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Pfannmüller A, Leufken J, Studt L, Michielse CB, Sieber CMK, Güldener U, Hawat S, Hippler M, Fufezan C, Tudzynski B. Comparative transcriptome and proteome analysis reveals a global impact of the nitrogen regulators AreA and AreB on secondary metabolism in Fusarium fujikuroi. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176194. [PMID: 28441411 PMCID: PMC5404775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of multiple secondary metabolites in the phytopathogenic ascomycete Fusarium fujikuroi is strongly affected by nitrogen availability. Here, we present the first genome-wide transcriptome and proteome analysis that compared the wild type and deletion mutants of the two major nitrogen regulators AreA and AreB. We show that AreB acts not simply as an antagonist of AreA counteracting the expression of AreA target genes as suggested based on the yeast model. Both GATA transcription factors affect a large and diverse set of common as well as specific target genes and proteins, acting as activators and repressors. We demonstrate that AreA and AreB are not only involved in fungal nitrogen metabolism, but also in the control of several complex cellular processes like carbon metabolism, transport and secondary metabolism. We show that both GATA transcription factors can be considered as master regulators of secondary metabolism as they affect the expression of more than half of the 47 putative secondary metabolite clusters identified in the genome of F. fujikuroi. While AreA acts as a positive regulator of many clusters under nitrogen-limiting conditions, AreB is able to activate and repress gene clusters (e.g. bikaverin) under nitrogen limitation and sufficiency. In addition, ChIP analyses revealed that loss of AreA or AreB causes histone modifications at some of the regulated gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pfannmüller
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Leufken
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Computational Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Studt
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
- Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interaction, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Campus-Tulln, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline B. Michielse
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian M. K. Sieber
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Genome-oriented Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Susan Hawat
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Fufezan
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Computational Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
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Michielse CB, Studt L, Janevska S, Sieber CMK, Arndt B, Espino JJ, Humpf HU, Güldener U, Tudzynski B. The global regulator FfSge1 is required for expression of secondary metabolite gene clusters but not for pathogenicity in Fusarium fujikuroi. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:2690-708. [PMID: 25115968 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium fujikuroi is the causal agent of bakanae disease on rice due to its ability to produce gibberellins. Besides these phytohormones, F. fujikuroi is able to produce several other secondary metabolites (SMs). Although much progress has been made in the field of secondary metabolism, the transcriptional regulation of SM biosynthesis is complex and still incompletely understood. Environmental conditions, global as well as pathway-specific regulators and chromatin remodelling have been shown to play major roles. Here, the role of FfSge1, a homologue of the morphological switch regulators Wor1 and Ryp1 in Candida albicans and Histoplasma capsulatum, respectively, is explored with emphasis on secondary metabolism. FfSge1 is not required for formation of conidia and pathogenicity but is involved in vegetative growth. Transcriptome analysis of the mutant Δffsge1 compared with the wild type, as well as comparative chemical analysis between the wild type, Δffsge1 and OE:FfSGE1, revealed that FfSge1 functions as a global activator of secondary metabolism in F. fujikuroi. Double mutants of FfSGE1 and other SM regulatory genes brought insights into the hierarchical regulation of secondary metabolism. In addition, FfSge1 is also required for expression of a yet uncharacterized SM gene cluster containing a non-canonical non-ribosomal peptide synthetase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Michielse
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Lena Studt
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Slavica Janevska
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Christian M K Sieber
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Birgit Arndt
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, 48149, Germany.,Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Corrensstr. 45, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Jose Juan Espino
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, Münster, 48149, Germany.,Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Corrensstr. 45, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
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Gawehns F, Houterman PM, Ichou FA, Michielse CB, Hijdra M, Cornelissen BJC, Rep M, Takken FLW. The Fusarium oxysporum effector Six6 contributes to virulence and suppresses I-2-mediated cell death. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2014; 27:336-48. [PMID: 24313955 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-13-0330-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete effectors to manipulate their host and facilitate colonization. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease in tomato. Upon infection, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici secretes numerous small proteins into the xylem sap (Six proteins). Most Six proteins are unique to F. oxysporum, but Six6 is an exception; a homolog is also present in two Colletotrichum spp. SIX6 expression was found to require living host cells and a knockout of SIX6 in F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici compromised virulence, classifying it as a genuine effector. Heterologous expression of SIX6 did not affect growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves or susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana toward Verticillium dahliae, Pseudomonas syringae, or F. oxysporum, suggesting a specific function for F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Six6 in the F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici- tomato pathosystem. Remarkably, Six6 was found to specifically suppress I-2-mediated cell death (I2CD) upon transient expression in N. benthamiana, whereas it did not compromise the activity of other cell-death-inducing genes. Still, this I2CD suppressing activity of Six6 does not allow the fungus to overcome I-2 resistance in tomato, suggesting that I-2-mediated resistance is independent from cell death.
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Michielse CB, Pfannmüller A, Macios M, Rengers P, Dzikowska A, Tudzynski B. The interplay between the GATA transcription factors AreA, the global nitrogen regulator and AreB in Fusarium fujikuroi. Mol Microbiol 2013; 91:472-93. [PMID: 24286256 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen metabolite repression (NMR) in filamentous fungi is controlled by the GATA transcription factors AreA and AreB. While AreA mainly acts as a positive regulator of NMR-sensitive genes, the role of AreB is not well understood. We report the characterization of AreB and its interplay with AreA in the gibberellin-producing fungus Fusarium fujikuroi. The areB locus produces three different transcripts that each code for functional proteins fully complementing the areB deletion mutant that influence growth and secondary metabolism. However, under nitrogen repression, the AreB isoforms differ in subcellular localization indicating distinct functions under these conditions. In addition, AreA and two isoforms of AreB colocalize in the nucleus under low nitrogen, but their nuclear localization disappears under conditions of high nitrogen. Using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) approach we showed for the first time that one of the AreB isoforms interacts with AreA when starved of nitrogen. Cross-species complementation revealed that some AreB functions are retained between F. fujikuroi and Aspergillus nidulans while others have diverged. By comparison to other fungi where AreB was postulated to function as a negative counterpart of AreA, AreB can act as both repressor and activator of transcription in F. fujikuroi.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Michielse
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
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Wiemann P, Sieber CMK, von Bargen KW, Studt L, Niehaus EM, Espino JJ, Huß K, Michielse CB, Albermann S, Wagner D, Bergner SV, Connolly LR, Fischer A, Reuter G, Kleigrewe K, Bald T, Wingfield BD, Ophir R, Freeman S, Hippler M, Smith KM, Brown DW, Proctor RH, Münsterkötter M, Freitag M, Humpf HU, Güldener U, Tudzynski B. Deciphering the cryptic genome: genome-wide analyses of the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi reveal complex regulation of secondary metabolism and novel metabolites. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003475. [PMID: 23825955 PMCID: PMC3694855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium fujikuroi causes "bakanae" disease of rice due to its ability to produce gibberellins (GAs), but it is also known for producing harmful mycotoxins. However, the genetic capacity for the whole arsenal of natural compounds and their role in the fungus' interaction with rice remained unknown. Here, we present a high-quality genome sequence of F. fujikuroi that was assembled into 12 scaffolds corresponding to the 12 chromosomes described for the fungus. We used the genome sequence along with ChIP-seq, transcriptome, proteome, and HPLC-FTMS-based metabolome analyses to identify the potential secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and to examine their regulation in response to nitrogen availability and plant signals. The results indicate that expression of most but not all gene clusters correlate with proteome and ChIP-seq data. Comparison of the F. fujikuroi genome to those of six other fusaria revealed that only a small number of gene clusters are conserved among these species, thus providing new insights into the divergence of secondary metabolism in the genus Fusarium. Noteworthy, GA biosynthetic genes are present in some related species, but GA biosynthesis is limited to F. fujikuroi, suggesting that this provides a selective advantage during infection of the preferred host plant rice. Among the genome sequences analyzed, one cluster that includes a polyketide synthase gene (PKS19) and another that includes a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase gene (NRPS31) are unique to F. fujikuroi. The metabolites derived from these clusters were identified by HPLC-FTMS-based analyses of engineered F. fujikuroi strains overexpressing cluster genes. In planta expression studies suggest a specific role for the PKS19-derived product during rice infection. Thus, our results indicate that combined comparative genomics and genome-wide experimental analyses identified novel genes and secondary metabolites that contribute to the evolutionary success of F. fujikuroi as a rice pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wiemann
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian M. K. Sieber
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katharina W. von Bargen
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Studt
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Niehaus
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jose J. Espino
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathleen Huß
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Caroline B. Michielse
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabine Albermann
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Wagner
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja V. Bergner
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lanelle R. Connolly
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Institut of Genetics/Developmental Genetics, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Gunter Reuter
- Institut of Genetics/Developmental Genetics, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Karin Kleigrewe
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Till Bald
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Brenda D. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ron Ophir
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Genomics, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Stanley Freeman
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kristina M. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daren W. Brown
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Proctor
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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Michielse CB, Reijnen L, Olivain C, Alabouvette C, Rep M. Degradation of aromatic compounds through the β-ketoadipate pathway is required for pathogenicity of the tomato wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Mol Plant Pathol 2012; 13:1089-100. [PMID: 22827542 PMCID: PMC6638894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots react to pathogen attack by the activation of general and systemic resistance, including the lignification of cell walls and increased release of phenolic compounds in root exudate. Some fungi have the capacity to degrade lignin using ligninolytic extracellular peroxidases and laccases. Aromatic lignin breakdown products are further catabolized via the β-ketoadipate pathway. In this study, we investigated the role of 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme (CMLE), an enzyme of the β-ketoadipate pathway, in the pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici towards its host, tomato. As expected, the cmle deletion mutant cannot catabolize phenolic compounds known to be degraded via the β-ketoadipate pathway. In addition, the mutant is impaired in root invasion and is nonpathogenic, even though it shows normal superficial root colonization. We hypothesize that the β-ketoadipate pathway in plant-pathogenic, soil-borne fungi is necessary to degrade phenolic compounds in root exudate and/or inside roots in order to establish disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Michielse
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Michielse CB, Becker M, Heller J, Moraga J, Collado IG, Tudzynski P. The Botrytis cinerea Reg1 protein, a putative transcriptional regulator, is required for pathogenicity, conidiogenesis, and the production of secondary metabolites. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2011; 24:1074-85. [PMID: 21635139 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-11-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, which causes gray-mold rot, attacks a wide range of plant species. To understand the infection process, the role of a putative transcriptional regulator, BcReg1 (regulator 1), in pathogenicity was studied. This transcriptional regulator shows similarity to the morphological switch regulators Candida albicans Wor1 and Histoplasma capsulatum Ryp1. Gene knock-out and complementation studies revealed that bcreg1 is required for pathogenicity. The bcreg1 mutant is able to penetrate plant tissue but is not able to cause necrotic lesions. In addition, the mutant is blocked in conidia formation and does not produce detectable levels of the sesquiterpene botrydial and the polyketide botcinic acid. Based on transcript expression levels, it can be concluded that bcreg1 is a downstream target of two mitogen-activated protein kinases, BcSak1 and Bmp3.
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Jonkers W, VAN Kan JAL, Tijm P, Lee YW, Tudzynski P, Rep M, Michielse CB. The FRP1 F-box gene has different functions in sexuality, pathogenicity and metabolism in three fungal pathogens. Mol Plant Pathol 2011; 12:548-63. [PMID: 21722294 PMCID: PMC6640539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi employ a variety of infection strategies; as a result, fungi probably rely on different sets of proteins for successful infection. The F-box protein Frp1, only present in filamentous fungi belonging to the Sordariomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes, is required for nonsugar carbon catabolism and pathogenicity in the root-infecting fungus Fusarium oxysporum. To assess the role of Frp1 in other plant-pathogenic fungi, FRP1 deletion mutants were generated in Fusarium graminearum and Botrytis cinerea, and their phenotypes were analysed. Deletion of FgFRP1 in F. graminearum led to impaired infection of barley roots, but not of aerial plant parts. Deletion of BcFRP1 in B. cinerea did not show any effect on pathogenicity. Sexual reproduction, however, was impaired in both F. graminearum and B. cinerea FRP1 deletion mutants. The mutants of all three fungi displayed different phenotypes when grown on an array of carbon sources. The F. oxysporum and B. cinerea deletion mutants showed opposite growth phenotypes on sugar and nonsugar carbon sources. Replacement of FoFRP1 in F. oxysporum with the B. cinerea BcFRP1 resulted in the restoration of pathogenicity, but also in a switch from impaired growth on nonsugar carbon sources to impaired growth on sugar carbon sources. This effect could be ascribed in part to the B. cinerea BcFRP1 promoter sequence. In conclusion, the function of the F-box protein Frp1, despite its high sequence conservation, is not conserved between different fungi, leading to differential requirements for pathogenicity and carbon source utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Jonkers
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Michielse CB, van Wijk R, Reijnen L, Manders EMM, Boas S, Olivain C, Alabouvette C, Rep M. The nuclear protein Sge1 of Fusarium oxysporum is required for parasitic growth. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000637. [PMID: 19851506 PMCID: PMC2762075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimorphism or morphogenic conversion is exploited by several pathogenic fungi and is required for tissue invasion and/or survival in the host. We have identified a homolog of a master regulator of this morphological switch in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. This non-dimorphic fungus causes vascular wilt disease in tomato by penetrating the plant roots and colonizing the vascular tissue. Gene knock-out and complementation studies established that the gene for this putative regulator, SGE1 (SIX Gene Expression 1), is essential for pathogenicity. In addition, microscopic analysis using fluorescent proteins revealed that Sge1 is localized in the nucleus, is not required for root colonization and penetration, but is required for parasitic growth. Furthermore, Sge1 is required for expression of genes encoding effectors that are secreted during infection. We propose that Sge1 is required in F. oxysporum and other non-dimorphic (plant) pathogenic fungi for parasitic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Michielse
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
TAXONOMY Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Class Sordariomycetes; Order Hypocreales; Family Nectriaceae; genus Fusarium. HOST RANGE Very broad at the species level. More than 120 different formae speciales have been identified based on specificity to host species belonging to a wide range of plant families. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Initial symptoms of vascular wilt include vein clearing and leaf epinasty, followed by stunting, yellowing of the lower leaves, progressive wilting, defoliation and, finally, death of the plant. On fungal colonization, the vascular tissue turns brown, which is clearly visible in cross-sections of the stem. Some formae speciales are not primarily vascular pathogens, but cause foot and root rot or bulb rot. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Can cause severe losses in many vegetables and flowers, field crops, such as cotton, and plantation crops, such as banana, date palm and oil palm. CONTROL Use of resistant varieties is the only practical measure for controlling the disease in the field. In glasshouses, soil sterilization can be performed. USEFUL WEBSITES http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/genome/fusarium_group/MultiHome.html; http://www.fgsc.net/Fusarium/fushome.htm; http://www.phi-base.org/query.php
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Michielse
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Michielse CB, van Wijk R, Reijnen L, Cornelissen BJC, Rep M. Insight into the molecular requirements for pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici through large-scale insertional mutagenesis. Genome Biol 2009; 10:R4. [PMID: 19134172 PMCID: PMC2687792 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-1-r4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is the causal agent of vascular wilt disease in tomato. In order to gain more insight into the molecular processes in F. oxysporum necessary for pathogenesis and to uncover the genes involved, we used Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis to generate 10,290 transformants and screened the transformants for loss or reduction of pathogenicity. RESULTS This led to the identification of 106 pathogenicity mutants. Southern analysis revealed that the average T-DNA insertion is 1.4 and that 66% of the mutants carry a single T-DNA. Using TAIL-PCR, chromosomal T-DNA flanking regions were isolated and 111 potential pathogenicity genes were identified. CONCLUSIONS Functional categorization of the potential pathogenicity genes indicates that certain cellular processes, such as amino acid and lipid metabolism, cell wall remodeling, protein translocation and protein degradation, seem to be important for full pathogenicity of F. oxysporum. Several known pathogenicity genes were identified, such as those encoding chitin synthase V, developmental regulator FlbA and phosphomannose isomerase. In addition, complementation and gene knock-out experiments confirmed that a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, thought to be involved in cell wall integrity, a transcriptional regulator, a protein with unknown function and peroxisome biogenesis are required for full pathogenicity of F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Michielse
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Current address: Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Reijnen
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben JC Cornelissen
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Reeuwijk J, Grewal PK, Salih MAM, Beltrán-Valero de Bernabé D, McLaughlan JM, Michielse CB, Herrmann R, Hewitt JE, Steinbrecher A, Seidahmed MZ, Shaheed MM, Abomelha A, Brunner HG, van Bokhoven H, Voit T. Intragenic deletion in the LARGE gene causes Walker-Warburg syndrome. Hum Genet 2007; 121:685-90. [PMID: 17436019 PMCID: PMC1914248 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Intragenic homozygous deletions in the Large gene are associated with a severe neuromuscular phenotype in the myodystrophy (myd) mouse. These mutations result in a virtual lack of glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan. Compound heterozygous LARGE mutations have been reported in a single human patient, manifesting with mild congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) and severe mental retardation. These mutations are likely to retain some residual LARGE glycosyltransferase activity as indicated by residual alpha-dystroglycan glycosylation in patient cells. We hypothesized that more severe LARGE mutations are associated with a more severe CMD phenotype in humans. Here we report a 63-kb intragenic LARGE deletion in a family with Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), which is characterized by CMD, and severe structural brain and eye malformations. This finding demonstrates that LARGE gene mutations can give rise to a wide clinical spectrum, similar as for other genes that have a role in the post-translational modification of the alpha-dystroglycan protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Reeuwijk
- Department of Human Genetics 855, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Prabhjit K. Grewal
- Institute of Genetics, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, LA USA
| | - Mustafa A. M. Salih
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Beltrán-Valero de Bernabé
- Department of Human Genetics 855, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Jenny M. McLaughlan
- Institute of Genetics, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Caroline B. Michielse
- Department of Human Genetics 855, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Herrmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jane E. Hewitt
- Institute of Genetics, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alice Steinbrecher
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mohamed Z. Seidahmed
- Neonatology Unit and Department of Pediatrics, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Shaheed
- Neonatology Unit and Department of Pediatrics, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Abomelha
- Neonatology Unit and Department of Pediatrics, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics 855, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics 855, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Voit
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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13
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Michielse CB, Bhat M, Brady A, Jafrid H, van den Hurk JAJM, Raashid Y, Brunner HG, van Bokhoven H, Padberg GW. Refinement of the locus for hereditary congenital facial palsy on chromosome 3q21 in two unrelated families and screening of positional candidate genes. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:1306-12. [PMID: 16912702 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary congenital facial palsy (HCFP) is an autosomal-dominant disorder consisting of paresis or paralysis of the VIIth (facial) cranial nerve. Genetic heterogeneity for this disorder has been suggested based on linkage analysis in two large Dutch families. Two loci have been identified, one on chromosome 3q21.2-q22.1 (HCFP1) and another on chromosome 10q21.3-q22.1 (HCFP2). Here, we report linkage analysis in a large Pakistani family with dominant congenital facial palsy. A region cosegregating with the disorder was identified on the long arm of chromosome 3, which overlaps with the previously identified HCFP1 locus on chromosome 3q21-q22, thus confirming the involvement of this locus in HCFP. The critical region could be reduced from 5.7 to 3.0 cM between the markers D3S3607 and GDB ID:11524500. In addition, mutation analysis on seven candidate genes: KLF15, FLJ40083, PODXL2, TMCC1, PLEXIN-A1, PLEXIN-D1, and GATA-2, was performed. All genes are located within the critical interval of the Dutch HCFP1 family. The genes PODXL2, PLEXIN-D1, GATA-2, and TMCC1 are also located within the smaller critical interval of the Pakistani HCFP family. Based on the results obtained, all seven genes could be excluded as causative genes in HCFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Michielse
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Michielse CB, Arentshorst M, Ram AFJ, van den Hondel CAMJJ. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation leads to improved gene replacement efficiency in Aspergillus awamori. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 42:9-19. [PMID: 15588992 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the efficiency of gene replacement in Aspergillus awamori between Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and CaCl(2)/PEG-mediated transformation was compared. For the genes, pyrG and gfaA, it was found that the homologous recombination frequencies obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation were 3- to 6-fold higher than the frequencies obtained with CaCl(2)/PEG protoplast transformation. For the pyrG gene, it was found that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation allowed an efficient homologous recombination with shorter DNA flanks than CaCl(2)/PEG protoplast transformation. Finally, the addition of the dominant amdS marker as a second selection marker to the gene replacement cassette led to a further 2-fold enrichment in transformants with gene replacement events, resulting in a gene replacement frequency of 55%. Based on the data it can be concluded that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is an efficient tool for gene replacement and that the amdS gene can be successfully used as a second selection marker to select transformants with putative gene replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Michielse
- Institute of Biology, Clusius Laboratory, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Michielse CB, Hooykaas PJJ, van den Hondel CAMJJ, Ram AFJ. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation as a tool for functional genomics in fungi. Curr Genet 2005; 48:1-17. [PMID: 15889258 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-005-0578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the era of functional genomics, the need for tools to perform large-scale targeted and random mutagenesis is increasing. A potential tool is Agrobacterium-mediated fungal transformation. A. tumefaciens is able to transfer a part of its DNA (transferred DNA; T-DNA) to a wide variety of fungi and the number of fungi that can be transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) is still increasing. AMT has especially opened the field of molecular genetics for fungi that were difficult to transform with traditional methods or for which the traditional protocols failed to yield stable DNA integration. Because of the simplicity and efficiency of transformation via A. tumefaciens, it is relatively easy to generate a large number of stable transformants. In combination with the finding that the T-DNA integrates randomly and predominantly as a single copy, AMT is well suited to perform insertional mutagenesis in fungi. In addition, in various gene-targeting experiments, high homologous recombination frequencies were obtained, indicating that the T-DNA is also a useful substrate for targeted mutagenesis. In this review, we discuss the potential of the Agrobacterium DNA transfer system to be used as a tool for targeted and random mutagenesis in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Michielse
- Institute of Biology, Clusius Laboratory, Fungal Genetics Research Group, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Michielse CB, Ram AFJ, Hooykaas PJJ, Hondel CAMJJVD. Role of bacterial virulence proteins in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Aspergillus awamori. Fungal Genet Biol 2004; 41:571-8. [PMID: 15050546 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Accepted: 01/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Aspergillus awamori was optimized using defined co-cultivation conditions, which resulted in a reproducible and efficient transformation system. Optimal co-cultivation conditions were used to study the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence proteins in T-DNA transfer. This study revealed that inactivation of either of the regulatory proteins (VirA, VirG), any of the transport pore proteins (VirB), proteins involved in generation of the T-strand (VirD, VirC) or T-strand protection and targeting (VirE2) abolishes or severely reduces the formation of transformants. The results indicate that the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of A. awamori requires an intact T-DNA machinery for efficient transformation; however, the plant host range factors, like VirE3, VirH, and VirF, are not important.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Michielse
- Institute of Biology, Clusius Laboratory, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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17
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Michielse CB, Salim K, Ragas P, Ram AFJ, Kudla B, Jarry B, Punt PJ, van den Hondel CAMJJ. Development of a system for integrative and stable transformation of the zygomycete Rhizopus oryzae by Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer. Mol Genet Genomics 2004; 271:499-510. [PMID: 15067540 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-004-1003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 02/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two transformation systems, based on the use of CaCl(2)/PEG and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, respectively, were developed for the zygomycete Rhizopus oryzae. Irrespective of the selection marker used, a pyr4 marker derived from R. niveus or a dominant amdS(+) marker from Aspergillus nidulans, and irrespective of the configuration of the transforming DNA (linear or circular), the transformants obtained with the CaCl(2)/PEG transformation method were found to carry multiple copies of tandemly linked vector molecules, which failed to integrate into the genomic DNA. Furthermore, these transformants displayed low mitotic stability. In contrast, transformants obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation were mitotically stable, even under non-selective conditions. Detailed analysis of these transformants revealed that the transforming DNA had integrated into the genome of R. oryzae at a single locus in independently obtained transformants. In addition, truncation of the transforming DNA was observed, resulting in the integration of the R. niveus pyr4 marker gene, but not the second gene located on the transferred DNA. Modification of the transforming DNA, resulting in partial resistance to restriction enzyme digestion, was observed in transformants obtained with the CaCl(2)/PEG transformation method, suggesting that a specific genome defence mechanism may exist in R. oryzae. It is likely that the unique mechanism used by A. tumefaciens to deliver its transferred DNA to its hosts facilitates bypass of the host defence mechanisms, thus allowing the DNA to integrate into the chromosomal genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Michielse
- Fungal Genetics Group, Clusius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Michielse CB, Ram AFJ, Hooykaas PJJ, van den Hondel CAMJJ. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Aspergillus awamori in the absence of full-length VirD2, VirC2, or VirE2 leads to insertion of aberrant T-DNA structures. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:2038-45. [PMID: 15028687 PMCID: PMC374399 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.7.2038-2045.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reductions to 2, 5, and 42% of the wild-type transformation efficiency were found when Agrobacterium mutants carrying transposon insertions in virD2, virC2, and virE2, respectively, were used to transform Aspergillus awamori. The structures of the T-DNAs integrated into the host genome by these mutants were analyzed by Southern and sequence analyses. The T-DNAs of transformants obtained with the virE2 mutant had left-border truncations, whereas those obtained with the virD2 mutant had truncated right ends. From this analysis, it was concluded that the virulence proteins VirD2 and VirE2 are required for full-length T-DNA integration and that these proteins play a role in protecting the right and left T-DNA borders, respectively. Multicopy and truncated T-DNA structures were detected in the majority of the transformants obtained with the virC2 mutant, indicating that VirC2 plays a role in correct T-DNA processing and is required for single-copy T-DNA integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Michielse
- Clusius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 AL, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Michielse CB, Ram AFJ, van den Hondel CAMJJ. The Aspergillus nidulans amdS gene as a marker for the identification of multicopy T-DNA integration events in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Aspergillus awamori. Curr Genet 2004; 45:399-403. [PMID: 15045526 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-004-0500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Aspergillus nidulans amdS selection marker was used for the identification of multicopy T-DNA insertions in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Asp. awamori. The selection of transformants on agar plates containing acetamide as sole nitrogen source and hygromycin resulted in a six-fold decrease in the transformation frequency, compared with the transformation frequency obtained after hygromycin selection alone. However, it was found that 47% of the transformants obtained after hygromycin and acetamide double selection contained multiple T-DNA integrations. Furthermore, it was found that the multicopy transformants could easily be identified based on their growth rate on agar plates containing acetamide medium. Based on these data, it can be concluded that the amdS marker can also be used as a selection marker in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Asp. awamori and that it is a very useful marker to identify those transformants containing multiple T-DNA integrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Michielse
- Institute of Biology, Clusius Laboratory, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Takken FLW, Van Wijk R, Michielse CB, Houterman PM, Ram AFJ, Cornelissen BJC. A one-step method to convert vectors into binary vectors suited for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Curr Genet 2004; 45:242-8. [PMID: 14745506 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-003-0481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Revised: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 12/13/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are widely used for the construction of physical maps, positional-cloning and whole-genome sequencing strategies. Unfortunately, their use for functional genomics is limited, as currently there is no efficient method to use BACs directly for complementation. We describe a novel strategy for one-step conversion of any BAC into a binary BAC (BIBAC). Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, these BIBACs can be efficiently transformed to virtually all organisms, including plants, fungi, yeasts and human cells. As the strategy is based on in vivo recombineering and does not depend on restriction sites, it is applicable to any vector. To show the feasibility of the method five BACs, containing 0-75 kb of fungal DNA, were converted into BIBACs. These were subsequently transformed to the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and to Aspergillus awamori, a filamentous fungus often used for large-scale protein production. Molecular characterisation of the transformants showed that the BIBACs were efficiently transferred to the fungi and stably integrated into their genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L W Takken
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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