Antibacterial, antifungal and anticonvulsant evaluation of novel newly synthesized 1-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)ethyl]-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazoles

Cholinesterase Inhibitory and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Naphtho- and Thienobenzo-Triazole Photoproducts: Experimental and Computational Study

New 1,2,3-triazolo(thieno)stilbenes were synthesized as mixtures of isomers and efficiently photochemically transformed to their corresponding substituted thienobenzo/naphtho-triazoles in high isolated yields. The resulting photoproducts were studied as acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors without or with interconnected inhibition potential of TNF-α cytokine production. The most promising anti-inflammatory activity was shown again by naphtho-triazoles, with a derivative featuring 4-pentenyl substituents exhibiting notable potential as a cholinesterase inhibitor. To identify interactions between ligands and the active site of cholinesterases, molecular docking was performed for the best potential inhibitors. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to assess and validate the stability and flexibility of the protein-ligand complexes generated through docking.

CDATA[Recent Advances in the Development of 1,2,3-Triazole-containing Derivatives as Potential Antifungal Agents and Inhibitors of Lanoster ol 14α-Demethylase

1,2,3-Triazole, a five-membered heterocyclic nucleus, is widely recognized as a key chromophore of great value in medicinal chemistry for delivering compounds possessing innumerable biological activities, including antimicrobial, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory activities. Mainly, in the past years, diverse conjugates carrying this biologically valuable core have been reported due to their attractive fungicidal potential and potent effects on various infective targets. Hence, hybridization of 1,2,3-triazole with other antimicrobial pharmacophores appears to be a judicious strategy to develop new effective anti-fungal candidates to combat the emergence of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant infectious diseases. Thus, the current review highlights the recent advances of this promising category of 1,2,3-triazole-containing hybrids incorporating diverse varieties of bioactive heterocycles such as conozole, coumarin, imidazole, benzimidazole, pyrazole, indole, oxindole, chromene, pyrane, quinazoline, chalcone, isoflavone, carbohydrates, and amides. It underlies their inhibition behavior against a wide array of infectious fungal species during 2015-2020.

Bioisosteric Replacement of Amide Group with 1,2,3-Triazoles in Acetaminophen Addresses Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Hepatotoxic Insult in Wistar Albino Rats

Acetaminophen (AP) is a popularly recommended over-the-counter analgesic-antipyretic in clinical use. However, the drug is handicapped by the occurrence of hepatotoxic insult following acute ingestion. Consequently, AP-induced hepatotoxicity is often implicated in accidental or suicidal overdose. In the current study, we investigated the potential of bioisosteric replacement of amide in AP with 1,2,3-triazoles in curbing AP-induced hepatotoxicity. The therapeutic utility of synthesized bioisosteres was established by careful tailoring and optimization of the synthetic methodology along with detailed toxicological testing of pharmacologically potent acetaminophen-triazole derivatives (APTDs). Along the same lines, we herein report a series of 17 novel APTDs synthesized via aromatic substitution using sodium azide, l-proline, and copper iodide followed by click reaction with substituted alkynes using copper sulfate and sodium ascorbate. Pharmacological evaluation of synthesized APTDs revealed that, out of the series of 17 compounds, 5a and 5e were found to be most efficacious in exerting anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity in an animal model. Further toxicity studies documented that, in both acute and sub-acute toxicology, AP administration caused significant hepatotoxicity, which was found to be a consequence of ROS-mediated oxidative stress. Potent APTDs (5a and 5e), on the other hand, revealed no adverse event in both acute and sub-toxicological analyses. Median lethal dose (LD₅₀) and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) values for 5a and 5e were found to be >1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg, respectively. The human equivalent dose, defining the maximum safe concentration of a compound in a human's physiology, was found to be 27.68 mg/kg for the most potent APTDs (5a and 5e). Thus, it can be concluded that triazole incorporation into AP nucleus produced conjugates devoid of hepatotoxic manifestations, having the added advantage of anti-inflammatory efficacy along with analgesic and antipyretic potency.

Synthesis of polybrominated benzimidazole and benzotriazole derivatives containing a tetrazole ring and their cytotoxic activity

ABSTRACT

A series of new benzimidazole and benzotriazole derivatives containing a tetrazole moiety was synthesized by N-alkylation of 5-aryltetrazole with 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1-(3-chloropropyl)-1H-benzimidazole and 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-(3-chloropropyl)-2H-benzotriazole. The reaction was regioselective and mostly 2,5-disubstituted tetrazole derivatives were obtained. The effect of all synthesized compounds on human recombinant casein kinase 2alpha subunit (rhCK2α) and cytotoxicity against human T-cell lymphoblast (CCRF-CEM) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines were evaluated. The results have shown that many of the synthesized compounds exhibit significant cytotoxicity at micromolar concentration.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Benzotriazole: An overview on its versatile biological behavior

Discovered in late 1960, azoles are heterocyclic compounds class which constitute the largest group of available antifungal drugs. Particularly, the imidazole ring is the chemical component that confers activity to azoles. Triazoles are obtained by a slight modification of this ring and similar or improved activities as well as less adverse effects are reported for triazole derivatives. Consequently, it is not surprising that benzimidazole/benzotriazole derivatives have been found to be biologically active. Since benzimidazole has been widely investigated, this review is focused on defining the place of benzotriazole derivatives in biomedical research, highlighting their versatile biological properties, the mode of action and Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) studies for a variety of antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and even antitumor, choleretic, cholesterol-lowering agents.

Synthesis, structure optimization and antifungal screening of novel tetrazole ring bearing acyl-hydrazones

Azoles are generally fungistatic, and resistance to fluconazole is emerging in several fungal pathogens. In an attempt to find novel azole antifungal agents with improved activity, a series of tetrazole ring bearing acylhydrazone derivatives were synthesized and screened for their in vitro antifungal activity. The mechanism of their antifungal activity was assessed by studying their effect on the plasma membrane using flow cytometry and determination of the levels of ergosterol, a fungal-specific sterol. Propidium iodide rapidly penetrated a majority of yeast cells when they were treated with the synthesized compounds at concentrations just above MIC, implying that fungicidal activity resulted from extensive lesions of the plasma membrane. Target compounds also caused a considerable reduction in the amount of ergosterol. The results also showed that the presence and position of different substituents on the phenyl ring of the acylhydrazone pendant seem to play a role on the antifungal activity as well as in deciding the fungistatic and fungicidal nature of the compounds.

Synthesis of some novel triazole derivatives as anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory agents

Eight novel 1-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)ethyl]-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazoles (3a-h) have been synthesized in order to obtain new compounds with potential anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. The titled compounds were synthesized by the condensation of 1-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) ethyl]-1H-benzotriazole (2) and appropriate acid chlorides. Compound 2 was synthesized by reacting 3-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)propanonitrile (1) with sodium azide and ammonium chloride in the presence of dimethylformamide. The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR, 1H NMR, mass spectroscopy) and elemental analysis. The titled compounds were evaluated for anti-nociceptive activity by the hot plate method and the writhing response method, and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the carragenean induced paw edema method. 5-(2-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazo-1-yl)ethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)(4-aminophenyl)methanone (3d) and 5-(2-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazo-1-yl)ethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)(2-hydroxyphenyl)methanone (3g) exhibited significant anti-nociceptive activity. 1-(2-(1-Tosyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)ethyl)-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (3c) and 4,5-(2-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazo-1-yl)ethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl sulfonyl)benzenamine (3f) elicited superior anti-inflammatory activity compared to other synthesized compounds. Further investigations are needed to discern the mechanism of action.

Azole antimicrobial pharmacophore-based tetrazoles: synthesis and biological evaluation as potential antimicrobial and anticonvulsant agents

The azole pharmacophore is still considered a viable lead structure for the synthesis of more efficacious and broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. Potential antibacterial and antifungal activities are encountered with some tetrazoles. Therefore, this study presents the synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of a new series of substituted tetrazoles that are structurally related to the famous antimicrobial azole pharmacophore. A detailed discussion of the structural elucidation of some of the newly synthesized compounds is also described. Antimicrobial evaluation revealed that twenty compounds were able to display variable growth inhibitory effects on the tested Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with special efficacy against the Gram positive strains. Meanwhile, six compounds exhibited moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Structurally, the antibacterial activity was encountered with tetrazoles containing a phenyl substituent, while the obtained antifungal activity was confined to the benzyl variants. Compounds 16, 18, 24 and 27 were proved to be the most active antibacterial members within this study with a considerable broad spectrum against all the Gram positive and negative strains tested. A distinctive anti-Gram positive activity was displayed by compound 18 against Staphylococcus aureus that was equipotent to ampicillin (MIC 6.25 microg/mL). On the other hand, twelve compounds were selected to be screened for their preliminary anticonvulsant activity against subcutaneous metrazole (ScMet) and maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizures in mice. The results revealed that five compounds namely; 3, 5, 13, 21, and 24 were able to display noticeable anticonvulsant activity in both tests at 100 mg/kg dose level. Compounds 5 and 21 were proved to be the most active anticonvulsant members in this study with special high activity in the ScMet assay (% protection: 100% and 80%, respectively).

Synthesis and antiviral activities of new acyclic and "double-headed" nucleoside analogues

To develop an understanding of the structure-activity relationships for the inhibition of orthopoxviruses by nucleoside analogues, a variety of novel chemical entities were synthesized. These included a series of pyrimidine 5-hypermodified acyclic nucleoside analogues based upon recently discovered new leads, and some previously unknown "double-headed" or "abbreviated" nucleosides. None of the synthetic products possessed significant activity against two representative orthopoxviruses; namely, vaccinia virus and cowpox virus. They were also devoid of significant activity against a battery of other DNA and RNA viruses. So far as the results with the orthopoxviruses and herpes viruses, the results may point to the necessity for nucleoside analogues 5'-phosphorylation for antiviral efficacy.