-associated B cells, with high and low OVA doses and via the intraperitoneal route for comparison. During long-term immunization with both low and high antigen doses in the withers region, but not via the intraperitoneal route, we observed a significant accumulation of B220-CD1d-CD5-CD19+ B-2 extrafollicular plasmablasts in the subcutaneous fat and regional lymph nodes but not in the intraperitoneal fat. Only low antigen doses induced a significant accumulation of CXCR4+ CXCR5- CD4+ extrafollicular T helpers in the withers adipose tissue but not in the regional lymph nodes or abdominal fat. Only in subcutaneous fat was there a combination of extrafollicular helper accumulation. In conclusion, extrafollicular B- and T-cell activation are necessary for early IgE class switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Borisovich Chudakov
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (O.D.K.); (M.V.K.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (G.V.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-330-4011
| | - Olga Dmitrievna Kotsareva
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (O.D.K.); (M.V.K.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (G.V.F.)
| | - Maryia Vladimirovna Konovalova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (O.D.K.); (M.V.K.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (G.V.F.)
| | - Daria Sergeevna Tsaregorodtseva
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 1194535 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marina Alexandrovna Shevchenko
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (O.D.K.); (M.V.K.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (G.V.F.)
| | - Anton Andreevich Sergeev
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (O.D.K.); (M.V.K.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (G.V.F.)
| | - Gulnar Vaisovna Fattakhova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (O.D.K.); (M.V.K.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (G.V.F.)
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2
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Dunnill CJ, Ibraheem K, Mohamed A, Southgate J, Georgopoulos NT. A redox state-dictated signalling pathway deciphers the malignant cell specificity of CD40-mediated apoptosis. Oncogene 2016; 36:2515-2528. [PMID: 27869172 PMCID: PMC5422712 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CD40, a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, has the capacity to cause extensive apoptosis in carcinoma cells, while sparing normal epithelial cells. Yet, apoptosis is only achieved by membrane-presented CD40 ligand (mCD40L), as soluble receptor agonists are but weakly pro-apoptotic. Here, for the first time we have identified the precise signalling cascade underpinning mCD40L-mediated death as involving sequential TRAF3 stabilisation, ASK1 phosphorylation, MKK4 (but not MKK7) activation and JNK/AP-1 induction, leading to a Bak- and Bax-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. TRAF3 is central in the activation of the NADPH oxidase (Nox)-2 component p40phox and the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential in apoptosis. Strikingly, CD40 activation resulted in down-regulation of Thioredoxin (Trx)-1 to permit ASK1 activation and apoptosis. Although soluble receptor agonist alone could not induce death, combinatorial treatment incorporating soluble CD40 agonist and pharmacological inhibition of Trx-1 was functionally equivalent to the signal triggered by mCD40L. Finally, we demonstrate using normal, ‘para-malignant' and tumour-derived cells that progression to malignant transformation is associated with increase in oxidative stress in epithelial cells, which coincides with increased susceptibility to CD40 killing, while in normal cells CD40 signalling is cytoprotective. Our studies have revealed the molecular nature of the tumour specificity of CD40 signalling and explained the differences in pro-apoptotic potential between soluble and membrane-bound CD40 agonists. Equally importantly, by exploiting a unique epithelial culture system that allowed us to monitor alterations in the redox-state of epithelial cells at different stages of malignant transformation, our study reveals how pro-apoptotic signals can elevate ROS past a previously hypothesised ‘lethal pro-apoptotic threshold' to induce death; an observation that is both of fundamental importance and carries implications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Dunnill
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - K Ibraheem
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - A Mohamed
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - J Southgate
- Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - N T Georgopoulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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3
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Bachsais M, Naddaf N, Yacoub D, Salti S, Alaaeddine N, Aoudjit F, Hassan GS, Mourad W. The Interaction of CD154 with the α5β1 Integrin Inhibits Fas-Induced T Cell Death. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158987. [PMID: 27391025 PMCID: PMC4938623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD154, a critical regulator of the immune response, is usually associated with chronic inflammatory, autoimmune diseases as well as malignant disorders. In addition to its classical receptor CD40, CD154 is capable of binding other receptors, members of the integrin family, the αIIbβ3, αMβ2 and α5β1. Given the role attributed to integrins and particularly the β1 integrins in inhibiting apoptotic events in normal as well as malignant T cells, we were highly interested in investigating the role of the CD154/α5β1 interaction in promoting survival of malignant T cells contributing as such to tumor development and/or propagation. To support our hypothesis, we first show that soluble CD154 binds to the T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, Jurkat E6.1 in a α5β1-dependent manner. Binding of soluble CD154 to α5β1 integrin of Jurkat cells leads to the activation of key survival proteins, including the p38 and ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI-3K), and Akt. Interestingly, soluble CD154 significantly inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis in T cell leukemia-lymphoma cell lines, Jurkat E6.1 and HUT78 cells, an important hallmark of T cell survival during malignancy progression. These anti-apoptotic effects were mainly mediated by the activation of the PI-3K/Akt pathway but also involved the p38 and the ERK1/2 MAPKs cascades. Our data also demonstrated that the CD154-triggered inhibition of the Fas-mediated cell death response was dependent on a suppression of caspase-8 cleavage, but independent of de novo protein synthesis or alterations in Fas expression on cell surface. Together, our results highlight the impact of the CD154/α5β1 interaction in T cell function/survival and identify novel targets for the treatment of malignant disorders, particularly of T cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Bachsais
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room 10-482, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nadim Naddaf
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room 10-482, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Yacoub
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room 10-482, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Suzanne Salti
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room 10-482, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nada Alaaeddine
- Department of Pathology, 11-5076, Faculty of Medicine, St Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fawzi Aoudjit
- Centre de recherche en immunologie et rhumatologie, CHUL, 2705, Boul Laurier, QC, Canada
| | - Ghada S. Hassan
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room 10-482, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Walid Mourad
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Tour Viger, Room 10-482, Montréal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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4
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Noyori O, Nakayama E, Maruyama J, Yoshida R, Takada A. Suppression of Fas-mediated apoptosis via steric shielding by filovirus glycoproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:994-8. [PMID: 24239546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic death of virus-infected cells is generally thought to be a defense mechanism to limit the spread of infectious virions by eliminating virus-producing cells in host animals. On the other hand, several viruses have been shown to have anti-apoptotic mechanisms to facilitate efficient viral replication and transmission. In this study, we found that the filovirus glycoprotein (GP) expressed on cell surfaces formed a steric shield over the Fas molecule and that GP-expressing cells showed resistance to cell death induced by a Fas agonistic antibody. These results suggest that filovirus GP-mediated steric shielding may interfere with the Fas-induced apoptotic signal transduction in infected cells and serve as an immune evasion mechanism for filoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Noyori
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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5
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Yu X, Li Z, Zhou Z, Kilby JM, Jiang W. Microbial TLR Agonists and Humoral Immunopathogenesis in HIV Disease. EPIDEMIOLOGY (SUNNYVALE, CALIF.) 2013; 3:120. [PMID: 24795844 PMCID: PMC4005894 DOI: 10.4172/2161-1165.1000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Although T cells are the primary and most-studied targets of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), B cells, especially memory B lymphocytes, are also chronically depleted in the course of HIV disease. Although the lack of CD4+ T cell help may explain these deficiencies, intrinsic defects in B lymphocytes appear to contribute to B cell depletion and reduced antibody (Ab) production in the setting of HIV, especially of some antigens eliciting T cell-independent responses. The gut mucosal barrier is disrupted in HIV disease, resulting in increased systemic exposure to microbial products such as Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) agonists. The association of enhanced systemic levels of TLR agonists and B cell dysfunction in HIV disease is not understood. This review discusses the potential role of microbial TLR agonists in the B cell depletion, enhanced autoantibody production and impaired responses to vaccination observed in HIV-infected hosts. Increased microbial translocation in HIV infection may drive B cells to produce autoantibodies and increase susceptibilities of B cells to apoptosis through activation-induced cell death. Determining the mechanisms of B cell perturbations in HIV disease will inform the design of novel strategies of improve immune responses to vaccines, reduce opportunistic infections and slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Yu
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB214E, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Zhenxian Zhou
- NanJing Second Hospital, Infectious Diseases, NanJing, China
| | - J Michael Kilby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB214E, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB214E, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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6
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Jiang W. Microbial Translocation and B Cell Dysfunction in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 8:44-51. [PMID: 23869197 PMCID: PMC3712352 DOI: 10.3844/ajisp.2012.44.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The gut mucosal barrier disrupted in HIV disease, resulting in increased systemic exposure to microbial products such as Lipo Polys Accharide (LPS). The association of enhanced microbial translocation and B cell dysfunction in HIV disease is not fully understood. High dose and short term exposure of microbial Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) agonists were used as vaccine adjuvants, however, low dose and long term exposure of TLR agonists could be harmful. The characteristics of B cell dysfunction in HIV disease included B cell, especially memory B cell depletion, enhanced levels of autoimmune antibodies and impaired vaccine or antigen responsiveness. This review discusses and explores the possibility of the effect of microbial translocation on memory B cell depletion and impaired vaccine responses in HIV infection. By determining the mechanisms of B cell depletion and perturbations in HIV disease, it may be possible to design interventions that can improve immune responses to vaccines, reduce selected opportunistic infections and perhaps slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunolog, Deaprtment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashly Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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7
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Maus M, Medgyesi D, Kövesdi D, Csuka D, Koncz G, Sármay G. Grb2 associated binder 2 couples B-cell receptor to cell survival. Cell Signal 2008; 21:220-7. [PMID: 18950707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
B-cell fate during maturation and the germinal center reaction is regulated through the strength and the duration of the B-cell receptor signal. Signaling pathways discriminating between apoptosis and survival in B cells are keys in understanding adaptive immunity. Gab2 is a member of the Gab/Dos adaptor protein family. It has been shown in several model systems that Gab/Dos family members may regulate both the anti-apoptotic PI3-K/Akt and the mitogenic Ras/MAPK pathways, still their role in B-cells have not been investigated in detail. Here we studied the role of Gab2 in B-cell receptor mediated signaling. We have shown that BCR crosslinking induces the marked phosphorylation of Gab2 through both Lyn and Syk kinases. Subsequently Gab2 recruits p85 regulatory subunit of PI3-K, and SHP-2. Our results revealed that Ig-alpha/Ig-beta, signal transducing unit of the B-cell receptor, may function as scaffold recruiting Gab2 to the signalosome. Overexpression of Gab2 in A20 cells demonstrated that Gab2 is a regulator of the PI3-K/Akt but not that of the Ras/MAPK pathway in B cells. Accordingly to the elevated Akt phosphorylation, overexpression of wild-type Gab2 in A20 cells suppressed Fas-mediated apoptosis, and enhanced BCR-mediated rescue from Fas-induced cell death. Although PH-domain has only a stabilizing effect on membrane recruitment of Gab2, it is indispensable in mediating its anti-apoptotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Maus
- Department of Immunology at Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány. 1/c, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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8
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Monari C, Pericolini E, Bistoni G, Casadevall A, Kozel TR, Vecchiarelli A. Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan induces expression of fas ligand in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3461-8. [PMID: 15749881 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The major component of capsular material of Cryptococcus neoformans is glucuronoxylomannnan (GXM), a polysaccharide that exhibits potent immunosuppressive properties in vitro and in vivo. The results reported here show that 1) soluble purified GXM induces a prompt, long-lasting, and potent up-regulation of Fas ligand (FasL) on macrophages, 2) the up-regulation of FasL is related to induced synthesis and increased mobilization to the cellular surface, 3) this effect is largely mediated by interaction between GXM and TLR4, 4) FasL up-regulation occurs exclusively in GXM-loaded macrophages, 5) macrophages that show up-regulation of FasL induce apoptosis of activated T cells expressing Fas and Jurkat cells that constitutively express Fas, and 6) anti-Fas Abs rescue T cells from apoptosis induced by GXM. Collectively our results reveal novel aspects of the immunoregulatory properties of GXM and suggest that this nontoxic soluble compound could be used to dampen the immune response, to promote or accelerate the death receptor, and to fix FasL expression in a TLR/ligand-dependent manner. In the present study, we delineate potential new therapeutic applications for GXM that exploit death receptors as key molecular targets in regulating cell-mediated cytotoxicity, immune homeostasis, and the immunopathology of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Monari
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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9
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Dutton A, O'Neil JD, Milner AE, Reynolds GM, Starczynski J, Crocker J, Young LS, Murray PG. Expression of the cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) protects Hodgkin's lymphoma cells from autonomous Fas-mediated death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6611-6. [PMID: 15096587 PMCID: PMC404093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400765101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is characterized by the presence of malignant so-called Hodgkin's/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, which display resistance to certain apoptotic stimuli, including a lack of sensitivity to Fas-mediated cell death. However, the mechanisms responsible for their resistance to apoptosis inducers have not been elucidated. Here we confirm that both HL-derived cell lines and the HRS cells of primary HL tissues express Fas ligand (FasL) along with the inhibitory c-FLIP protein. Down-regulation of cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1beta-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) through the use of specific small inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs) leads to reduced viability of the L428 and L591 HL-derived cell lines. To determine whether endogenous FasL was responsible for the reduction in cell viability observed after down-regulation of c-FLIP, L428 and L591 cells were treated with c-FLIP-specific siRNAs with and without siRNAs directed to FasL. Treatment of these cells with both c-FLIP- and FasL-specific siRNAs in combination restored cell viability to near control levels. Our results provide a mechanism whereby HRS cells are protected from autonomous FasL-mediated cell death while preserving their ability to evade immunosurveillance. Targeting c-FLIP could provide a novel approach to the treatment of HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dutton
- Department of Pathology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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10
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Chung CS, Song GY, Lomas J, Simms HH, Chaudry IH, Ayala A. Inhibition of Fas/Fas ligand signaling improves septic survival: differential effects on macrophage apoptotic and functional capacity. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74:344-51. [PMID: 12949237 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway plays a central role in immune-cell response and function; however, under certain pathological conditions such as sepsis, it may contribute to the animal's or patient's morbidity and mortality. To determine the contribution of FasL to mortality, we conducted survival studies by blocking Fas/FasL with Fas receptor fusion protein (FasFP) in vivo. C3H/HeN mice received FasFP or the saline vehicle (veh) immediately (0 h) or delayed (12 h), after sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Subsequently, we examined the effect of FasFP treatment (12 h post-CLP) on macrophage apoptosis and functional capacities. Peritoneal and splenic macrophages and Kupffer cells from sham-veh-, CLP-veh-, sham-FasFP-, or CLP-FasFP-treated mice were harvested 24 h after CLP and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. The results indicate that only delayed (12 h) but not 0 h administration of FasFP demonstrated a significant increase in survival. The ability of all macrophage populations to release interleukin (IL)-6 was significantly depressed, and IL-10 release was augmented after CLP. FasFP treatment attenuated the increased IL-10 release in Kupffer cells. However, althogh enhanced susceptibility to LPS-induced apoptosis could be suppressed in CLP mouse Kupffer cells by FasFP, FasFP did not change the peritoneal or splenic macrophage response. Furthermore, FasFP attenuated the elevated plasma levels of liver enzymes after sepsis. These data indicate that in vivo inhibition of Fas/FasL signaling has tissue-specific effects on the induction of macrophage apoptosis, functional changes, and liver damage, which may contribute to the host's ability to ward off a septic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shiang Chung
- Brown University School of Medicine and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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11
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Thomas RK, Re D, Zander T, Wolf J, Diehl V. Epidemiology and etiology of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2003; 13 Suppl 4:147-52. [PMID: 12401681 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdf652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R K Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Derweesh IH, Tannenbaum CS, Rayman PA, Finke JH. Mechanisms of immune dysfunction in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Treat Res 2003; 116:29-51. [PMID: 14650824 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0451-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ithaar H Derweesh
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Glickman Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
Most current classifications of lymphoid neoplasms define the tumors based on the cell of origin, phenotype, genetic abnormalities, and clinical features. Here it is proposed that human lymphocytic tumors can be categorized based on the propensity and capacity of the tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. The first category is defined by malignant cells that are resistant to apoptosis due to expression of anti-apoptotic factors such as bcl-2 and cellular inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs). These tumors would include CLL and follicular lymphomas, as well as some malignancies in which the tumor cells are infected by viruses that co-opt cell survival pathways, such as human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV)-1. The second category, in which the malignant cells are apoptosis-prone, would include tumors arising in the context of impaired cytotoxic T-cell function. These neoplasms would include some human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related lymphomas such as Burkitt's lymphoma, and post-transplantation lymphomas. The third category would include neoplasms of intermediate sensitivity to apoptosis, some of which are associated with infection such as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas of the stomach. Although this classification is tentative, it should evolve in parallel with our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in lymphoid neoplasia, and provides a novel framework with which to consider the appropriateness of specific therapeutic strategies. Distinctions among lymphocytic tumors in terms of the likelihood of response to therapies such as antisense to bcl-2 related proteins, inhibitors of NF-kappa B activity, and new approaches aimed at bolstering the host's immune response, would cross standard classifications based on the T or B-cell origin of the tumor cells.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, bcl-2/genetics
- Humans
- Infections
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/classification
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/classification
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/physiopathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine J Schattner
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Room C-640, Weill Medical College, USA.
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Thomas RK, Kallenborn A, Wickenhauser C, Schultze JL, Draube A, Vockerodt M, Re D, Diehl V, Wolf J. Constitutive expression of c-FLIP in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:1521-8. [PMID: 11943736 PMCID: PMC1867202 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Crosslinking of the transmembrane receptor CD95/Fas leads to activation of a signaling cascade resulting in apoptosis. c-FLIP is a recently described protein that potently inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis and has been shown to be a key factor in germinal center B cell survival. Because Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in classical Hodgkin's disease (cHD) are also resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis we studied the role of c-FLIP in classical HD. High levels of c-FLIP protein were identified in two Fas-resistant Hodgkin-derived cell lines. In contrast to other tumor cells, inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide did not lead to down-regulation of c-FLIP protein in these HD cell lines. Furthermore, Fas-mediated apoptosis was only partially restored suggesting that normal regulation of c-FLIP was disrupted. The in vivo relevance of these findings was supported by demonstration of significant c-FLIP expression by immunohistochemistry in 18 of 19 evaluable cases of primary HD. Taken together, c-FLIP is constitutively expressed in HD and may therefore be a major mechanism responsible for Fas-resistance in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kurt Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Malapati S, Pierce SK. The influence of CD40 on the association of the B cell antigen receptor with lipid rafts in mature and immature cells. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3789-97. [PMID: 11745400 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3789::aid-immu3789>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich membrane microdomains termed lipid rafts appear to play a central role in B cell activation. In mature B cells, signaling through the B cell antigen receptor(BCR) is initiated from within rafts and leads to activation. In immature B cells, the BCR is excluded from rafts and signaling leads to apoptosis. CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis receptor family, is expressed by B cells throughout development and has been shown to influence the results of the engagement of antigen by the BCR in both mature B and immature B cells. Here evidence is provided that CD40 is excluded from the lipid rafts of both mature and immature B cells and remains excluded from rafts even after cross-linking. Nevertheless, in mature B cells CD40 signaling influences the association of the BCR with rafts resulting in an increase in the amount of BCR that translocates into rafts following ligand binding and a subsequent acceleration of the movement of the BCR from rafts. In immature B cells, the cross-linked BCR remains excluded from rafts in the presence of CD40 signaling, conditions under which BCR-induced apoptosis is blocked. These results indicate that CD40 functions outside lipid rafts to influence raft-dependent events in mature B cells and raft-independent events in immature B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Malapati
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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16
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Bernal A, Pastore RD, Asgary Z, Keller SA, Cesarman E, Liou HC, Schattner EJ. Survival of leukemic B cells promoted by engagement of the antigen receptor. Blood 2001; 98:3050-7. [PMID: 11698290 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.10.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable leukemia characterized by the slow but progressive accumulation of cells in a CD5+ B-cell clone. Like the nonmalignant counterparts, B-1 cells, CLL cells often express surface immunoglobulin with the capacity to bind autologous structures. Previously there has been no established link between antigen-receptor binding and inhibition of apoptosis in CLL. In this work, using primary CLL cells from untreated patients with this disease, it is demonstrated that engagement of surface IgM elicits a powerful survival program. The response includes inhibition of caspase activity, activation of NF-kappaB, and expression of mcl-1, bcl-2, and bfl-1 in the tumor cells. Blocking phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), a critical mediator of signals through the antigen receptor, completely abrogated mcl-1 induction and impaired survival in the stimulated cells. These data support the contention that CLL cell survival is promoted by antigen for which the malignant clone has affinity, and suggest that pharmacologic interference with antigen-receptor-derived signals has potential for therapy in patients with CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Blotting, Western
- CD40 Antigens/physiology
- CD5 Antigens/analysis
- Cell Survival
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/physiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Middle Aged
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/physiology
- bcl-X Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernal
- Immunology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, and Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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17
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Hur DY, Kim DJ, Kim S, Kim YI, Cho D, Lee DS, Hwang Y, Bae K, Chang KY, Lee WJ. Role of follicular dendritic cells in the apoptosis of germinal center B cells. Immunol Lett 2000; 72:107-11. [PMID: 10841945 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(00)00166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) provide the most obvious source of antigens, which are essential for the differentiation of GC B cells. It has been reported that most proliferating B cells in germinal centers undergo apoptosis. Quantitative histology shows macrophages with apoptotic debris throughout the germinal center, the highest frequency of these cells being found in the dense FDC network. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that FDC may be involved in an apoptotic pathway of the germinal center B cells. To prove this hypothesis, we performed double immunohistochemical analysis using anti-FDC mAb and peanut agglutinin (PNA), with their respective TUNEL kits. Collated data showed that a great proportion of the apoptotic cells, most of which were positive for PNA, were in close contact with FDC, which indicated an interaction between FDC and B cells in the apoptotic pathway. Further studies using double immunohistochemical staining and FACS analyses demonstrated the expression of Fas-ligand (FasL) in a subset of the FDC. These results suggest that FDC may play a role in the apoptosis of germinal center B cells via Fas-FasL interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Hur
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, 614-735, Pusan, South Korea
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18
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Geisbert TW, Hensley LE, Gibb TR, Steele KE, Jaax NK, Jahrling PB. Apoptosis induced in vitro and in vivo during infection by Ebola and Marburg viruses. J Transl Med 2000; 80:171-86. [PMID: 10701687 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of apoptosis has been documented during infection with a number of different viruses. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling to investigate the effects of Ebola and Marburg viruses on apoptosis of different cell populations during in vitro and in vivo infections. Tissues from 18 filovirus-infected nonhuman primates killed in extremis were evaluated. Apoptotic lymphocytes were seen in all tissues examined. Filoviral replication occurred in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system and other well-documented cellular targets by TEM and immunohistochemistry, but there was no evidence of replication in lymphocytes. With the exception of intracytoplasmic viral inclusions, filovirus-infected cells were morphologically normal or necrotic, but did not exhibit ultrastructural changes characteristic of apoptosis. In lymph nodes, filoviral antigen was co-localized with apoptotic lymphocytes. Examination of cell populations in lymph nodes showed increased numbers of macrophages and concomitant depletion of CD8+ T cells and plasma cells in filovirus-infected animals. This depletion was particularly striking in animals infected with the Zaire subtype of Ebola virus. In addition, apoptosis was demonstrated in vitro in lymphocytes of filovirus-infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by TEM. These findings suggest that lymphopenia and lymphoid depletion associated with filoviral infections result from lymphocyte apoptosis induced by a number of factors that may include release of various chemical mediators from filovirus-infected or activated cells, damage to the fibroblastic reticular cell conduit system, and possibly stimulation by a viral protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Geisbert
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5011, USA.
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19
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Re D, Hofmann A, Wolf J, Diehl V, Staratschek-Jox A. Cultivated H-RS cells are resistant to CD95L-mediated apoptosis despite expression of wild-type CD95. Exp Hematol 2000; 28:31-5. [PMID: 10658674 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(99)00125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In most cases of classic Hodgkin's disease (HD), Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (H-RS) cells clonally derive from germinal-center B cells. Within their rearranged immunoglobulin genes, somatic mutations rendering potentially functional immunoglobulin gene rearrangements nonfunctional were detected, indicating that H-RS cells do not express a B-cell receptor. Under physiologic conditions, these cells would undergo apoptosis within the germinal center. However, H-RS cells clonally expand, disseminate, and lead to clonal relapse of HD, indicating their resistance to induced programmed cell death. The underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS [corrected] Analysis of receptor-ligand interactions in primary H-RS cells is difficult to perform due to their scarcity in vivo and their low proliferation rate in vitro. Therefore, two [corrected] B-cellular H-RS cell lines (L1236 and L428) were used to test for the expression of CD95 by flow cytometry and for the induction of apoptosis after incubation with CD95L obtained from retrovirally transduced murine myoblasts. Sequence analysis of CD95 cDNA obtained from these H-RS cell lines was performed. RESULTS Expression of CD95 on the cell surface was detected in both cell lines. However, after incubation with CD95L, the cells did not undergo apoptosis. To test whether mutations within the CD95 cDNA sequence caused resistance to apoptosis in H-RS cells, sequence analysis of CD95 cDNA obtained from L1236 and L428 was performed. In both cell lines, CD95 was not affected by somatic mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the two H-RS cell lines L1236 and L428 are resistant to CD95-mediated apoptosis induced via CD95L, although wild-type CD95 is expressed. For further characterization of the mechanisms leading to prevention of apoptotic cell death in H-RS cells, it is necessary to determine impairments within the signaling cascade following CD95 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Re
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Cologne, Germany
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20
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CD40-Activated B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells for Tumor Immunotherapy: Stimulation of Allogeneic Versus Autologous T Cells Generates Different Types of Effector Cells. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.6.1992.406k23_1992_2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although spontaneous remissions may rarely occur in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), T cells do generally not develop a clinically significant response against B-CLL cells. Because this T-cell anergy against B-CLL cells may be caused by the inability of B-CLL cells to present tumor-antigens efficiently, we examined the possibility of upregulating critical costimulatory (B7-1 and B7-2) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and LFA-3) on B-CLL cells to improve antigen presentation. The stimulation of B-CLL cells via CD40 by culture on CD40L expressing feeder cells induced a strong upregulation of costimulatory and adhesion molecules and turned the B-CLL cells into efficient antigen-presenting cells (APCs). CD40-activated B-CLL (CD40-CLL) cells stimulated the proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, stimulation of allogeneic versus autologous T cells resulted in the expansion of different effector populations. Allogeneic CD40-CLL cells allowed for the expansion of specific CD8+cytolytic T cells (CTL). In marked contrast, autologous CD40-CLL cells did not induce a relevant CTL response, but rather stimulated a CD4+, Th1-like T-cell population that expressed high levels of CD40L and released interferon-γ in response to stimulation by CD40-CLL cells. Together, these results support the view that CD40 activation of B-CLL cells might reverse T-cell anergy against the neoplastic cell clone, although the character of the immune response depends on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) background on which the CLL or tumor antigens are presented. These findings may have important implications for the design of cellular immunotherapies for B-CLL.
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21
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Spanaus KS, Schlapbach R, Fontana A. TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma render microglia sensitive to Fas ligand-induced apoptosis by induction of Fas expression and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:4398-408. [PMID: 9862377 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199812)28:12<4398::aid-immu4398>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) involves microglial cells which represent intraparenchymal antigen-presenting cells (APC). To control immune effector mechanisms it may be required to induce apoptosis of APC and thereby limit reactivation of T cells that have invaded the CNS. In the present study we investigated the susceptibility of primary murine microglia and of the murine microglial cell line BV-2 to undergo Fas-mediated apoptosis. Whereas resting microglia are resistant to Fas ligand (FasL) treatment, induction of FasL-mediated apoptosis was achieved by treatment with TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma. The effect of these cytokines was paralleled by up-regulation of Fas expression and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL but not Bax. Activation of microglia by TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma was also accompanied by increased amounts of mRNA for the apoptosis inhibitor FLIP, an effect which did not protect the cells from FasL-induced apoptosis. The FasL-induced cell death pathway in microglia involves reactive oxygen intermediates because the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and glutathione interfere with induction of apoptosis. Surprisingly, microglia constitutively express FasL on the cell surface. However, blocking of endogenous Fas-FasL interaction with Fas-Fc fusion protein did not enhance the survival of microglia, excluding the possibility of suicide or fratricide mechanisms. By their expression of FasL and their TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma-dependent sensitivity to the pro-apoptotic effect of exogenous FasL, microglial cells may influence the course of T cell-mediated diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Spanaus
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Cruickshank SM, Southgate J, Selby PJ, Trejdosiewicz LK. Expression and cytokine regulation of immune recognition elements by normal human biliary epithelial and established liver cell lines in vitro. J Hepatol 1998; 29:550-8. [PMID: 9824263 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Biliary epithelial cells are targets of immune-mediated attack in conditions such as primary biliary cirrhosis and allograft rejection. This has been attributed to the ability of biliary epithelial cells to express ligands for T cell receptors. We aimed to investigate the expression of immune recognition elements and the effects of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines on cell surface phenotypes of normal human biliary epithelial cells and established human liver-derived (PLC/PRF/5, HepG2, Hep3B and CC-SW) lines. METHODS Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of cytokines for 72 h, and expression of cell surface molecules was assessed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS All cell lines expressed MHC class I, ICAM-1 (CD54), LFA-3 (CD58) and EGF receptor, and all but Hep3B expressed Fas/Apo-1 (CD95). Unlike hepatocyte-derived cell lines, biliary epithelial cells and CC-SW expressed CD40 and CD44. As expected, IFNgamma and TNFalpha upregulated expression of ICAM-1, MHC class I and MHC class II, particularly in biliary epithelial cells. TGFbeta downregulated these molecules and downregulated CD95 on biliary epithelial cells, but upregulated LFA-3. The Th2 cytokines had little effect, although IL-4 upregulated CD95 expression on biliary epithelial cells. IFNgamma upregulated CD40 expression on biliary epithelial cells, CC-SW and HepG2. CONCLUSIONS These findings imply that biliary epithelial cells may be capable of interacting with activated T lymphocytes via CD40 and LFA-3, which are thought to be important T cell accessory ligands for T cell activation in a B7-independent manner. Sensitivity to pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of CD95 may explain why biliary epithelial cells are primary targets for autoimmune attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Cruickshank
- ICRF Cancer Medicine Research Unit, Research School of Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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23
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Curnock AP, Knox KA. LY294002-mediated inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity triggers growth inhibition and apoptosis in CD40-triggered Ramos-Burkitt lymphoma B cells. Cell Immunol 1998; 187:77-87. [PMID: 9732695 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the Epstein-Barr virus genome-negative Ramos-Burkitt lymphoma (Ramos-BL) B cell line can be rescued from antigen receptor (AgR)-triggered growth inhibition and apoptosis by signals transduced through their surface CD40. This study investigates whether phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), which has been reported to be intimately involved in the regulation of normal and neoplastic cell growth, plays a role in CD40-promoted Ramos-BL B cell survival and uses the selective and reversible PI3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002 (LY). LY-mediated inhibition of PI3-kinase activity triggers growth inhibition and leads to the processing of caspase-3, caspase-3-like activity, cleavage of the death substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and apoptosis from the G1 phase of cell cycle. These data indicate that constitutive PI3-kinase activity is critical for Ramos-BL B cell progression through the cell cycle such that if this PI3-kinase-dependent pathway(s) is inhibited, the cells default to apoptosis. Signals transduced through CD40 abrogate LY-triggered caspase-3-like activity and PARP cleavage but fail to inhibit LY-triggered growth inhibition, processing of caspase-3, and apoptosis. Likewise, in the presence of LY, signals transduced through CD40 abrogate AgR-triggered caspase-3-like activity and PARP cleavage but fail to inhibit AgR-triggered growth inhibition, caspase-3 processing, and apoptosis. The LY-mediated induction of growth inhibition and apoptosis occurs in the presence of the CD40-induced anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL. Taken together these data indicate that the CD40 of Ramos BL B cells is linked to PI3-kinase-independent and -dependent routes of survival: CD40-mediated inhibition of AgR-triggered caspase-3-like activity, PARP cleavage, and CD40-triggered Bcl-XL expression are PI3-kinase-independent, whereas PI3-kinase is critical for CD40-mediated rescue of this cellular population from AgR-triggered growth inhibition, caspase-3 processing, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Curnock
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Akari H, Yagita H, Nishida T, Nakamaru K, Terao K, Yoshikawa Y, Adachi A. Selective expression of beta 7 integrin on lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis in lymphoid tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 244:578-82. [PMID: 9514955 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously shown that the beta 7 chain of integrin forms heterodimers with the alpha 4 or alpha E chain, which plays essential roles in lymphocyte homing to mucosal lymphoid tissues. The aim of this study was to re-evaluate the possible role of the beta 7 integrin other than lymphocyte homing. We prepared spleen and lymph node lymphocytes from biopsied specimens from macaque monkeys and examined for the reactivity with a monoclonal antibody specific for the beta 7 chain. As a result, a minor population of the lymphocytes with a smaller size, which were in the early stage of apoptosis, was found to express a higher level of the beta 7 integrin than a majority of the lymphocytes with a normal size. Interestingly, the apoptotic lymphocytes expressed neither alpha 4 nor alpha E chains, suggesting that the beta 7 chain on these cells may be associated with an undefined alpha chain. These findings indicate that in the lymphoid tissues the shrunken lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis selectively express a unique beta 7 integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Akari
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Japan.
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25
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An S, Yap D, Knox KA. Ligation of CD40 potentiates Fas-mediated activation of the cysteine protease CPP32, cleavage of its death substrate PARP, and apoptosis in Ramos-Burkitt lymphoma B cells. Cell Immunol 1997; 181:139-52. [PMID: 9398401 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1997.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation and survival of a B cell population is necessarily tightly controlled to prevent the arisal of malignancy or autoimmunity. The expansion or elimination of a B cell clone is determined through a complex interaction of the tumour necrosis factor receptor/nerve growth factor receptor family members CD40 and Fas, which are expressed on the B cell surface, with their respective physiological ligands (CD40L and FasL) expressed on the surface of CD4+ T cells. The regulation of B cell growth by signals transduced through CD40 and Fas contributes to the maintenance of peripheral tolerance and likely takes place and in the germinal centres (GC) of secondary lymphoid tissues. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the expression of Fas and B cell survival following engagement of CD40 and Fas in the Epstein-Barr virus-genome-negative Ramos-Burkitt lymphoma (Ramos-BL) B cell line model of GC B lymphocyte selection during maturation of the humoral immune response. We now present evidence that Ramos-BL B cells constitutively express both Fas and FasL on their surface and that expression of Fas, but not FasL, is enhanced following ligation of CD40. Coligation of CD40 and Fas, triggers for growth inhibition, activation of the interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme, now caspase, family member CPP32 (caspase-3) but not Ich-1L (caspase-2), cleavage of its death substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and apoptosis from the G1 phase of cell cycle; engagement of Fas alone fails to trigger for growth inhibition and apoptosis but enhances AgR-mediated cellular death. This CD40-potentiated Fas-triggered growth inhibition and apoptosis occurs in the presence of CD40-induced expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. Taken together, these data indicate that ligation of CD40 facilitates efficient coupling of Fas to the caspase-mediated pathway of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S An
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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26
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Kiener PA, Davis PM, Starling GC, Mehlin C, Klebanoff SJ, Ledbetter JA, Liles WC. Differential induction of apoptosis by Fas-Fas ligand interactions in human monocytes and macrophages. J Exp Med 1997; 185:1511-6. [PMID: 9126933 PMCID: PMC2196275 DOI: 10.1084/jem.185.8.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/1997] [Revised: 02/24/1997] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monocytes undergo spontaneous apoptosis upon culture in vitro; removal of serum from the media dramatically increases the rate of this process. Monocyte apoptosis can be significantly abrogated by the addition of growth factors or proinflammatory mediators. We have evaluated the role of the endogenous Fas-Fas ligand (FasL) interaction in the induction of this spontaneous apoptosis and found that a Fas-immunoglobulin (Ig) fusion protein, an antagonistic anti-Fas monoclonal antibody and a rabbit anti-FasL antibody all greatly reduced the onset of apoptosis. The results indicate that spontaneous death of monocytes is mediated via an autocrine or paracrine pathway. Treatment of the cells with growth factors or cytokines that prevented spontaneous apoptosis had no major effects on the expression of Fas or FasL. Additionally, monocyte-derived macrophages were found to express both Fas and FasL but did not undergo spontaneous apoptosis and were not sensitive to stimulation by an agonistic anti-Fas IgM. These results indicate that protective mechanisms in these cells exist at a site downstream of the receptor-ligand interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Kiener
- Immunological Diseases, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98121, USA
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