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Raj V, Lee JH, Shim JJ, Lee J. Antiviral activities of 4H-chromen-4-one scaffold-containing flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 using computational and in vitro approaches. J Mol Liq 2022; 353:118775. [PMID: 35194277 PMCID: PMC8849861 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The widespread outbreak of the novel coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the main health challenge worldwide. This pandemic has attracted the attention of the research communities in various fields, prompting efforts to discover rapid drug molecules for the treatment of the life-threatening COVID-19 disease. This study is aimed at investigating 4H-chromen-4-one scaffold-containing flavonoids that combat the SARS-CoV-2 virus using computational and in vitro approaches. Virtual screening studies of the molecule's library for 4H-chromen-4-one scaffold were performed with the recently reported coronavirus main protease (Mpro, also called 3CLpro) because it plays an essential role in the maturation and processing of the viral polyprotein. Based on the virtual screening, the top hit molecules such as isoginkgetin and afzelin molecules were selected for further estimating in vitro antiviral efficacies against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells. Additionally, these molecules were also docked with RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) to reveal the ligands-protein molecular interaction. In the in vitro study, isoginkgetin showed remarkable inhibition potency against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, with an IC50 value of 22.81 μM, compared to remdesivir, chloroquine, and lopinavir with IC50 values of 7.18, 11.63, and 11.49 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the complex stability of isoginkgetin with an active binding pocket of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and RdRp supports its inhibitory potency against the SARS-CoV-2. Thus, isoginkgetin is a potent leading drug candidate and needs to be used in in vivo trials for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.
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Bardelčíková A, Miroššay A, Šoltýs J, Mojžiš J. Therapeutic and prophylactic effect of flavonoids in post-COVID-19 therapy. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2042-2060. [PMID: 35302260 PMCID: PMC9111001 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence of post-covid symptoms in humans confirms the need for effective treatment. Due to long-term complications across several disciplines, special treatment programs emerge for affected patients, emphasizing multidisciplinary care. For these reasons, we decided to look at current knowledge about possible long-term complications of COVID-19 disease and then present the effect of flavonoids, which could help alleviate or eliminate complications in humans after overcoming the COVID-19 infection. Based on articles published from 2003 to 2021, we summarize the flavonoids-based molecular mechanisms associated with the post-COVID-19 syndrome and simultaneously provide a complex view regarding their prophylactic and therapeutic potential. Review clearly sorts out the outcome of post-COVID-19 syndrome according particular body systems. The conclusion is that flavonoids play an important role in prevention of many diseases. We suggest that flavonoids as critical nutritional supplements, are suitable for the alleviation and shortening of the period associated with the post-COVID-19 syndrome. The most promising flavonoid with noteworthy therapeutic and prophylactic effect appears to be quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamária Bardelčíková
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty of University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Miroššay
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty of University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jindřich Šoltýs
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Science, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Mojžiš
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty of University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Zhang X, Liu Y, Deng G, Huang B, Kai G, Chen K, Li J. A Purified Biflavonoid Extract From Selaginella moellendorffii Alleviates Gout Arthritis via NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 Axis Suppression. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:676297. [PMID: 34079466 PMCID: PMC8165565 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.676297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Activation of nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a crucial role in gout. Selaginella moellendorffii has been confirmed effective for the treatment of gout in hospital preparations. Flavonoids, such as amentoflavone (AM), are the main active components of this medicine. Purpose: We aimed to investigate the flavonoid extract (TF) and AM's effects on NLRP3 inflammasome in vitro and their preventive effects on gout in vivo. Methods: LC-MS method was employed to investigate the chemical profile of TF. The cellular inflammation model was established by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or monosodium urate (MSU) stimulation. The cell membrane integrality and morphological characteristics were determined by using Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay kits, propidium iodide (PI) stain, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The inflammatory cytokines and NLRP3 inflammasome activation were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. The acute gout mouse model was induced by MSU injection into footpads, and then the paw edema, inflammatory mediators, and histological examination (HE) were analyzed. Results: The main constituents in TF are AM and robustaflavone. In the cellular inflammation model, TF down-regulated the levels of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and LDH, suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome-derived interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion, decreased caspase-1 activation, repressed mature IL-1β expression, inhibited ASC speck formation and NLRP3 protein expression. In an acute gout mouse model, oral administration of TF to mice effectively alleviated paw edema, reduced inflammatory features, and decreased the levels of IL-1β in mouse foot tissue. Similarly, the characteristic constituent AM was also able to down-regulated the levels of NO, TNF-α, and LDH, down-regulate the mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, caspase-1, and NLRP3. Besides, the foot thickness, lymphocyte infiltration, and IL-1β level were also prevented by AM. Conclusion: The results indicated that TF and its main constituent AM alleviate gout arthritis via NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 axis suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangrui Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Huanggang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huanggang, China
| | - Bisheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Adnan M, Rasul A, Hussain G, Shah MA, Zahoor MK, Anwar H, Sarfraz I, Riaz A, Manzoor M, Adem Ş, Selamoglu Z. Ginkgetin: A natural biflavone with versatile pharmacological activities. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Shim SY, Lee SG, Lee M. Biflavonoids Isolated from Selaginella tamariscina and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities via ERK 1/2 Signaling. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040926. [PMID: 29673161 PMCID: PMC6017943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selaginella tamariscina (S. tamariscina) (Beauv.) Spring (Selaginellaceae) has been used in oriental medicine for the treatment of dysmenorrhea, chronic hepatitis, hyperglycemia, amenorrhea, hematuria, prolapse of the anus and metrorrhagia. In the present study, we isolated two strong anti-inflammatory compounds, the biflavonoids hinokiflavone (H) and 7′-O-methyl hinokiflavone (mH), from S. tamariscina and examined their anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and colon epithelial cells (HT-29). H and mH suppressed the production of the inflammatory mediators nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which are most highly activated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In addition, Western blot analysis revealed that H and mH suppressed the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2. These results suggest that H and mH are compounds having potent anti-inflammatory effects that could be used to treat such diseases as IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Yup Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Korea.
- Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Korea.
| | - Seul-Gi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Korea.
| | - Mina Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Korea.
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Tabares-Guevara JH, Lara-Guzmán OJ, Londoño-Londoño JA, Sierra JA, León-Varela YM, Álvarez-Quintero RM, Osorio EJ, Ramirez-Pineda JR. Natural Biflavonoids Modulate Macrophage-Oxidized LDL Interaction In Vitro and Promote Atheroprotection In Vivo. Front Immunol 2017; 8:923. [PMID: 28824646 PMCID: PMC5543092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of oxidized ApoB-100-containing lipoproteins in the vascular intima and its subsequent recognition by macrophages results in foam cell formation and inflammation, key events during atherosclerosis development. Agents targeting this process are considered potentially atheroprotective. Since natural biflavonoids exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, we evaluated the atheroprotective effect of biflavonoids obtained from the tropical fruit tree Garcinia madruno. To this end, the pure biflavonoid aglycones morelloflavone (Mo) and volkensiflavone (Vo), as well as the morelloflavone's glycoside fukugiside (Fu) were tested in vitro in primary macrophages, whereas a biflavonoid fraction with defined composition (85% Mo, 10% Vo, and 5% Amentoflavone) was tested in vitro and in vivo. All biflavonoid preparations were potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, and most importantly, protected low-density lipoprotein particle from both lipid and protein oxidation. In biflavonoid-treated macrophages, the surface expression of the oxidized LDL (oxLDL) receptor CD36 was significantly lower than in vehicle-treated macrophages. Uptake of fluorescently labeled oxLDL and cholesterol accumulation were also attenuated in biflavonoid-treated macrophages and followed a pattern that paralleled that of CD36 surface expression. Fu and Vo inhibited oxLDL-induced ROS production and interleukin (IL)-6 secretion, respectively, whereas all aglycones, but not the glucoside Fu, inhibited the secretion of one or more of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-12p70, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Interestingly, in macrophages primed with low-dose LPS and stimulated with cholesterol crystals, IL-1β secretion was significantly and comparably inhibited by all biflavonoid preparations. Intraperitoneal administration of the defined biflavonoid fraction into ApoE-/- mice was atheroprotective, as evidenced by the reduction of the atheromatous lesion size and the density of T cells and macrophages infiltrating the aortic root; moreover, this treatment also lowered the circulating levels of cholesterol and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde. These results reveal the potent atheroprotective effects exerted by biflavonoids on key events of the oxLDL-macrophage interphase: (i) atheroligand formation, (ii) atheroreceptor expression, (iii) foam cell transformation, and (iv) prooxidant/proinflammatory macrophage response. Furthermore, our results also evidence the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipemiant, and atheroprotective effects of Garcinia madruno's biflavonoids in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar J Lara-Guzmán
- Grupo Inmunomodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Julian A Londoño-Londoño
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jelver A Sierra
- Grupo Inmunomodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yudy M León-Varela
- Grupo Inmunomodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rafael M Álvarez-Quintero
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Edison J Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - José R Ramirez-Pineda
- Grupo Inmunomodulación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Pham TA, Han C, Park H. Synthesis of Ochnaflavone Analogs and Their Inhibitory Activity on PGE2
and NO Production Against LPS-treated RAW 264.7 Cells. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Anh Pham
- College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Changwoo Han
- College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Haeil Park
- College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 200-701 Republic of Korea
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Microbial and Natural Metabolites That Inhibit Splicing: A Powerful Alternative for Cancer Treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3681094. [PMID: 27610372 PMCID: PMC5004037 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3681094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, genes are frequently interrupted with noncoding sequences named introns. Alternative splicing is a nuclear mechanism by which these introns are removed and flanking coding regions named exons are joined together to generate a message that will be translated in the cytoplasm. This mechanism is catalyzed by a complex machinery known as the spliceosome, which is conformed by more than 300 proteins and ribonucleoproteins that activate and regulate the precision of gene expression when assembled. It has been proposed that several genetic diseases are related to defects in the splicing process, including cancer. For this reason, natural products that show the ability to regulate splicing have attracted enormous attention due to its potential use for cancer treatment. Some microbial metabolites have shown the ability to inhibit gene splicing and the molecular mechanism responsible for this inhibition is being studied for future applications. Here, we summarize the main types of natural products that have been characterized as splicing inhibitors, the recent advances regarding molecular and cellular effects related to these molecules, and the applications reported so far in cancer therapeutics.
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Kim SS, Vo VA, Park H. Synthesis of Ochnaflavone and Its Inhibitory Activity on PGE2Production. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.11.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Hyptis albida Chloroform Extract on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Peritoneal Macrophages. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 2013:713060. [PMID: 23970974 PMCID: PMC3736454 DOI: 10.1155/2013/713060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of a chloroform extract of Hyptis albida (CHA) on inflammatory responses in mouse lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced peritoneal macrophages. Our findings indicate that CHA inhibits LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF- α ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). During the process, levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitric oxide (NO) increased in the mouse peritoneal macrophages; however, the extract suppressed them significantly. These results provide novel insights into the anti-inflammatory actions of CHA and support its potential use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Extracellular signal-regulated kinase is a direct target of the anti-inflammatory compound amentoflavone derived from Torreya nucifera. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:761506. [PMID: 23970815 PMCID: PMC3736407 DOI: 10.1155/2013/761506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amentoflavone is a biflavonoid compound with antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and UV-blocking activities that can be isolated from Torreya nucifera, Biophytum sensitivum, and Selaginella tamariscina. In this study, the molecular mechanism underlying amentoflavone's anti-inflammatory activity was investigated. Amentoflavone dose dependently suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS; derived from Gram-negative bacteria). Amentoflavone suppressed the nuclear translocation of c-Fos, a subunit of activator protein (AP)-1, at 60 min after LPS stimulation and inhibited the activity of purified and immunoprecipitated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which mediates c-Fos translocation. In agreement with these results, amentoflavone also suppressed the formation of a molecular complex including ERK and c-Fos. Therefore, our data strongly suggest that amentoflavone's immunopharmacological activities are due to its direct effect on ERK.
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Makhafola TJ, Samuel BB, Elgorashi EE, Eloff JN. Ochnaflavone and Ochnaflavone 7-O-Methyl Ether two Antibacterial Biflavonoids from Ochna pretoriensis (Ochnaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200701216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The acetone extract of Ochna pretoriensis was evaluated for antibacterial activity using bioautography and serial microplate dilution methods against four nosocomial bacterial pathogens namely: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract led to the isolation of two antibacter ial biflavonoids, ochnaflavone and ochnaflavone 7- O-methyl ether. Gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive to the isolated compounds than the Gram-positive bacteria (MIC values: 31.3 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa and 62.5 μg/mL for S. aureus). In addition, the isolated com pounds were assessed for their pot ential toxic effects in the MTT toxicity assay using monkey kidney vero cells and Ames genotoxicity test using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. LC50 values were 125.9 μg/mL for ochnaflavone and 162.0 μg/mL for ochnaflavone 7-O- methyl ether. The isolated compounds have selectivity index values r anging from 1.29 to 4.03. Selectivity index values higher than one indicate that test samples are less toxic to the host cells than to the pathogens. The biflavonoids did not have any mutagenic effects in the Salmonella/microsome assay without metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshepiso J. Makhafola
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Babatunde B. Samuel
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Esameldin E. Elgorashi
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Jacobus N. Eloff
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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Kang YJ, Min HY, Hong JY, Kim YS, Kang SS, Lee SK. Ochnaflavone, a Natural Biflavonoid, Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in HCT-15 Human Colon Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2009.17.3.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Biochemical pharmacology of biflavonoids: Implications for anti-inflammatory action. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:265-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Son JK, Son MJ, Lee E, Moon TC, Son KH, Kim CH, Kim HP, Kang SS, Chang HW. Ginkgetin, a Biflavone from Ginko biloba Leaves, Inhibits Cyclooxygenases-2 and 5-Lipoxygenase in Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:2181-4. [PMID: 16327145 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgetin, a biflavone from Ginkgo biloba leaves, was previously reported to be a phospholipase A(2) inhibitor and this compound showed the potent antiarthritic activity in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis as well as analgesic activity. This investigation was carried out to find effects on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro effect. Ginkgetin inhibits COX-2 dependent phases of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) generation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC(50) values of 0.75 microM. Western blotting probed with specific anti-COX-2 antibodies showed that the decrease in quantity of the PGD(2) product was accompanied by a decrease in the COX-2 protein level. In addition, this compound consistently inhibited the production of leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) in a dose dependent manner, with an IC(50) value of 0.33 microM. These results demonstrate that ginkgetin has a dual cyclooxygenase-2/5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, this compound also inhibited degranulation reaction in a dose dependent manner, with an IC(50) value of 6.52 microM. Therefore, this compound might provide a basis for novel anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Keun Son
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan 712-749, Korea
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Kim HP, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS. Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 96:229-45. [PMID: 15539763 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.crj04003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant flavonoids show anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo. Although not fully understood, several action mechanisms are proposed to explain in vivo anti-inflammatory action. One of the important mechanisms is an inhibition of eicosanoid generating enzymes including phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenases, and lipoxygenases, thereby reducing the concentrations of prostanoids and leukotrienes. Recent studies have also shown that certain flavonoids, especially flavone derivatives, express their anti-inflammatory activity at least in part by modulation of proinflammatory gene expression such as cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and several pivotal cytokines. Due to these unique action mechanisms and significant in vivo activity, flavonoids are considered to be reasonable candidates for new anti-inflammatory drugs. To clearly establish the therapeutic value in inflammatory disorders, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, and action mechanism of varieties of flavonoids need to be further elucidated. This review summarizes the effect of flavonoids on eicosanoid and nitric oxide generating enzymes and the effect on expression of proinflammatory genes. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity is also discussed. As natural modulators of proinflammatory gene expression, certain flavonoids have a potential for new anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Pyo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea.
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