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Sun Z, Lv J, Ji C, Liang H, Li S, Yang Z, Xu W, Zhang S, Lin X. Analysis of carotenoid profile changes and carotenogenic genes transcript levels in Rhodosporidium toruloides mutants from an optimized Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:71-81. [PMID: 32017256 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rhodosporidium toruloides has been reported as a potential biotechnological microorganism to produce carotenoids. The most commonly used molecular and genetic manipulation methods based on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (ATMT). However, this method was of relatively lower transformation efficiency. In this study, we optimized the ATMT method for R. toruloides on account of the promoter on T-DNA, the ratio of A. tumefaciens to R. toruloides NP11, acetosyringone concentration, cocultivation temperature and time, and a transformation efficiency of 2,369 cells per 105 recipient cells was obtained and was 24 times as that of the previous report. With this optimized method, four redder mutants and four yellower mutants were selected out with torularhodin and β-carotene production preference, respectively. The highest torularhodin production was 1,638.15 µg/g dry cell weight in A1-13. The yellower mutants were found to divert the metabolic flux from torularhodin and torulene to γ-carotene and β-carotene, and the proportion of γ-carotene and β-carotene were all over 92%. TAIL-PCR was carried out to found T-DNA insertion in these mutants, and insertion hotspot was found. RT-qPCR results showed that CTA1 genes in these mutants were closely related to the synthesis of total carotenoids, especially torularhodin, and was a potenial metabolic engineering site in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lv
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofan Ji
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Huipeng Liang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxia Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhuan Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinping Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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Hooykaas PJJ, van Heusden GPH, Niu X, Reza Roushan M, Soltani J, Zhang X, van der Zaal BJ. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Yeast and Fungi. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 418:349-374. [PMID: 29770864 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two decades ago, it was discovered that the well-known plant vector Agrobacterium tumefaciens can also transform yeasts and fungi when these microorganisms are co-cultivated on a solid substrate in the presence of a phenolic inducer such as acetosyringone. It is important that the medium has a low pH (5-6) and that the temperature is kept at room temperature (20-25 °C) during co-cultivation. Nowadays, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) is the method of choice for the transformation of many fungal species; as the method is simple, the transformation efficiencies are much higher than with other methods, and AMT leads to single-copy integration much more frequently than do other methods. Integration of T-DNA in fungi occurs by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), but also targeted integration of the T-DNA by homologous recombination (HR) is possible. In contrast to AMT of plants, which relies on the assistance of a number of translocated virulence (effector) proteins, none of these (VirE2, VirE3, VirD5, VirF) are necessary for AMT of yeast or fungi. This is in line with the idea that some of these proteins help to overcome plant defense. Importantly, it also showed that VirE2 is not necessary for the transport of the T-strand into the nucleus. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a fast-growing organism with a relatively simple genome with reduced genetic redundancy. This yeast species has therefore been used to unravel basic molecular processes in eukaryotic cells as well as to elucidate the function of virulence factors of pathogenic microorganisms acting in plants or animals. Translocation of Agrobacterium virulence proteins into yeast was recently visualized in real time by confocal microscopy. In addition, the yeast 2-hybrid system, one of many tools that have been developed for use in this yeast, was used to identify plant and yeast proteins interacting with the translocated Agrobacterium virulence proteins. Dedicated mutant libraries, containing for each gene a mutant with a precise deletion, have been used to unravel the mode of action of some of the Agrobacterium virulence proteins. Yeast deletion mutant collections were also helpful in identifying host factors promoting or inhibiting AMT, including factors involved in T-DNA integration. Thus, the homologous recombination (HR) factor Rad52 was found to be essential for targeted integration of T-DNA by HR in yeast. Proteins mediating double-strand break (DSB) repair by end-joining (Ku70, Ku80, Lig4) turned out to be essential for non-homologous integration. Inactivation of any one of the genes encoding these end-joining factors in other yeasts and fungi was employed to reduce or totally eliminate non-homologous integration and promote efficient targeted integration at the homologous locus by HR. In plants, however, their inactivation did not prevent non-homologous integration, indicating that T-DNA is captured by different DNA repair pathways in plants and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J J Hooykaas
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - G Paul H van Heusden
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaolei Niu
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Reza Roushan
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jalal Soltani
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bert J van der Zaal
- Sylvius Lab, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation: an efficient tool for targeted gene disruption in Talaromyces marneffei. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:183. [PMID: 28948456 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Talaromyces marneffei causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised hosts. An efficient tool for genetic manipulation of T. marneffei will allow for increased understanding of this thermally dimorphic fungus. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) was optimized for targeted gene disruption in T. marneffei using the plasmid pDHt/acuD::pyrG. Molecular analyses of transformants were performed by PCR, Southern blot and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 was more efficient at transformation than strain AGL-1 in ATMT via solid co-cultivation. An A. tumefaciens:T. marneffei ratio of 1000:1 in an ATMT liquid co-cultivation led to a relatively high transformation efficiency of 90 transformants per 106 yeast cells. Using ATMT-mediated knockout mutagenesis, we successfully deleted the acuD gene in T. marneffei. PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed that acuD was disrupted and that the foreign pyrG gene was integrated into T. marneffei. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis further confirmed that pyrG was expressed normally. These results suggest that ATMT can be a potential platform for targeted gene disruption in T. marneffei and that liquid co-cultivation may provide new opportunities to develop clinical treatments.
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Expression of Talaromyces thermophilus lipase gene in Trichoderma reesei by homologous recombination at the cbh1 locus. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 44:377-385. [PMID: 28039549 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CBH1 (cellobiohydrolase) comprises the majority of secreted proteins by Trichoderma reesei. For expression of Talaromyces thermophilus lipase gene in T. reesei, a self-designed CBH1 promoter was applied to drive the lipase gene expression cassette which was bracketed by flanking sequences of cbh1 gene for homologous recombination. Protoplast and Agrobacterium-mediated plasmid transformations were performed and compared, resultantly, transformation mediated by Agrobacterium was overall proved to be more efficient. Stable integration of lipase gene into chromosomal DNA of T. reesei transformants was verified by PCR. After shaking flask fermentation, lipase activity of transformant reached 375 IU mL-1, whereas no cellobiohydrolase activity was detected. SDS-PAGE analysis further showed an obvious protein band about 39 kDa and no CBH1 band in fermentation broth, implying lipase gene was successfully extracellularly expressed in T. reesei via homologous recombination at cbh1 locus. This study herein would benefit genetic engineering of filamentous fungi and industrial application of thermo-alkaline lipase like in paper making and detergents addition.
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Chen L, Wang Q, Chen H, Sun G, Liu H, Wang H. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Botryosphaeria dothidea. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:106. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Korn M, Schmidpeter J, Dahl M, Müller S, Voll LM, Koch C. A Genetic Screen for Pathogenicity Genes in the Hemibiotrophic Fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum Identifies the Plasma Membrane Proton Pump Pma2 Required for Host Penetration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125960. [PMID: 25992547 PMCID: PMC4437780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We used insertional mutagenesis by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation (ATMT) to isolate pathogenicity mutants of Colletotrichum higginsianum. From a collection of 7200 insertion mutants we isolated 75 mutants with reduced symptoms. 19 of these were affected in host penetration, while 17 were affected in later stages of infection, like switching to necrotrophic growth. For 16 mutants the location of T-DNA insertions could be identified by PCR. A potential plasma membrane H+-ATPase Pma2 was targeted in five independent insertion mutants. We genetically inactivated the Ku80 component of the non-homologous end-joining pathway in C. higginsianum to establish an efficient gene knockout protocol. Chpma2 deletion mutants generated by homologous recombination in the ΔChku80 background form fully melanized appressoria but entirely fail to penetrate the host tissue and are non-pathogenic. The ChPMA2 gene is induced upon appressoria formation and infection of A. thaliana. Pma2 activity is not important for vegetative growth of saprophytically growing mycelium, since the mutant shows no growth penalty under these conditions. Colletotrichum higginsianum codes for a closely related gene (ChPMA1), which is highly expressed under most growth conditions. ChPMA1 is more similar to the homologous yeast genes for plasma membrane pumps. We propose that expression of a specific proton pump early during infection may be common to many appressoria forming fungal pathogens as we found ChPMA2 orthologs in several plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Korn
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Schmidpeter
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marlis Dahl
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Müller
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars M. Voll
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Chen L, Sun G, Wu S, Liu H, Wang H. Efficient transformation and expression of gfp gene in Valsa mali var. mali. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 31:227-35. [PMID: 25423905 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Valsa mali var. mali, the causal agent of valsa canker of apple, causes great loss of apple production in apple producing regions. The pathogenic mechanism of the pathogen has not been studied extensively, thus a suitable gene marker for pathogenic invasion analysis and a random insertion of T-DNA for mutants are desirable. In this paper, we reported the construction of a binary vector pKO1-HPH containing a positive selective gene hygromycin phosphotransferase (hph), a reporter gene gfp conferring green fluorescent protein, and an efficient protocol for V. mali var. mali transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A transformation efficiency up to about 75 transformants per 10(5) conidia was achieved when co-cultivation of V. mali var. mali and A. tumefaciens for 48 h in A. tumefaciens inductive medium agar plates. The insertions of hph gene and gfp gene into V. mali var. mali genome verified by polymerase chain reaction and southern blot analysis showed that 10 randomly-selected transformants exhibited a single, unique hybridization pattern. This is the first report of A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation of V. mali var mali carrying a 'reporter' gfp gene that stably and efficiently expressed in the transformed V. mali var. mali species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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Zhang JJ, Shi L, Chen H, Sun YQ, Zhao MW, Ren A, Chen MJ, Wang H, Feng ZY. An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method for the edible mushroom Hypsizygus marmoreus. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:741-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation of the Causative Agent of Valsa canker of Apple Tree Valsa mali var. mali. Curr Microbiol 2014; 68:769-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nakamura M, Kuwahara H, Onoyama K, Iwai H. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation for Investigating Pathogenicity Genes of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Colletotrichum sansevieriae. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:176-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kano S, Kurita T, Kanematsu S, Morinaga T. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the plant pathogenic fungus Rosellinia necatrix. Microbiology (Reading) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261711010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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12
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the violet root-rot fungus, Helicobasidium mompa, and the effect of activated carbon. MYCOSCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-010-0067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Kummasook A, Cooper CR, Vanittanakom N. An improved Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system for the functional genetic analysis of Penicillium marneffei. Med Mycol 2010; 48:1066-74. [PMID: 20465521 DOI: 10.3109/13693781003801219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an improved Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) system for the functional genetic analysis of Penicillium marneffei, a thermally dimorphic, human pathogenic fungus. Our AMT protocol included the use of conidia or pre-germinated conidia of P. marneffei as the host recipient for T-DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and co-cultivation at 28°C for 36 hours. Bleomycin-resistant transformants were selected as yeast-like colonies following incubation at 37°C. The efficiency of transformation was approximately 123 ± 3.27 and 239 ± 13.12 transformants per plate when using 5 × 10(4) conidia and pre-germinated conidia as starting materials, respectively. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that 95% of transformants contained single copies of T-DNA. Inverse PCR was employed for identifying flanking sequences at the T-DNA insertion sites. Analysis of these sequences indicated that integration occurred as random recombination events. Among the mutants isolated were previously described stuA and gasC defective strains. These AMT-derived mutants possessed single T-DNA integrations within their particular coding sequences. In addition, other morphological and pigmentation mutants possessing a variety of gene-specific defects were isolated, including two mutants having T-DNA integrations within putative promoter regions. One of the latter integration events was accompanied by the deletion of the entire corresponding gene. Collectively, these results indicated that AMT could be used for large-scale, functional genetic analyses in P. marneffei. Such analyses can potentially facilitate the identification of those genetic elements related to morphogenesis, as well as pathogenesis in this medically important fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksarakorn Kummasook
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of antifungal lipopeptide producing fungus Coleophoma empetri F-11899. Curr Genet 2009; 55:623-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-009-0275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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On-line estimation of cell growth from agitation speed in DO-stat culture of a filamentous microorganism,Agaricus blazei. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Expression of the Apx toxins ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae inSaccharomyces cerevisiae and its induction of immune response in mice. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02931856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Michielse CB, Hooykaas PJJ, van den Hondel CAMJJ, Ram AFJ. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation as a tool for functional genomics in fungi. Curr Genet 2005; 48:1-17. [PMID: 15889258 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-005-0578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the era of functional genomics, the need for tools to perform large-scale targeted and random mutagenesis is increasing. A potential tool is Agrobacterium-mediated fungal transformation. A. tumefaciens is able to transfer a part of its DNA (transferred DNA; T-DNA) to a wide variety of fungi and the number of fungi that can be transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) is still increasing. AMT has especially opened the field of molecular genetics for fungi that were difficult to transform with traditional methods or for which the traditional protocols failed to yield stable DNA integration. Because of the simplicity and efficiency of transformation via A. tumefaciens, it is relatively easy to generate a large number of stable transformants. In combination with the finding that the T-DNA integrates randomly and predominantly as a single copy, AMT is well suited to perform insertional mutagenesis in fungi. In addition, in various gene-targeting experiments, high homologous recombination frequencies were obtained, indicating that the T-DNA is also a useful substrate for targeted mutagenesis. In this review, we discuss the potential of the Agrobacterium DNA transfer system to be used as a tool for targeted and random mutagenesis in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Michielse
- Institute of Biology, Clusius Laboratory, Fungal Genetics Research Group, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Veneault-Fourrey C, Talbot NJ. Moving Toward a Systems Biology Approach to the Study of Fungal Pathogenesis in the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe grisea. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2005; 57:177-215. [PMID: 16002013 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(05)57006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, United Kingdom
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