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Fujii K, Iwata I, Takaya A, Ishibashi M, Hara Y. New biflavonoids isolated from Xylia kerrii leaves extract with selective cytotoxicity against MH7A human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast cells. J Nat Med 2024; 78:732-740. [PMID: 38592349 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-024-01801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Three new biflavonoids (1-3) and two known flavonoids (4, 5) were isolated from Xylia kerrii collected in Thailand. Compounds 1-5 showed selective cytotoxicity against the rheumatoid fibroblast-like synovial MH7A cell line, and these compounds showed weak cytotoxicity against the human lung synovial fibroblast WI-38 VA13 sub 2 RA cell line. Notably, compound 1 was highly selective toward MH7A cells with an IC50 value of 6.9 μM, whereas the IC50 value for WI-38 VA13 sub 2 RA cells was > 100 μM. The western blotting analysis of MH7A cells treated with compound 1 showed increased CDKN2A /p16INK4A and caspase-8 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Itsuki Iwata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Akiko Takaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Masami Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
- School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa, Fukuoka, 831-8501, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Hara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan.
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Pinto G, De Pascale S, Aponte M, Scaloni A, Addeo F, Caira S. Polyphenol Profiling of Chestnut Pericarp, Integument and Curing Water Extracts to Qualify These Food By-Products as a Source of Antioxidants. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082335. [PMID: 33920529 PMCID: PMC8073822 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant polyphenols have beneficial antioxidant effects on human health; practices aimed at preserving their content in foods and/or reusing food by-products are encouraged. The impact of the traditional practice of the water curing procedure of chestnuts, which prevents insect/mould damage during storage, was studied to assess the release of polyphenols from the fruit. Metabolites extracted from pericarp and integument tissues or released in the medium from the water curing process were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and electrospray-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (ESI-qTOF-MS). This identified: (i) condensed and hydrolyzable tannins made of (epi)catechin (procyanidins) and acid ellagic units in pericarp tissues; (ii) polyphenols made of gallocatechin and catechin units condensed with gallate (prodelphinidins) in integument counterparts; (iii) metabolites resembling those reported above in the wastewater from the chestnut curing process. Comparative experiments were also performed on aqueous media recovered from fruits treated with processes involving: (i) tap water; (ii) tap water containing an antifungal Lb. pentosus strain; (iii) wastewater from a previous curing treatment. These analyses indicated that the former treatment determines a 6–7-fold higher release of polyphenols in the curing water with respect to the other ones. This event has a negative impact on the luster of treated fruits but qualifies the corresponding wastes as a source of antioxidants. Such a phenomenon does not occur in wastewater from the other curing processes, where the release of polyphenols was reduced, thus preserving the chestnut’s appearance. Polyphenol profiling measurements demonstrated that bacterial presence in water hampered the release of pericarp metabolites. This study provides a rationale to traditional processing practices on fruit appearance and qualifies the corresponding wastes as a source of bioactive compounds for other nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Pinto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Sabrina De Pascale
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, via Argine 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy; (S.D.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Maria Aponte
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, via Università 100, Parco Gussone, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, via Argine 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy; (S.D.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Francesco Addeo
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, via Università 100, Parco Gussone, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Simonetta Caira
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, via Argine 1085, 80147 Naples, Italy; (S.D.P.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Lee JW, Ryu HW, Kim DY, Kwon OK, Jang HJ, Kwon HJ, Kim SY, Lee SU, Kim SM, Oh ES, Ahn HI, Ahn KS, Oh SR. Biflavonoid-rich fraction from Daphne pseudomezereum var. koreana Hamaya exerts anti-inflammatory effect in an experimental animal model of allergic asthma. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 265:113386. [PMID: 32920132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Daphne pseudomezereum var. koreana Hamaya is distributed in the Gangwon-do of South Korea and is traditionally used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of biflavonoid-rich fraction (BF) obtained from an extract of D. pseudomezereum leaves on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neochamaejasmin B (NB) and chamaejasmin D (CD) were spectroscopically characterized as major components of BF obtained from the leaves of D. pseudomezereum. RAW264.7 cells pretreated with NB, CD and BF and activated by LPS (500 ng/ml) were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of these materials in vitro. To evaluate the protective effect of BF on allergic asthma, female BALB/c mice were sensitized to OVA by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and treated with BF by oral administration (15 or 30 mg/kg). RESULTS Pretreatment with BF inhibited LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α and IL-6, and led to upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in RAW264.7 macrophages. Orally administered BF significantly inhibited the recruitment of eosinophils and the production of IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 and MCP-1 as judged by the analysis of BALF from OVA-induced asthma animal model. BF also decreased the levels of IgE in the serum of asthmatic mice. BF suppressed the influx of inflammatory cells into nearby airways and the hypersecretion of mucus by the airway epithelium of asthmatic mice. In addition, the increase in Penh in asthmatic mice was reduced by BF administration. Furthermore, BF led to Nrf2 activation and HO-1 induction in the lungs of mice. CONCLUSIONS These data have shown the anti-asthmatic effects of BF, and therefore we expect that BF may be a potential candidate as a natural drug/nutraceutical for the prevention and treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doo-Young Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ok-Kyoung Kwon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Jae Jang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyuk Joon Kwon
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Gyoungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo-Young Kim
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Gyoungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Man Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Sol Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye In Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea.
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Gong X, Xu L, Fang X, Zhao X, Du Y, Wu H, Qian Y, Ma Z, Xia T, Gu X. Protective effects of grape seed procyanidin on isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Pharm Biol 2020; 58:200-207. [PMID: 32114864 PMCID: PMC7067175 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1730913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Context: Oxidative imbalance-induced cognitive impairment is among the most urgent clinical concerns. Isoflurane has been demonstrated to impair cognitive function via an increase in oxidative stress. GSP has strong antioxidant capacities, suggesting potential cognitive benefits.Objective: This study investigates whether GSP pre-treatment can alleviate isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice.Materials and methods: C57BL/6J mice were pre-treated with either GSP 25-100 mg/kg/d for seven days or GSP 100-400 mg/kg as a single dose before the 6 h isoflurane anaesthesia. Cognitive functioning was examined using the fear conditioning tests. The levels of SOD, p-NR2B and p-CREB in the hippocampus were also analysed.Results: Pre-treatment with either a dose of GSP 50 mg/kg/d for seven days or a single dose of GSP 200 mg/kg significantly increased the % freezing time in contextual tests on the 1st (72.18 ± 12.39% vs. 37.60 ± 8.93%; 78.27 ± 8.46% vs. 52.72 ± 2.64%), 3rd (93.80 ± 7.62% vs. 52.94 ± 14.10%; 87.65 ± 10.86% vs. 52.89 ± 1.73%) and 7th (91.36 ± 5.31% vs. 64.09 ± 14.46%; 93.78 ± 3.92% vs. 79.17 ± 1.79%) day after anaesthesia. In the hippocampus of mice exposed to isoflurane, GSP 200 mg/kg increased the total SOD activity on the 1st and 3rd day and reversed the decreased activity of the NR2B/CREB pathway.Discussion and conclusions: These findings suggest that GSP improves isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction by protecting against perturbing antioxidant enzyme activities and NR2B/CREB pathway. Therefore, GSP may possess a potential prophylactic role in isoflurane-induced and other oxidative stress-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdan Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizhi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianjiao Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Shao M, Lou D, Yang J, Lin M, Deng X, Fan Q. Curcumin and wikstroflavone B, a new biflavonoid isolated from Wikstroemia indica, synergistically suppress the proliferation and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via blocking FAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Phytomedicine 2020; 79:153341. [PMID: 32992086 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin (CUR) is a natural diarylheptanoid with marked anti-tumor activities. Recent investigations demonstrate that CUR combines with some other phytochemicals exerts advantages over its single application manifested as lower toxicity, higher efficacy or more significant reversal of multidrug resistance. PURPOSE This study aimed to elucidate a new biflavonoid (wikstroflavone B, WFB) isolated from Wikstroemia indica and to assess the synergistic inhibition of combined CUR and WFB (CUR/WFB) on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines proliferation and metastasis. METHODS WFB was obtained through sequential chromatographic methods including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. Its structure was determined by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of WFB was assigned through comparison of experimental and calculated optical rotation (OR) values. Changes in cellular viability, migration and invasion were assessed by MTT, colony formation, wound healing and Transwell assays. The nature of synergistic interaction of CUR/WFB was determined through the combination index (CI) method under the median-effect analysis. Expression levels of indicated mRNAs and proteins were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blotting assays, respectively. RESULTS WFB was isolated and structural elucidated. Compared with CUR or WFB used alone, CUR/WFB treatment inhibited more effectively on the cell viability, colony formation, cell migration and invasion. Both CI and dose reduction index (DRI) values indicated the significant synergistic effects existed between CUR and WFB. Besides, CUR/WFB showed the marked modulation on the genes involved in cell proliferation (survivin, cyclin D1, p53 and p21) and metastasis (MMP-2, MMP-9 and FAK). CUR/WFB treatment was also found to restrain the phosphorylation of FAK and STAT3 proteins. When pretreatment with a FAK inhibitor, the cell viability and metastasis were significantly attenuated. CONCLUSION The results indicate that WFB can synergistically increase the inhibitory effects of CUR on NPC cells proliferation and metastasis, and these findings may afford a rational approach for developing the antitumor medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Lou
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiabin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiting Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghua Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China.
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Toro-Uribe S, Herrero M, Decker EA, López-Giraldo LJ, Ibáñez E. Preparative Separation of Procyanidins from Cocoa Polyphenolic Extract: Comparative Study of Different Fractionation Techniques. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122842. [PMID: 32575615 PMCID: PMC7356151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide further insight into the antioxidant potential of procyanidins (PCs) from cocoa beans, PC extract was fractionated by several methodologies, including solid phase extraction, Sephadex LH-20 gel permeation, and preparative HPLC using C18 and diol stationary phases. All the isolated fractions were analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS to determine their relative composition. According to our results, classical techniques allowed good separation of alkaloids, catechins, dimers, and trimers, but were inefficient for oligomeric PCs. Preparative C18-HPLC method allowed the attainment of high relative composition of fractions enriched with alkaloids, catechins, and PCs with degree of polymerization (DP) < 4. However, the best results were obtained by preparative diol-HPLC, providing a separation according to the increasing DP. According to the mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern, the nine isolated fractions (Fractions II–X) consisted of exclusively individual PCs and their corresponding isomers (same DP). In summary, an efficient, robust, and fast method using a preparative diol column for the isolation of PCs is proposed. Regarding DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activity, it increases according to the DP; therefore, the highest activity was for cocoa extract > PCs > monomers. Thereby, cocoa procyanidins might be of interest to be used as alternative antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Toro-Uribe
- School of Chemical Engineering, Food Science & Technology Research Center (CICTA), Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27, Calle 9, Bucaramanga 68002, Colombia; (S.T.-U.); (L.J.L.-G.)
| | - Miguel Herrero
- Foodomics Laboratory, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Eric A. Decker
- Chenoweth Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 100 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Luis Javier López-Giraldo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Food Science & Technology Research Center (CICTA), Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27, Calle 9, Bucaramanga 68002, Colombia; (S.T.-U.); (L.J.L.-G.)
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Foodomics Laboratory, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-001-7956; Fax: +34-91-001-7905
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Rue EA, Glinski JA, Glinski VB, van Breemen RB. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry for the separation and analysis of procyanidins. J Mass Spectrom 2020; 55:e4377. [PMID: 31144405 PMCID: PMC7531352 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Procyanidins are polymeric flavan-3-ones occurring in many plants with antioxidant and other beneficial bioactivities. They are composed of catechin and epicatechin monomeric units connected by single carbon-carbon B-type linkages or A-type linkages containing both carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen-carbon bonds. Their polymeric structure makes analysis of procyanidin mixtures always difficult. Evaluation of procyanidins according to degree of polymerization (DP) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is time-consuming and at best has resolved polymeric families up to DP-17. To expedite studies of procyanidins, the utility of positive ion electrospray ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) was investigated for the rapid separation and characterization of procyanidins in mixtures. Applying IM-MS to analyse structurally defined standards containing up to five subunits, procyanidins could be resolved in less than 6 ms not only by degree of polymerization but also by linkage type. A-type procyanidins could be resolved from B-type and both could be at least partially resolved from mixed-type procyanidins of the same DP. IM-MS separated higher order procyanidins with DP of at least 24 from extracts of cranberry. As DP increased, the abundances of multiply-charged procyanidins also increased. During IM-MS of ions of similar m/z, the ion drift times decreased inversely with increasing charge state. Therefore, IM-MS was shown to separate mixtures of procyanidins containing at least 24 interconnected subunits in less than 16 ms, not only according to DP, but also according to linkage type between subunits and charge state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Rue
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | | | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Tong T, Liu YJ, Kang J, Zhang CM, Kang SG. Antioxidant Activity and Main Chemical Components of a Novel Fermented Tea. Molecules 2019; 24:E2917. [PMID: 31408939 PMCID: PMC6720624 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to develop a novel fermented tea (NFT) product and to evaluate their in vitro antioxidant potential and chemical composition. We found that NFT contained a high level of total phenolic compounds (102.98 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract) and exhibited diverse antioxidant activities, such as scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals, as well as reducing power. The total catechins in NFT were comparable to those of Lipton black tea (LBT), but lower than those of Boseong green tea (BGT) or Tieguanyin oolong tea (TOT). Among all catechins tested, epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) were the predominant compounds in NFT. In particular, the contents of total theaflavins (TFs), theaflavin (TF), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF3G), and theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF3'G) in NFT were significantly higher than that of BGT, TOT, or LBT. NFT had the highest level of total essential amino acid and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) compared with BGT, TOT and LBT. Furthermore, the sensory evaluation results showed that NFT had satisfactory color, aroma, taste, and overall acceptability scores. Our results highlight the potential usefulness of this novel fermented tea as a nutraceutical food/ingredient with special functional activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ya-Juan Liu
- Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, 61 Dorimri, Chungkyemyon, Muangun, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea
| | - Jinhong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea,
| | - Cheng-Mei Zhang
- Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, 61 Dorimri, Chungkyemyon, Muangun, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea
| | - Seong-Gook Kang
- Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, 61 Dorimri, Chungkyemyon, Muangun, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea.
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Jo A, Yoo HJ, Lee M. Robustaflavone Isolated from Nandina domestica Using Bioactivity-Guided Fractionation Downregulates Inflammatory Mediators. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091789. [PMID: 31072069 PMCID: PMC6540067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nandina domestica (Berberidaceae) has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of cough. This plant is distributed in Korea, Japan, China, and India This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory phytochemicals obtained from the N. domestica fruits. We isolated a biflavonoid-type phytochemical, robustaflavone (R), from N. domestica fruits through bioactivity-guided fractionation based on its capacity to inhibit inflammation. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of R isolated from N. domestica has not yet been studied. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities of R using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. We have shown that R reduces the production of nitric oxide (NO), pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-6. Western blot analysis showed that R suppresses the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and downregulates the expression of LPS-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinases (pERK 1/2). Moreover, R inhibited IL-8 release in LPS-induced human colonic epithelial cells (HT-29). These results suggest that R could be a potential therapeutic candidate for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ji Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Korea.
| | - Mina Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Korea.
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Dumitru G, El-Nashar HAS, Mostafa NM, Eldahshan OA, Boiangiu RS, Todirascu-Ciornea E, Hritcu L, Singab ANB. Agathisflavone isolated from Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabrera leaves prevents scopolamine-induced memory impairment and brain oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Phytomedicine 2019; 58:152889. [PMID: 30901660 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agathisflavone, a biflavonoid isolated from Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabrera leaves been reported to promote various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory properties, promoting cognition and preventing cancer, antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities. PURPOSE Here, we tested the hypothesis whether anxiety, amnesia, and brain oxidative stress induced by scopolamine could be counteracted in zebrafish model by agathisflavone and tried to ascertain the underlying mechanism. METHODS Agathisflavone (1, 3 and 5 µg/l) was administered by immersion to zebrafish once daily for 8 days period. Anxiety and memory impairment were induced with scopolamine (100 µM) and measured with the novel tank diving test (NTT) and the Y-maze test. Zebrafish were divided into seven groups (n = 20/group): first group - control, second group - scopolamine (100 μM), the third, fourth and fifth group - agathisflavone treatment groups (FAB, 1 µg/l, 3 µg/l, and 5 µg/l), the sixth group - imipramine (IMP, 20 mg/l, as the positive control in NTT test), and the seventh group - donepezil group (DP, 10 mg/l, as the positive control in Y-maze test). The identification of the agathisflavone was done by spectroscopy, and the structure of the compound was confirmed by (-) Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). The brain oxidative status and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were also investigated. RESULTS Agathisflavone from Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabrera leaves was identified. Also, we demonstrated that agathisflavone significantly reversed scopolamine-induced behavioral score alteration in the NTT and Y-maze tests. Consequently, agathisflavone promoted inhibition of AChE activity and restored the brain antioxidant status. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that agathisflavone promotes brain antioxidant action and ameliorates scopolamine-induced anxiety and memory deficits in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dumitru
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, No. 11, Iasi 700505, Romania
| | - Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Nada M Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Razvan Stefan Boiangiu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, No. 11, Iasi 700505, Romania
| | - Elena Todirascu-Ciornea
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, No. 11, Iasi 700505, Romania
| | - Lucian Hritcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, No. 11, Iasi 700505, Romania.
| | - Abdel Nasser B Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
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Guan H, Luo X, Chang X, Su M, Li Z, Li P, Wang X, Shi Y. Identification of the Chemical Constituents of an Anti-Arthritic Chinese Medicine Wen Luo Yin by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:E233. [PMID: 30634574 PMCID: PMC6359360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wen Luo Yin (WLY), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine formulation, has been used as a complementary therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in clinical settings. However, the chemical constituents of WLY remain unclear. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method was established to separate and comprehensively identify the chemical constituents of WLY. The analytes were eluted with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous acetic acid. Mass detection was performed in both positive and negative ion mode. The MS/MS fragmentation pathways were proposed for the identification of the components. A total of 42 compounds including sesquiterpenes, alkaloids, biflavonoids, polyacetylenes, phenylpropanoids and acetylenic phenols were identified unambiguously or tentatively according to their retention times and mass behavior with those of authentic standards or literature data. The identification and structural elucidation of chemical constituents may provide important information for quality control and pharmacological research of WLY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Guan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Xiaomei Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Meifeng Su
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhuangzhuang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yue Shi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Jiang Y, Li D, Ma X, Jiang F, He Q, Qiu S, Li Y, Wang G. Ionic Liquid⁻Ultrasound-Based Extraction of Biflavonoids from Selaginella helvetica and Investigation of Their Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E3284. [PMID: 30544984 PMCID: PMC6321469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a new and green solvent, ionic liquids (ILs) have received more attention during the green extraction and separation process for natural medicines. In this paper, IL-ultrasound-assisted extraction (IL-UAE) of total biflavonoids (TBFs) from Selaginella helvetica was firstly developed, and different ILs were employed and compared. Based on single-factor experiment, solid⁻liquid ratio (1:10⁻1:14 g/mL), IL concentration (0.6⁻1.0 mmol/mL), and extract temperature (40⁻60 °C) were further explored, according to response surface methodology (RSM), with TBF yields as the index. Moreover, antioxidant activity of TBF extract was analyzed by four methods, i.e., 2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzth-iazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) free radical scavenging assay, ferric ion reducing power assay, and chelation of ferrous ions assay. The results indicated that [C₆mim]PF₆ had a high selectivity and efficiency. Moreover, important parameters for the extraction process were investigated and optimized. Through parameter optimization (0.8 mmol/L, 250 W, 40 min, 1:12.7 g/mL, and 47 °C), a yield of 18.69 mg/g biflavonoids was obtained from the extract of S. helvetica. Compared with ethanol-UAE, heat-reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and percolation extraction, IL-UAE could not only obtain higher yield in a shorter time, but also reduce the solvent consumption. In addition, TBF extract showed potential antioxidant activity based on the above four antioxidant methods. In short, IL-UAE was first employed to develop a novel and green extraction method for TBF content, and this experiment provides valuable references for further utilization of S. helvetica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Dan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Xiankui Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Fengqin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Qun He
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Shaoliang Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
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Jiang W, Zhou X, Yang Y, Zhou Z. Integrated Utilization of Red Radish for the Efficient Production of High-Purity Procyanidin Dimers. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:9291-9300. [PMID: 29969257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Red radish was extracted by methanol to obtain crude radish procyanidin extracts. The purity of procyanidin (PP) and procyanidin dimers (PD) of crude radish procyanidin extracts under different ratios of methanol to radish was optimized to achieve the best extraction performance. Then the crude radish procyanidin extracts was, respectively, processed six macroporous resins separation to separate radish procyanidin oligomers (RPO) and polymers (RPP). Depolymerization of radish procyanidin polymers (RPP) into oligomers was then conducted. N-Acetylneuraminate lyase (NAL) was first used as the enzyme to depolymerize RPP. The depolymerization yield (DY) under different depolymerized conditions was also investigated. Results showed the DY of RPP would achieve 53.24 ± 0.35% at the best conditions. Then the high-purity procyanidin dimers was prepared by depolymerized procyanidin oligomers and PRO. Additionally, the chemical structure of the preparative radish procyanidin dimers was elucidated by high-resolution mass spectrometry and one- and two-dimensional NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , PR China
| | - Xiaohua Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , PR China
| | - Zhiming Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , PR China
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Shou JW, Zhang RR, Wu HY, Xia X, Nie H, Jiang RW, Shaw PC. Isolation of novel biflavonoids from Cardiocrinum giganteum seeds and characterization of their antitussive activities. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 222:171-176. [PMID: 29738848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Seeds of Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense (Leichtlin ex Elwes) Stearn (Liliaceae), also known as Doulingzi, have been used as a folk substitute for conventional antitussive herb "Madouling" (Aristolochia species) to treat chronic bronchitis and pertussis. The active antitussive phytochemicals in C. giganteum seeds are not known. AIM OF THE STUDY The present work aims at isolating the active phytochemicals in C. giganteum seeds and confirming their antitussive effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Active chemicals were isolated from C. giganteum seeds ethanol extract and identified their structures. Antitussive effects were evaluated with the cough frequency of guinea pigs exposed to citric acid. Electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve in guinea pigs was performed to differentiate the acting site of potential antitussives. RESULTS Two racemic biflavonoids (CGY-1 and CGY-2) were isolated from C. giganteum seeds. CGY-1 was identified as (S)-2″R,3″R- and (R)-2″S,3″S-dihydro-3″-hydroxyamentoflavone-7- methyl ether, which are new compounds and firstly isolated from C. giganteum seeds. Racemic CGY-2 was identified as (S)-2″R,3″R- and (R)-2″S,3″S-dihydro-3″-hydroxyamentoflavone. Both CGY-1 and CGY-2 could significantly inhibit coughs induced by inhalation of citric acid. Further, they acted on the peripheral reflex pathway to inhibit cough after electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve in guinea pigs. CONCLUSIONS These chemicals isolated from C. giganteum seeds showed good antitussive effects. The data provide scientific evidence to support the traditional use of C. giganteum seeds as an antitussive herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Shou
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Hoi-Yan Wu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xue Xia
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Hong Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Ren-Wang Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China; Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.
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15
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Imran A, Arshad MU, Arshad MS, Imran M, Saeed F, Sohaib M. Lipid peroxidation diminishing perspective of isolated theaflavins and thearubigins from black tea in arginine induced renal malfunctional rats. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:157. [PMID: 30021615 PMCID: PMC6052712 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently oxidative stress induced maladies have amplified owing to sedentary lifestyle and monotonous diet. Introduction of plant based biomolecules may be a suitable strategy to cope with the lipid peroxidation. In this context, black tea polyphenols (theaflavin & thearubigins) are in fame among the scientific community as cost effective therapeutic agents owing to their safety, economics, structural diversity and ability to modulate various lipid peroxidation responses by halting the expression of different metabolic targets. METHODS The mandate of present investigation was to first time check the synergism among the isolated theaflavins & thearubigins against lipid peroxidative indicators both in vitro and in vivo. Purposely, theaflavins and thearubigins were isolated from black tea through solvent partition methods by using different solvents (Aqueous ethanol, Aqueous methanol & Water) and time intervals (30, 60 & 90 min) and subjected to in vitro characterization through different antioxidant indices to access the in vitro lipid peroxidation shooting effect of these bioactive moieties. Moreover, individual theaflavins contents also estimate through HPLC. For evaluation of in vivo antioxidant effect, renal malfunction was induced through arginine and forty rats were divided in four groups (10 each after power analysis) and 04 types of diets were given i.e. T0 (control diet without supplementation), T1 (Basic experimental Diet+ theaflavins supplementation @ 1 g), T2 (Basic experimental Diet+ Thearubigins supplementation @ 1 g) & T3 (Basic experimental Diet+ Supplementation of theaflavins+ thearubigins @ 0.5 + 0.5 g, respectively) for the period of 56 days. Alongside, a control study was also carried out for comparison by involving normal rats fed on arginine free diet. The body weight, lipid profile, glycemic responses, Renal function test, liver function test, antioxidant indices and hematological parameters were estimated at the termination of study. RESULTS The results indicated that theaflavins and thearubigins isolation was significantly affected by time of extraction and solvent. In this context, aqueous ethanol at 60 min extraction interval caused maximum extraction. Likewise, theaflavins isolate exhibited more antioxidant activity as compared to thearubigins. Moreover, the theaflavins and thearubigins based experimental diets imparted significant reduction in Lipid profile, glucose content, renal function tests and TBARS with enhancement in insulin, HDL and hematological parameters. In this context, theaflavin based diet caused maximum reduction in lipid profile and TBARS better as compared to thearubigins and theaflavins + thearubigins based. However, theaflavin+ thearubigins based diet caused highest glucose, urea & creatinine decline and maximum insulin increase & antioxidant indices as compared to other nutraceuticals. CONCLUSIONS It was deduced that theaflavins & thearubigins have strong antioxidative potential both in in vitro as well as in vivo to tackle the menace associated with lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Imran
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Arshad
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid Arshad
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University Of Lahore-Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohaib
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000 Pakistan
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Liu H, Yue Q, He S. Amentoflavone suppresses tumor growth in ovarian cancer by modulating Skp2. Life Sci 2017; 189:96-105. [PMID: 28942285 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ovarian cancer is one of most common malignancies in women and is associated with high reoccurrence rate and poor prognosis. This study is designed to investigate the anti-tumor effects of amentoflavone (AF), one of the major active ingredients of S. tamariscina, against ovarian cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 were used in this study. The effect of AF on cell viability was examined by CCK-8 assay. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution was determined by flow cytometry. ROS generation was detected using fluorescent staining. Expression of signaling molecules was determined by western blots. Xenograft model was established to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of AF in vivo. KEY FINDINGS Our results showed that AF could significantly suppress cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and block cell cycle progression. Mechanistically, downregulation of S-phase kinase protein 2 (Skp2) by AF contributed to its anti-tumor effect against ovarian cancer. Furthermore, our results showed that AF repressed the expression of Skp2 through ROS/AMPK/mTOR signaling. The anti-tumor effect of AF against ovarian cancer was also confirmed in a xenograft animal model. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, our present findings highlighted the potential of AF in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Moreover, our study also provided a new elucidation regarding the anti-tumor mechanisms of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggai Liu
- Department of Gynaecology, Luoyang Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Qingfen Yue
- Department of Gynaecology, Luoyang Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China.
| | - Shehong He
- Department of Gynaecology, Luoyang Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
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Abstract
Two new biflavonone compounds, sikokianin D (1) and sikokianin E (2), were isolated from the capitulum of Coreopsis tinctoria. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including NMR, HRESIMS and circular dichroism (CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jie Yan
- a State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process , Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry , Shanghai 200040 , China
| | - Mo-Ying Li
- a State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process , Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry , Shanghai 200040 , China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process , Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry , Shanghai 200040 , China
| | - De-Yun Kong
- a State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process , Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry , Shanghai 200040 , China
| | - Tong Wu
- a State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process , Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry , Shanghai 200040 , China
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Waterman MJ, Nugraha AS, Hendra R, Ball GE, Robinson SA, Keller PA. Antarctic Moss Biflavonoids Show High Antioxidant and Ultraviolet-Screening Activity. J Nat Prod 2017; 80:2224-2231. [PMID: 28783339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ceratodon purpureus is a cosmopolitan moss that survives some of the harshest places on Earth: from frozen Antarctica to hot South Australian deserts. In a study on the survival mechanisms of the species, nine compounds were isolated from Australian and Antarctic C. purpureus. This included five biflavonoids, with complete structural elucidation of 1 and 2 reported here for the first time, as well as an additional four known phenolic compounds. Dispersion-corrected DFT calculations suggested a rotational barrier, leading to atropisomerism, resulting in the presence of diastereomers for compound 2. All isolates absorbed strongly in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, e.g., biflavone 1 (UV-A, 315-400 nm), which displayed the strongest radical-scavenging activity, 13% more efficient than the standard rutin; p-coumaric acid and trans-ferulic acid showed the highest UV-B (280-315 nm) absorption. The more complex and abundant 1 and 2 presumably have dual roles as both UV-screening and antioxidant compounds. They are strongly bound to Antarctic moss cell walls as well as located inside the cells of moss from both locations. The combined high stability and photoprotective abilities of these isolates may account for the known resilience of this species to UV-B radiation and its survival in some of the toughest locations in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Graham E Ball
- School of Chemistry, UNSW , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Peluso I, Serafini M. Antioxidants from black and green tea: from dietary modulation of oxidative stress to pharmacological mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1195-1208. [PMID: 27747873 PMCID: PMC5429329 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of tea (Camellia sinensis) has been correlated with a low incidence of chronic pathologies, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, in which oxidative stress plays a critical role. Tea catechins and theaflavins are, respectively, the bioactive phytochemicals responsible for the antioxidant activity of green tea (GT) and black tea (BT). In addition to their redox properties, tea catechins and theaflavins could have also pharmacological activities, such as the ability to lower glucose, lipid and uric acid (UA) levels. These activities are mediated by pharmacological mechanisms such as enzymatic inhibition and interaction with transporters. Epigallocatechin gallate is the most active compound at inhibiting the enzymes involved in cholesterol and UA metabolism (hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase and xanthine oxidase respectively) and affecting glucose transporters. The structural features of catechins that significantly contribute to their pharmacological effect are the presence/absence of the galloyl moiety and the number and positions of the hydroxyl groups on the rings. Although the inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase, maltase, amylase and lipase, multidrug resistance 1, organic anion transporters and proton-coupled folate transport occur at higher concentrations than those apparent in the circulation, these effects could be relevant in the gut. In conclusion, despite the urgent need for further research in humans, the regular consumption of moderate quantities of GT and BT can effectively modulate their antioxidant capacity, mainly in people subjected to oxidative stress, and could improve the metabolism of glucose, lipid and UA. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Peluso
- Functional Foods and Metabolic Stress Prevention Laboratory, Centre for Food and NutritionCouncil for Agricultural Research and EconomicsRomeItaly
| | - Mauro Serafini
- Functional Foods and Metabolic Stress Prevention Laboratory, Centre for Food and NutritionCouncil for Agricultural Research and EconomicsRomeItaly
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Li D, Qian Y, Tian YJ, Yuan SM, Wei W, Wang G. Optimization of Ionic Liquid-Assisted Extraction of Biflavonoids from Selaginella doederleinii and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant and Antitumor Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040586. [PMID: 28387736 PMCID: PMC6154013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As new green solvents, ionic liquids (ILs) have been generally applied in the extraction and separation of natural product. In this study, microwave assisted extraction based on IL (IL-MAE) was firstly employed to extract total biflavonoids from Selaginella doederleinii. Based on single-factor experiment, microwave power (300–700 W), extract time (30–50 min) and extract temperature (40–60 °C) on total bioflavonoids and antioxidant activities of the extracts were further investigated by a Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM) selecting total bioflavonoids yields and IC50 of radical scavenging as index. Besides antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydarzyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing power assay and chelation of ferrous ions assay, and then anticaner activity was also researched against A549 cell line and 7721 cell line. The results illustrated that three factors and their interactions could be well suited for second-order polynomial models (p < 0.05). Through process parameters, optimization of the extract (460 W, 40 min, and 45 °C) and detection of bioactivity, the yield of total bioflavonoids was 16.83 mg/g and IC50 value was 56.24 μg/mL, respectively, indicating the extract has better anti-oxidation effect and antitumor activity. Furthermore, IL-MAE was the most efficient extracting method compared with MAE and Soxhlet extraction, which could improve extraction efficiency in a shorter time and at a lower temperature. In general, ILs-MAE was first adopted to establish a novel and green extraction process on the yields of total biflavonoids from S. doederleinii. In addition, the extract of containing biflavones showed potent antioxidant and anticancer capacity as a utilized valuable bioactive source for natural medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China.
| | - Yan Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China.
| | - Yu-Jia Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China.
| | - Shi-Meng Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China.
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21
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Ho GTT, Kase ET, Wangensteen H, Barsett H. Phenolic Elderberry Extracts, Anthocyanins, Procyanidins, and Metabolites Influence Glucose and Fatty Acid Uptake in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:2677-2685. [PMID: 28303711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of glucose and fatty acids in skeletal muscle is of interest for type 2 diabetes treatment. The aim was to study glucose and fatty acid uptake in skeletal muscle cells, antioxidant effects, and inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes by elderberries. Enhanced glucose and oleic acid uptake in human skeletal muscle cells were observed after treatment with phenolic elderberry extracts, anthocyanins, procyanidins, and their metabolites. The 96% EtOH and the acidified MeOH extracts were highly active. Of the isolated substances, cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside showed highest stimulation of uptake. Phloroglucinol aldehyde was most active among the metabolites. Isolated anthocyanins and procyanidins are strong radical scavengers and are good inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase and moderate inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. As α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors, they are considerably better than the positive control acarbose. The antidiabetic property of elderberry phenolics increases the nutritional value of this plant and indicates potential as functional food against diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Thanh Thi Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eili Tranheim Kase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Helle Wangensteen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Barsett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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22
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Recalde-Gil MA, Klein-Júnior LC, Passos CDS, Salton J, Bordignon SADL, Monace FD, Cechinel V, Teresinha Henriquesa A. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Biflavonoids from Branches of Garcinia gardneriana (Clusiaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2017; 12:505-508. [PMID: 30520583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Garcinia gardneriana is chemically characterized by the presence of biflavonoids. Taking into account that flavonoids are able to inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, in the present study, the chemical composition of the branches' extract of the plant is described for the first time and the MAO inhibitory . activity of the isolated biflavonoids was evaluated. Based on spectroscopic and spectrometric data, it was possible to identify volkesiflavone, morelloflavone (1), Gb-2a (2) and Gb-2a-7-Ο-glucoside (3) in the ethyl acetate fraction from ethanol extract of the branches. Compounds 1-3 were evaluated in vitro and demonstrated the capacity to inhibit MAO-A activity with an IC₅₀ ranging from 5.05 to 10.7 μM, and from 20.7 to 66.2 μM for MAO-B. These inhibitions corroborate with previous IC₅₀ obtained for monomeric flavonoids, with a higher selectivity for MAO-A isoform. The obtained results indicate that biflavonoids might be promising structures for the identification of new MAO inhibitory compounds.
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23
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Kim CS, Bae M, Oh J, Subedi L, Suh WS, Choi SZ, Son MW, Kim SY, Choi SU, Oh DC, Lee KR. Anti-Neurodegenerative Biflavonoid Glycosides from Impatiens balsamina. J Nat Prod 2017; 80:471-478. [PMID: 28165740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Four biflavonoid glycosides, balsamisides A-D (1-4), and nine known compounds (5-13) were obtained from the white petals of Impatiens balsamina. The 2D structures of the purified phytochemicals were established using conventional NMR techniques in addition to the new long-range HSQMBC NMR experiment. Acid hydrolysis followed by experimental and quantum-mechanics-based ECD data analysis permitted full configurational assignment of the purified metabolites. Compounds 1-13 were assessed for their potential to impede the generation of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 cells. They were also investigated for potential neuroprotective activity using C6 cells and cytotoxicity against some human tumor cell lines, but were inactive (IC50 > 10 μM) against all the cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Sub Kim
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Munhyung Bae
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonseok Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University , West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Lalita Subedi
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University , Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University , #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Se Suh
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Zin Choi
- Dong-A ST Research Institute , Kiheung, Yongin 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Won Son
- Dong-A ST Research Institute , Kiheung, Yongin 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University , Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University , #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Ro Lee
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Peanut skins are a rich source of oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins. The oligomeric fractions are dominated by dimers, trimers, and tetramers. A multistep chromatographic fractionation led to the isolation of four new A-type procyanidins of tri- and tetrameric structures. The structures of the new trimers were defined by NMR, electronic circular dichroism, and MS data as epicatechin-(4β→8,2β→O→7)-epicatechin-(4β→8,2β→O→7)-catechin, peanut procyanidin B (3), and epicatechin-(4β→8,2β→O→7)-epicatechin-(4β→6)-catechin, peanut procyanidin C (4). The new tetramers were defined as epicatechin-(4β→8,2β→O→7)-epicatechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin-(4β→8,2β→O→7)-catechin, peanut procyanidin E (1), and epicatechin-(4β→8,2β→O→7)-epicatechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin-(4β→8,2β→O→7)-epicatechin, peanut procyanidin F (2). In addition, both A-type dimers A1, epicatechin-(4β→8,2β→O→7)-catechin, and A2, epicatechin-(4β→8,2β→O→7)-epicatechin, as well as two known peanut trimers, ent-epicatechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin-(4β→8,2β→O→7)-catechin, peanut procyanidin A (5), and epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→8,2β→O→7)-catechin, peanut procyanidin D (6), were also isolated. Dimer A1, the four trimers, and two tetramers were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in an in vitro assay, in which LPS-stimulated macrophages were responding with secretion of TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Tetramer F (2) was the most potent, suppressing TNF-α secretion to 82% at 8.7 μM (10 μg/mL), while tetramer E (1) at the same concentrations caused a 4% suppression. The results of the TNF-α secretion inhibition indicate that small structural differences, as in peanut procyanidin tetramers E and F, can be strongly differentiated in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta K Dudek
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences , Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
- Physical Chemistry Department, Medical University of Warsaw , Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vitold B Gliński
- Planta Analytica LCC , 461 Danbury Road, New Milford, Connecticut 06776, United States
| | - Matthew H Davey
- Planta Analytica LCC , 461 Danbury Road, New Milford, Connecticut 06776, United States
| | - Daniel Sliva
- DSTest-Laboratories LLC , Purdue Research Park, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46241, United States
| | - Sławomir Kaźmierski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences , Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan A Gliński
- Planta Analytica LCC , 461 Danbury Road, New Milford, Connecticut 06776, United States
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25
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Yu S, Yan H, Zhang L, Shan M, Chen P, Ding A, Li SFY. A Review on the Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics of Amentoflavone, a Naturally-Occurring Biflavonoid. Molecules 2017; 22:E299. [PMID: 28212342 PMCID: PMC6155574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amentoflavone (C30H18O10) is a well-known biflavonoid occurring in many natural plants. This polyphenolic compound has been discovered to have some important bioactivities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, and anti-senescence effects on many important reactions in the cardiovascular and central nervous system, etc. Over 120 plants have been found to contain this bioactive component, such as Selaginellaceae, Cupressaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Podocarpaceae, and Calophyllaceae plant families. This review paper aims to profile amentoflavone on its plant sources, natural derivatives, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics, and to highlight some existing issues and perspectives in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hui Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mingqiu Shan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Peidong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Anwei Ding
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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26
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Brusotti G, Papetti A, Serra M, Temporini C, Marini E, Orlandini S, Sanda AK, Watcho P, Kamtchouing P. Allanblackia floribunda Oliv.: An aphrodisiac plant with vasorelaxant properties. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 192:480-485. [PMID: 27647010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. is one of the most commonly used medicinal plant in Cameroon. The stem bark of the plant is traditionally used for its aphrodisiac and antihypertensive properties. AIM OF THE STUDY To validate the traditional uses of Allanblackia floribunda stem bark ethanol extract through the evaluation of their aphrodisiac and vasorelaxant properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extract's ability to increase sexual desire and the frequencies of erection (mount), intromission and prolonged latency of ejaculation were studied on adult male rats. The vasodilator effect was investigated using isolated rat aorta rings. Tests were conducted using fractions obtained by reverse phase column-chromatography (CC), after the acquisition of the HPLC fingerprint of the ethanol extract, resulted the most active in previous studies. RESULTS The CC allowed the isolation of five fractions whose aphrodisiac and vasodilator activities were tested and compared with those of the whole extract. Four compounds were identified and characterized, three of them, Fukugiside, Morelloflavone and Volkensiflavone, are secondary metabolites known to be in Allanblackia floribunda; the fourth, Spicataside, is a biflavonoid glycoside known to be present in the genus Garcinia but never found neither in Allanblackia floribunda nor in Allanblackia genus. The crude ethanolic extract (CEE) induced a relaxation on aorta rings with EC50=11±2μg/mL and Morelloflavone displayed a similar activity with EC50=42±6μg/mL; for all the other compounds only the vasodilation % at the maximum concentration assessable (90μg/mL) was determined: 30±8 (Fukugiside), 24±6 (Spicataside), 33±4 (Morelloflavone+Volkensiflavone), 47±1 (Volkensiflavone). Regarding the activity on male sexual behaviour, only CEE and Fukugiside showed activity in the 9 parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS These results may support the traditional uses of Allanblackia floribunda as aphrodisiac plant with antihypertensive properties suggesting the phytocomplex as responsible for the claimed activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brusotti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Center for Studies and Researches in Ethnobiopharmacy and Traditional and Complementary Medicines University of Pavia (CEMEC), Pavia, Italy.
| | - A Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Center for Studies and Researches in Ethnobiopharmacy and Traditional and Complementary Medicines University of Pavia (CEMEC), Pavia, Italy
| | - M Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - C Temporini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - E Marini
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Orlandini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - A Kada Sanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - P Watcho
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - P Kamtchouing
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
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27
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Li L, Zhang S, Cui Y, Li Y, Luo L, Zhou P, Sun B. Preparative separation of cacao bean procyanidins by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1036-1037:10-19. [PMID: 27700988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an efficient method for preparative separation of procyanidins from raw cacao bean extract by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was developed. Under the optimized solvent system of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-water (1:50:50, v/v/v) with a combination of head-tail and tail-head elution modes, various procyanidins fractions with different polymerization degrees were successfully separated. UPLC, QTOF-MS and 1H NMR analysis verified that these fractions contained monomer up to pentamer respectively. Dimeric procyanidin B2 (purity>86%) could be isolated by HSCCC in a single run. Other individual procyanidins in these fractions could be further isolated and purified by preparative HPLC. The developed HSCCC together with preparative HPLC techniques appeared to be a useful tool for large preparation of different procyanidins from cacao beans. Furthermore, by antioxidant activity assays, it was proved that both fractions and individual procyanidins possessed greater antioxidant activities compared to standard trolox. The antioxidant activities of procyanidins increase as the increase of their polymerization degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, China; School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, 154007 Jiamusi, China
| | - Yan Cui
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Lanxin Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Peiyu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Baoshan Sun
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, China; Pólo Dois Portos, Instituto National de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Quinta da Almoinha, 2565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal.
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28
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Matamela T, Green IR, Mtunzi FM. A Novel Biflavonoid from Rhus leptodictya. Nat Prod Commun 2016; 11:1279-1280. [PMID: 30807021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An investigation of the leaves of Rhus leptodictya led to the isolation of the new biflavonoid: 5,5",6",7,8-pentahydroxy-2,2"-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-4H,4"H- 3,7"-bichromene-4,4"-dione the structure of which was established by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.
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29
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Adjapmoh MFE, Toze FAA, Songue JL, Langat MK, Kapche GDWF, Hameed A, Lateef M, Shaiq MA, Mbaze LM, Wansi JD, Kamdem AFW. A New Ceramide and Biflavonoid from the Leaves of Parinari hypochrysea (Chrysobalanaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2016; 11:615-620. [PMID: 27319132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A new ceramide and a new biflavonoid named parinaramide (1) and sparinaritin (2), respectively, have been isolated along with ten known compounds, kaempferol, quercetin, taxifolin, taxifolin-3-O-rhamnoside, lupeol, betulinic acid, ursolic acid, 2α-hydroxy-ursolic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanone, and sucrose, from the leaves of Parinari hypochrysea (Chrysobalanaceae). Structures were determined using 1D- and 2D-NMR, MS and by chemical analysis. The methanol extract of leaves, stem bark and roots of P. hypochrysea were screened for their antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition potential and found to be inactive.
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Sun YJ, Pei LX, Wang KB, Sun YS, Wang JM, Zhang YL, Gao ML, Ji BY. Preparative Isolation of Two Prenylated Biflavonoids from the Roots and Rhizomes of Sinopodophyllum emodi by Sephadex LH-20 Column and High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. Molecules 2015; 21:E10. [PMID: 26703555 PMCID: PMC6273534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two prenylated biflavonoids, podoverines B–C, were isolated from the dried roots and rhizomes of Sinopodophyllum emodi using a Sephadex LH-20 column (SLHC) and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). The 95% ethanol extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate in water. Target compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction were further enriched and purified by the combined application of SLHC and HSCCC. n-Hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (3.5:5:3.5:5, v/v) was chosen as the two phase solvent system. The flow rate of mobile phase was optimized at 2.0 mL·min−1. Finally, under optimized conditions, 13.8 mg of podoverine B and 16.2 mg of podoverine C were obtained from 200 mg of the enriched sample. The purities of podoverines B and C were 98.62% and 99.05%, respectively, as determined by HPLC. For the first time, podoverins B and C were found in the genus Sinopodophyllum. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods (HR-ESI-MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HSQC, HMBC). Their absolute configurations were elucidated by comparison of their experimental and calculated ECD spectra. The cytotoxic activities were evaluated against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines. The separation procedures proved to be practical and economical, especially for trace prenylated biflavonoids from traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Li-Xin Pei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Kai-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China.
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yin-Shi Sun
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, Jilin, China.
| | - Jun-Min Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Yan-Li Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Mei-Ling Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Bao-Yu Ji
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
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Azebaze AGB, Teinkela JEM, Nguemfo EL, Valentin A, Dongmo AB, Vardamides JC. Antiplasmodial activity of some phenolic compounds from Cameroonians Allanblackia. Afr Health Sci 2015; 15:835-40. [PMID: 26957972 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v15i3.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum, one of the causative agents of malaria, has high adaptability through mutation and is resistant to many types of anti-malarial drugs. This study presents an in vitro assessment of the antiplasmodial activity of some phenolic compounds isolated from plants of the genus Allanblackia. METHODS Tests were performed on well plates filled with a fixed parasitized erythrocytes volume. Compounds to be tested were then added in wells. After incubation, tritiated hypoxanthine is added and the plates were returned to the incubator. After thawing, the nucleic acids are collected. Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) was determined by linear interpolation. RESULTS From Allanblackia floribunda, have been isolated and characterized 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone 1, macluraxanthone 4, morelloflavone 9, Volkensiflavone 10 and morelloflavone 7-O-glucoside 11; from Allanblackia monticola, α-mangosine 2, rubraxanthone 3, allaxanthone C 5, norcowanine 6, tovophiline A 7, allaxanthone B 8 and from Allanblackia gabonensis, 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone 1. Six of them were evaluated for their antimalarial properties. The most active compound, macluraxanthone, presented a very interesting activity, with an IC50 of 0.36 and 0.27 µg/mL with the F32 and FcM29 strains respectively. CONCLUSION This work confirms that species of Allanblackia genus are medicinally important plants containing many biologically active compounds that can be used effectively as antiplasmodial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Emmanuel Mbosso Teinkela
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box. 24157, Douala, Cameroon; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box. 2701 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Edwige Laure Nguemfo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box. 2701 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Alexis Valentin
- Pharmacochimie des Substances Naturelles et Pharmacophores Redox, UMR 152 IRD-UPS, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 35, Chemin des Maraîchers 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Alain Bertrand Dongmo
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box. 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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Hellenbrand N, Lechtenberg M, Petereit F, Sendker J, Hensel A. Isolation and Quantification of Oligomeric and Polymeric Procyanidins in the Aerial Parts of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum). Planta Med 2015; 81:1175-1181. [PMID: 25905592 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1545916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) constitute a class of oligomeric and polymeric polyphenols with flavan-3-ols as monomeric building blocks. Despite the high impact of proanthocyanidins, these polyphenols are mostly quantified by colorimetric methods or by chromatographic determination of the flavan-3-ols as cleavage products or low molecular oligomers as lead compounds. For St. John's wort (Hyperici herba) from Hypericum perforatum, a protocol for preparative isolation of oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins from an acetone-water extract by chromatography on Sephadex®LH20 in combination with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography on the diol stationary phase was developed, yielding procyanidin reference clusters with a defined degree of polymerization from 3 to 10. Identity and purity of these clusters was proven by high-performance liquid chromatography (RP18 and diol phase) and mass spectrometry. For identification and quantification of proanthocyanidin clusters from St. John's wort, an ICH-Q2 (International harmonized guideline for analytical validation) validated high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorimetric detection was developed using an acetone-water extract of the herbal material, purified by solid-phase extraction for the removal of naphthodianthrones. The method enabled the quantification of procyanidin clusters with a degree of polymerization from 2 to 10. Analysis of nine batches of Hyperici herba from different sources indicated a high variability of proanthocyanidin content in the range from 8 to 37 mg/g. In all of the batches investigated, the trimer cluster DP3 was the dominant proanthocyanidin (about 40 %), followed by DP 4 (about 15 %) and DP5 (about 12 %). Monitoring of procyanidin distribution during seasonal growth of fresh plants of H. perforatum indicated the highest proanthocyanidin content in young plants (about 50 mg/g) and a time-dependent decrease during the growing season to about 16 mg/g. The highest proanthocyanidin content was found in young leaves and flowers, while the fruits were proanthocyanidin-free; older parts of the stem and the herb had a lower proanthocyanidin content. From these data, it can be concluded that proanthocyanidins serve as part of the plant defense system in the reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hellenbrand
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lechtenberg
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Petereit
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Jandirk Sendker
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Münster, Germany
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de Oliveira A, Prince D, Lo CY, Lee LH, Chu TC. Antiviral activity of theaflavin digallate against herpes simplex virus type 1. Antiviral Res 2015; 118:56-67. [PMID: 25818500 PMCID: PMC7113870 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Black tea theaflavins show significant anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) effect on both A549 and Vero cells. Theaflavin is able to inhibit the entry of HSV-1 to its host by blocking the adsorption and penetration processes. Application of these agents as natural topical remedy to prevent and treat HSV-1 infection and spreading is promising.
Tea is the second most consumed drink in the world. The beneficial effects of tea have been mostly attributed to its catechin content. Black tea is derived from the leaves of Camellia sinensis plant, and it is rich in theaflavin polyphenols, in particular theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3-monogallate (TF2A), theaflavin-3′-monogallate (TF2B), and theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TF3). Vero and A549 cells were used to evaluate the effect of purified individual black tea theaflavins as anti-herpes simplex virus 1 agents. With the rise of HSV resistant strains, there is a critical need to develop novel antiherpesviral treatments. Results of the cytotoxicity assay tested by MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] showed that TF1, TF2, and TF3 are not toxic to Vero and A549 cells at a concentration up to 75 μM. The antiviral activity of the individual theaflavins was tested by plaque reduction assay, MTS assay, flow cytometric analysis and confocal microscopy observations. The results showed that TF1, TF2, and TF3 exhibit potent, dose-dependent anti-HSV-1 effect, with TF3 being the most efficient in both Vero and A549 cells. A concentration of 50 μM TF3 and above was sufficient to inhibit >99% of the production of HSV-1 viral particles. The anti-HSV-1 effect of TF3 is due to a direct effect on the virions, and treating Vero or A549 cells with TF3 for 1 h prior to infection, or treating the cells at different times post infection does not inhibit HSV-1 production. TF3 is stable at vaginal pH, indicating its potential to be a promising natural and affordable remedy against herpes simplex viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Derek Prince
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Chih-Yu Lo
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Lee H Lee
- Department of Biology & Molecular Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Tin-Chun Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA.
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Abstract
An aqueous ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Garcinia buchananii showed strong antioxidative activity using H2O2 scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Activity-guided fractionation afforded three new compounds, isomanniflavanone (1), an ent-eriodictyol-(3α→6)-dihydroquercetin-linked biflavanone, 1,5-dimethoxyajacareubin (2), and the depsidone garcinisidone-G (3), and six known compounds, (2″R,3″R)-preussianon, euxanthone, 2-isoprenyl-1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone, jacareubin, isogarcinol, and garcinol. All compounds were described for the first time in Garcinia buchananii. The absolute configurations were determined by a combination of NMR, ECD spectroscopy, and polarimetry. These natural products showed high in vitro antioxidative power, especially isomanniflavanone, with an EC50 value of 8.5 μM (H2O2 scavenging), 3.50/4.95 mmol TE/mmol (H/L-TEAC), and 7.54/14.56 mmol TE/mmol (H/L-ORAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo D Stark
- Lehrstuhl für Lebensmittelchemie und Molekulare Sensorik, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Jamila N, Khairuddean M, Khan SN, Khan N. Complete NMR assignments of bioactive rotameric (3 → 8) biflavonoids from the bark of Garcinia hombroniana. Magn Reson Chem 2014; 52:345-352. [PMID: 24700704 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The genus Garcinia is reported to possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective and anti-HIV activities. Garcinia hombroniana in Malaysia is used to treat itching and as a protective medicine after child birth. This study was aimed to isolate the chemical constituents from the bark of G. hombroniana and explore their possible pharmacological potential. Ethyl acetate extract afforded one new (1) and six (2-7) known 3 → 8 rotameric biflavonoids. Their structures were elucidated by UV, IR and NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopy together with electron ionization/ESI mass spectrometric techniques and were identified as (2R, 3S) volkensiflavone-7-O-rhamnopyranoside (1), volkensiflavone (2), 4″-O-methyl-volkensiflavone (3), volkensiflavone-7-O-glucopyranoside (4), morelloflavone (5), 3″-O-methyl-morelloflavone (6) and morelloflavone-7-O-glucopyranoside (7). The absolute configuration of compound 1 was assigned by circular dichroism spectroscopy as 2R, 3S. The coexistence of conformers of isolated biflavonoids in solution at 25 °C in different solvents was confirmed by variable temperature NMR studies. At room temperature (25 °C), compounds 1-7 exhibited duplicate NMR signals, while at elevated temperature (90 °C), a single set of signals was obtained. Compound 5 showed significant in vitro antioxidant activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radicals. The antibacterial studies showed that compounds 5 and 6 are the most active against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Compounds 3 and 6 also showed moderate antituberculosis activity against H38 Rv. Based on the research findings, G. hombroniana could be concluded as a rich source of flavanone-flavone (3 → 8) biflavonoids that exhibit rotameric behaviour at room temperature and display significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargis Jamila
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Girardi LGJ, Morshc M, Oliveria AE, Cechinel-Filho V, Rodrigues CA. Separation of Bioactive Biflavonoids from Rheedia gardneriana Using Chitosan Modified with Benzaldehyde. Z NATURFORSCH C 2014; 60:408-10. [PMID: 16042340 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2005-5-607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper shows the influence of benzenic groups on the chitosan surface for the separation of bioactive biflavonoids from Rheedia gardneriana leaves. The yield of the biflavonoids using chitin modified with benzaldehyde (CH-Bz) as adsorbent in column chromatography was higher than that achieved with silica gel and chitosan. The presence of benzenic groups decreases the polarity of chitosan and consequently the interaction of hydrogen bonding between phenolic hydroxyl (OH) of biflavonoids and amine groups of the adsorbent. Therefore, the separation of these compounds appears to be the result of hydrophobicity and π-π interaction among electrons from the aromatic ring in sorbent and biflavonoid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leury G J Girardi
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêutias, Centro de Educacão Superior em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Vale, Itajaí
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Kusuda M, Inada K, Ogawa TO, Yoshida T, Shiota S, Tsuchiya T, Hatano T. Polyphenolic Constituent Structures ofZanthoxylum piperitumFruit and the Antibacterial Effects of Its Polymeric Procyanidin on Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:1423-31. [PMID: 16794323 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.50669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Zanthoxylum piperitum (Rutaceae) is used as a spice and a natural medicine in Japan. Our study found that ZP-CT-A, a polymeric proanthocyanidin purified from the fruit of this species, noticeably decreased the minimum inhibitory concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The structure of ZP-CT-A was characterized on the basis of (13)C NMR and size exclusion chromatographic data and the results of thiolytic degradation. A mechanistic study of the effects of ZP-CT-A indicated that it suppressed the activity of beta-lactamase and largely decreased the stability of the bacterial cell membrane of MRSA, as shown by a reduction in the tolerance of MRSA to low osmotic pressure and high ionic strength solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Kusuda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama
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Abstract
Biflavonoids have been isolated from a wide variety of plant species, but little is known about their native biological functions. Here we report a possible ecological role for biflavonoids by describing the isolation of the biflavonoid 4',4‴,7,7″-tetra-O-methylcupressuflavone (1) from Araucaria columnaris and its inhibitory effect on seed germination. Compound 1 was isolated from needles of a single A. columnaris specimen and inhibited germination of Lactuca sativa seeds in a culture-dish assay; it was also detected in soil samples under the canopy where reduced germination was observed, but not in a location away from the canopy where germination was uninhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C DeForest
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University , 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, California 90263-4321 United States
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Li S, Zhao M, Li Y, Sui Y, Yao H, Huang L, Lin X. Preparative isolation of six anti-tumour biflavonoids from Selaginella doederleinii Hieron by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Phytochem Anal 2014; 25:127-133. [PMID: 24115163 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biflavonoids are the primary constituents of Selaginella doederleinii Hieron, to which different bioactivities have been attributed, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal and anti-virus activity. However, effective methods for separation of these compounds are not currently available. OBJECTIVE To develop a high performance and bioassay-guided method for preparative isolation of biflavonoids from S. doederleini via high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). METHODS The anti-proliferation effects of four fractions (70% ethanol, petroleum ether, dichloromethane and acetic ether extracts) of S. doederleinii on five human cancer cells were monitored. The dichloromethane and acetic ether extracts showed good cytotoxicities to the studied cancer cell lines, guiding the subsequent separation. Two solvent systems composed of n-hexane:ethyl acetate:methanol:water (1:2:1.5:1.5, v/v) and n-hexane:ethyl acetate:methanol:water (3:2:3:2, v/v) were developed for separation of the active fractions, respectively. Identification of the biflavonoids was performed by EI-MS(n) , (1) H- and (13) C-NMR.' RESULTS Under the optimised conditions, 12.6 mg amentoflavone (91.4%), 6.6 mg robustaflavone (90.4%), 7.5 mg 2'', 3''-dihydro-3', 3'''-biapigenin (98.2%) and 7.3 mg 3', 3'''-binaringenin (90.3%) from acetic ether extract (500 mg) and 6.3 mg heveaflavone (93.5%) and 5.3 mg 7, 4', 7'', 4'''-tetra-O-methyl-amentoflavone (94.5%) from dichloromethane extract (200 mg) were obtained, respectively. The anti-proliferation effects of the six biflavonoids on the five human cancer cells were further verified. CONCLUSION The study provides methodological references for simultaneously preparative isolation of several bioactive biflavones from the herbal family of Selaginella. It is the first report discovering 2'', 3''-dihydro-3', 3'''-biapigenin and 3', 3'''-binaringenin from this herb and describing their cytotoxicities to human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China
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Sabudak T, Demirkiran O, Ozturk M, Topcu G. Phenolic compounds from Trifolium echinatum Bieb. and investigation of their tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Phytochemistry 2013; 96:305-11. [PMID: 24070617 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Two bischromones, 3,3'-dimethoxy-2'-oxychromone (1), 3,3'-dihydroxy-2,2'-oxychromone (2) and a biflavone, 5,7,4',5″,3'",4″″-hexahydroxy-3″-O-β-glucosyl-3',7″-O-biflavone (3) have been isolated from whole plant of Trifolium echinatum Bieb. together with five known flavonoids. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analysis as well as HRESIMS. The isolated compounds were investigated for their antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Highly potent inhibition was found for compounds 1 (IC50=0.41 mM), 5 (IC50=0.47 mM) and 8 (IC50=0.45 mM) compared to those of standard tyrosinase inhibitors kojic acid (IC50=0.67 mM) and l-mimosine (IC50=0.64 mM). The antioxidative effect of the extracts was determined by using β-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH scavenging, ABTS(+) scavenging, and CUPRAC assays. The experimental findings indicated that the compounds 2 and 8 were found to be active in radical scavenging and CUPRAC assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temine Sabudak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkey.
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Miyata Y, Tamaru S, Tanaka T, Tamaya K, Matsui T, Nagata Y, Tanaka K. Theflavins and theasinensin A derived from fermented tea have antihyperglycemic and hypotriacylglycerolemic effects in KK-A(y) mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:9366-72. [PMID: 24011231 DOI: 10.1021/jf400123y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Although tea polyphenols are reported to improve serum glucose and lipid levels by inhibiting amylase activity and reducing lipid absorption, in vivo data are lacking. We evaluated in vivo the antihyperglycemic and hypotriacylglycerolemic effects of theaflavins (TFs) and theasinensin A (TSA) refined from fermented tea to purities of 12 and 59%, respectively. Feeding male KK-A(y) mice diets with 0.1% TFs or TSA for 6 weeks reduced serum glucose levels by >30% compared to a control diet. Rats fed diets containing 0.2% TFs or TSA for 4 weeks had higher fecal fat excretion and 33% lower hepatic triacylglycerol; hepatic fatty acid synthase activity was not affected. Oral administration of TFs or TSA reduced the increase in serum triacylglycerol after an oral bolus of a fat emulsion. These results indicate TFs and TSA induce antihyperglycemic responses in diabetic mice and are hypotriacylglycerolemic in rats by suppressing intestinal fat absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Miyata
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki , 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
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Al-Shagdari A, Alarcón AB, Cuesta-Rubio O, Piccinelli AL, Rastrelli L. Biflavonoids, main constituents from Garcinia bakeriana leaves. Nat Prod Commun 2013; 8:1237-1240. [PMID: 24273855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Garcinia is a source of a large variety of organic compounds including biflavonoids, acylphloroglucinols and xanthones mainly, but few data are available about the chemical composition of Cuban species. The aim of this investigation was to identify the main constituents of G. bakeriana Urb., a rare Cuban endemic plant. A new biflavonoid, 4'''-O-methyl-I3,II8-biapigenin (1), together with 9 known compounds, namely, the biflavonoids amentoflavone (2), 4'''-O-methylamentoflavone (3), 4'-O-methylcupressuflavone (4), GB-2a (5), volkensiflavone (6), 6"-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl)-amentoflavone (7), I3,II8-biapigenin (8), and GB-1a (9), and the xanthone norathyriol (10), were isolated from the leaves of this species. All the structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR experiments, as well as ESIMS analysis. These results showed that the isolated biflavonoids possess a C-C interflavonoid linkage between the apigenin units or its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Shagdari
- Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos (IFAL), Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba
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Zheng XK, Liu CX, Zhai YY, Li LL, Wang XL, Feng WS. [Protection effect of amentoflavone in Selaginella tamariscina against TNF-alpha-induced vascular injury of endothelial cells]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2013; 48:1503-1509. [PMID: 24358788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study is to observe the protection effect of amentoflavone (AMT) in Selaginella tamariscina against TNF-alpha-induced vascular inflammation injury of endothelial cells. On the basis of TNF-alpha induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell, observe the influence of AMT on endothelial active factor, the contents of SOD and MDA, the protein expression of vascular endothelial adhesion molecules and inflammatory factor; study the effect of its common related signal pathways such as NF-kappaB; research the effect of AMT against TNF-a induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell injury by means of MTT, ELISA, Western blotting and the cell immunofluorescence. The results showed that AMT could increase the content of NO and decrease the levels of VCAM-1, E-selectin, IL-6, IL-8 and ET-1; enhance the activity of SOD, reduce the content of MDA; downregulate the protein expressions of VCAM-1, E-selectin, NF-kappaBp65 and up-regulate IkappaBalpha, attenuate the NF-kappaBp65 transfer to cell nucleus. AMT has the effect of protect vascular endothelial and maybe via the signal pathway of NF-kappaB to down-regulate the inflammation factor and oxidative damage factor of downstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-ke Zheng
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Cai-xia Liu
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ying-ying Zhai
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ling-ling Li
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiao-lan Wang
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wei-sheng Feng
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Bai X, Zhang H, Ren S. Antioxidant activity and HPLC analysis of polyphenol-enriched extracts from industrial apple pomace. J Sci Food Agric 2013; 93:2502-2506. [PMID: 23460126 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenolic compounds are the predominant ingredients in apple pomace. However, polyphenols from industrial apple pomace, which usually consists of several cultivars, have not been studied in detail. The present work focused on the antioxidant assay and HPLC analysis of polyphenol-enriched extracts from industrial apple pomace. RESULTS Six fractions of apple polyphenols, API to APVI, were acquired through extraction and purification using absorbent macroporous resin. Fraction APIII, eluted by 40% aqueous ethanol, had the highest content of total phenolics (1.48 ± 0.03 g gallic acid equivalents g(-1) dry apple pomace), which consisted of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syrigin, procyanidin B2, (-)-epicatechin, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid and quercetin. Antioxidant assays showed that APIII had the strongest antioxidant activity of DPPH radical scavenging rate (90.96% ± 10.23%), ABTS radical inhibition rate (89.78% ± 6.54%) and the strongest reducing power (8.30 ± 0.71 µmol Trolox equivalents kg(-1) dry apple pomace). It also indicated that procyanidin B2, chlorogenic acid, (-)-epicatechin and quercetin had stronger antioxidant capacity than other phenols. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that extracts from industrial apple pomace were rich in phenols and exhibited potent antioxidant activity. Extraction of polyphenols from industrial apple pomace would bring a great benefit and improve development of apple juice and cider industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Bai
- College of Food Science, Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Ishola IO, Tota S, Adeyemi OO, Agbaje EO, Narender T, Shukla R. Protective effect of Cnestis ferruginea and its active constituent on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice: a behavioral and biochemical study. Pharm Biol 2013; 51:825-835. [PMID: 23627469 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.767360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cnestis ferruginea Vahl ex DC (Connaraceae) (CF) is used in traditional African medicine in the management of CNS disorders. The degeneration and dysfunction of cholinergic neurons is closely associated with the cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and oxidative stress has been implicated in its pathogenesis. However, the influence of C. ferruginea on the cholinergic system and oxidative stress parameters has not been explored. OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the effect of methanol root extract of C. ferruginea and its active constituent amentoflavone (CF-2) on memory, oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in scopolamine-induced amnesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were orally treated with CF (25-200 mg/kg), CF-2 (6.25-25 mg/kg) for three days and memory impairment was induced by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine (3 mg/kg). Memory function was evaluated by passive avoidance and Morris water maze tests. Biochemical parameters of oxidative stress and cholinergic function were estimated in brain after the completion of behavioral studies. RESULTS Scopolamine caused memory impairment along with increased AChE activity and oxidative stress in mice brain. Oral administration of CF and CF-2 significantly prevented scopolamine-induced memory impairment, inhibited AChE and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain following scopolamine injection as compared to vehicle administration in scopolamine (i.p.)-treated mice that were comparable to the effect of tacrine. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that C. ferruginea and its constituent have significant protective effect against scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice that can be attributed to their antioxidant and antiAChE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail O Ishola
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria
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Ye Y, Xing HT, Guo Y. Hypolipidemic effect of a novel biflavonoid from shells of Camellia oleifera (Abel.). Indian J Exp Biol 2013; 51:458-463. [PMID: 23926694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Camellia oleifera Abel. [C. oleosa (Lour.) Rehd.], an evergreen plant, is used for healthful oil production, but the shells are always discarded and need to be utilized. The present study was undertaken to explore the effect of extracts from the shells of C. oleifera on adjusting cardiovascular system. A flavonoid was obtained by reflux extraction of the shells in 70% methanol, hydrolysis in 2 M hydrochloric acid, and crystallization in acetone. Its structure was identified as a novel biflavonoid. Mice model of hyperlipidemia was setup by high fat diet for 30 d to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of the biflavonoid at dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/d (ig). Antioxidative activity was determined by levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in mice serum. The biflavonoid significantly controlled mice weight and liver coefficient, decreased the content of total cholesterol and triglyceride, promoted the level of high density lipoprotein in a dose dependent manner. The significant decrease of MDA content and increase of SOD and GSH-Px activity indicated it enhanced antioxidative capacity in vivo and was ascribed to hypolipidemic effect. The biflavonoid is useful in the prevention of high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ye
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Department, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510 640, PR China.
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Xu HX, Mughal S, Taiwo O, Lee SF. Isolation and characterization of an antibacterial biflavonoid from an African chewing stick Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 147:497-502. [PMID: 23542144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The use of African chewing sticks in maintaining oral health is widely practiced in African countries. It has been reported that chewing stick users have a lower rate of dental caries and a better general oral health than non-users. It is generally thought that the beneficial effect of chewing stick is attributed to the mechanical cleansing effect and antimicrobial substances present in the stick. However, the active antimicrobial substances remain uncharacterized. AIM OF THE STUDY To provide a scientific basis for the anti-caries effect of African chewing sticks, the authors purify an active antibacterial compound from Garcinia kola Heckel, a Nigerian chewing stick and examined the antibacterial activity of this compound against the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methanol extract was prepared from Garcinia kola and was further fractionated by solvent extractions. Silica gel chromatography was used to purify the antibacterial compound from the active fraction. The identity of the purified compound was determined by NMR analysis. The antibacterial activity of the purified compound was examined by standard microbiological assays. RESULTS The antibacterial activity was found in the ether fraction and the active compound was isolated and determined to be a biflavonoid named GB1. GB1 was active against Streptococcus mutans and other oral bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 32-64μg/ml. The basis for the antibacterial effect of GB1 was investigated using Streptococcus mutans as the target. At 256μg/ml, GB1 exhibited some bacteriocidal activity against Streptococcus mutans and induced the aggregation of Streptococcus mutans. GB1 has no apparent effects on protein synthesis and DNA synthesis but inhibited glucose uptake and utilization by Streptococcus mutans suggesting that GB1 exerts its antibacterial effect by inhibiting metabolism. GB1 also inhibited the formation of water-insoluble glucan by the extracellular glucosyltransferases from Streptococcus mutans in a dose-dependent manner. Streptococcus mutans did not develop resistance to GB1 upon subculturing in the presence of sub-MIC level of the biflavonoid. CONCLUSION The antibacterial effect and glucan synthesis-inhibition property of this biflavonoid may account for some of the beneficial effects reported in the chewing stick users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xi Xu
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3J5
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You OH, Kim SH, Kim B, Sohn EJ, Lee HJ, Shim BS, Yun M, Kwon BM, Kim SH. Ginkgetin induces apoptosis via activation of caspase and inhibition of survival genes in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2692-5. [PMID: 23523142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgetin is a natural biflavonoid isolated from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. Though it was known to have anti-inflammatory, anti-influenza virus, anti-fungal activity, osteoblast differentiation stimulating activity and neuro-protective effects, the underlying antitumor mechanism of ginkgetin still remains unclear. Thus, in the present study, anti-cancer mechanism of ginkgetin was elucidated in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Ginkgetin suppressed the viability of PC-3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and also significantly increased the sub-G1 DNA contents of cell cycle in PC-3 cells. Ginkgetin activated caspase-3 and attenuated the expression of survival genes such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin and Cyclin D1 at protein and mRNA levels. Consistently, pan-caspase inhibitor Z-DEVD-fmk blocked sub G1 accumulation and cleavages of PRAP and caspase 3 induced by ginkgetin in PC-3 cells. Overall, these findings suggest that ginkgetin induces apoptosis in PC-3 cells via activation of caspase 3 and inhibition of survival genes as a potent chemotherapeutic agent for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok Heui You
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Bräunlich M, Christensen H, Johannesen S, Slimestad R, Wangensteen H, Malterud KE, Barsett H. In vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 by Aronia melanocarpa constituents. Planta Med 2013; 79:137-141. [PMID: 23250807 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1328055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracts, subfractions, isolated anthocyanins and procyanidins, and two phenolic acids from aronia [Aronia melanocarpa] were investigated for their CYP3A4 inhibitory effects, using midazolam as the probe substrate and recombinant insect cell microsomes expressing CYP3A4 as the enzyme source. Procyanidin B5 was a considerably stronger CYP3A4 inhibitor in vitro than the isomeric procyanidin B2 and comparable to bergamottin, a known CYP3A4 inhibitor from grapefruit juice. The inhibitory activity of proanthocyanidin-containing fractions was correlated to the degree of polymerization. Among the anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-arabinoside showed stronger CYP3A4 inhibition than cyanidin 3-galactoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside. Thus, the ability to inhibit CYP3A4 in vitro seems to be influenced by the sugar unit linked to the anthocyanidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bräunlich
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
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Fukami H, Yano Y, Iwashita T. Isolation of a reduced form of cyanidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside from immature black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and its reducing properties. J Oleo Sci 2013; 62:623-9. [PMID: 23985492 DOI: 10.5650/jos.62.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
5,7,3',4'-Tetrahydroxyflav-2-en-3-ol 3-O-β-D-glucoside was isolated from the seed coats of immature black soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). This compound is a reduced form of cyanidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside (cyanidin 3-G) which was obtained by reaction with hydrochloric acid. The molecule has reducing activity for a tetrazolium derivative (WST-1) in the presence of 1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methylsulfate (1-methoxy PMS) in a similar manner to NADH. The seed coats of immature black soybeans also contain epicatechin as a major constituent, while cyanidin 3-G and procyanidin B2 are present at lower concentrations. Immature brown soybeans did not contain 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflav-2-en-3-ol 3-O-β-D-glucoside, but did contain both epicatechin and procyanidin B2. Immature yellow soybeans contained none of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harukazu Fukami
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto Gakuen University, Kyoto, Japan.
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