1
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Muchiri RN, Rocha J, Tandon A, Chen YL, Alemani R, Ahmad I, McDonald Z, Lindeblad M, Rubinstein I, van Breemen RB, Feinstein DL. Short-term treatment with cholestyramine increases long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide clearance from rabbits without affecting plasma vitamin K1 levels nor blood coagulation. Toxicol Sci 2024:kfae053. [PMID: 38603617 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Administration of high dose vitamin K1 (VK1) overcomes coagulopathy and bleeding elicited by acute poisoning with long-acting anti-coagulant rodenticides (LAARs). However, long-term (months) treatment is required due to long LAAR biological half-lives that may lead to poor compliance and recurrent coagulopathy. The half-lives of LAARs are extended by slow metabolism, and similar to warfarin, are thought to undergo enterohepatic recirculation. We now show that treatment with the bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine (CSA) administered concomitantly with VK1 decreases plasma LAAR levels and increases LAAR fecal excretion. Daily CSA treatment for 14 days did not reduce plasma VK1 levels, nor increase prothrombin time. Collectively, these data show that CSA accelerates LAAR clearance from rabbits without adverse effects on VK1 anti-coagulation, and could provide an additional therapeutic option for treatment of LAAR poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Muchiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jackie Rocha
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ankit Tandon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Yongmei Luo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rebecca Alemani
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Intakhar Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Zachary McDonald
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Matthew Lindeblad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Israel Rubinstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Research & Development Service, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Research & Development Service, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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2
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van Breemen RB, Muchiri RN. Affinity selection-mass spectrometry in the discovery of anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds. Mass Spectrom Rev 2024; 43:39-46. [PMID: 35929396 PMCID: PMC9538385 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule therapeutic agents are needed to treat or prevent infections by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. To expedite the discovery of lead compounds for development, assays have been developed based on affinity selection-mass spectrometry (AS-MS), which enables the rapid screening of mixtures such as combinatorial libraries and extracts of botanicals or other sources of natural products. AS-MS assays have been used to find ligands to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for inhibition of cell entry as well as to the 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex constituent Nsp9, which are targets for inhibition of viral replication. The AS-MS approach of magnetic microbead affinity selection screening has been used to discover high-affinity peptide ligands to the spike protein as well as the hemp cannabinoids cannabidiolic acid and cannabigerolic acid, which can prevent cell infection by SARS-CoV-2. Another AS-MS method, native mass spectrometry, has been used to discover that the flavonoids baicalein, scutellarein, and ganhuangenin, can inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 protease 3CLpro. Native mass spectrometry has also been used to find an ent-kaurane natural product, oridonin, that can bind to the viral protein Nsp9 and interfere with RNA replication. These natural lead compounds are under investigation for the development of therapeutic agents to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. van Breemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Ruth N. Muchiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, College of PharmacyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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3
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Chen L, Nikolic D, Li G, Liu J, van Breemen RB. In vitro inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by licoisoflavone B from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:16-24. [PMID: 37535691 PMCID: PMC10613970 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC, one of the 3 pharmacopeial species of licorice and widely used in dietary supplements, can inhibit certain cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Thereby, G. uralensis preparations have the potential to cause pharmacokinetic drug interactions when consumed along with prescription medicines. One compound (1.34 mg dry weight) responsible for inhibiting CYP2B6, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9 was isolated using bioactivity-guided fractionation from 250 g dried roots, stolons, and rhizomes. The enzyme kinetics and mechanisms of inhibition were determined using human liver microsomes, recombinant enzymes, and UHPLC-MS/MS-based assays. Identified as licoisoflavone B, this compound displayed reversible inhibition of CYP2C8 with an IC50 value of 7.4 ± 1.1 µM and reversible inhibition of CYP2C9 with an IC50 value of 4.9 ± 0.4 µM. The enzyme kinetics indicated that the mechanism of inhibition was competitive for recombinant CYP2C8, with a Ki value of 7.0 ± 0.7 μM, and mixed-type inhibition for recombinant CYP2C9, with a Ki value of 1.2 ± 0.2 μM. Licoisoflavone B moderately inhibited CYP2B6 through a combination of irreversible and reversible mechanisms with an IC50 value of 16.0 ± 3.9 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Guannan Li
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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4
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van Breemen RB, Simchuk D. Antiviral activities of hemp cannabinoids. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:633-643. [PMID: 37083031 PMCID: PMC10133872 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Hemp is an understudied source of pharmacologically active compounds and many unique plant secondary metabolites including more than 100 cannabinoids. After years of legal restriction, research on hemp has recently demonstrated antiviral activities in silico, in vitro, and in vivo for cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), and several other cannabinoids against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and γ-herpes viruses. Mechanisms of action include inhibition of viral cell entry, inhibition of viral proteases, and stimulation of cellular innate immune responses. The anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoids are also under investigation for mitigating the cytokine storm of COVID-19 and controlling chronic inflammation in people living with HIV. Retrospective clinical studies support antiviral activities of CBD, Δ9-THC, and cannabinoid mixtures as do some prospective clinical trials, but appropriately designed clinical trials of safety and efficacy of antiviral cannabinoids are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Linus Pauling Institute, Global Hemp Innovation Center, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Drive, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Daniel Simchuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Linus Pauling Institute, Global Hemp Innovation Center, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Drive, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
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5
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Liu J, Banuvar S, Viana M, Barengolts E, Chen SN, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB. Pharmacokinetic Interactions of a Licorice Dietary Supplement with Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Female Participants. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:199-204. [PMID: 36328482 PMCID: PMC9900865 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice, the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., has been used as a medicinal herb, herbal adjuvant, and flavoring agent since ancient times. Recently, licorice extracts have become popular as dietary supplements used by females to alleviate menopausal symptoms. Exposure to licorice products containing high levels of glycyrrhizic acid can cause hypokalemia, but independent from this effect, preclinical data indicate that licorice can inhibit certain cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. To evaluate whether clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions of licorice with P450 enzymes exist, a phase 1 clinical investigation was carried out using a licorice extract depleted in glycyrrhizic acid (content <1%) and a cocktail containing caffeine, tolbutamide, alprazolam, and dextromethorphan, which are probe substrates for the enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4/5, and CYP2D6, respectively. The botanically authenticated and chemically standardized extract of roots from G. glabra was consumed by 14 healthy menopausal and postmenopausal female participants twice daily for 2 weeks. The pharmacokinetics of each probe drug were evaluated immediately before and after supplementation with the licorice extract. Comparison of the average areas under the time-concentration curves (AUCs) for each probe substrate in serum showed no significant changes from licorice consumption, whereas time to reach peak concentration for caffeine and elimination half-life for tolbutamide showed small changes. According to the US Food and Drug Administration guidance, which is based on changes in the AUC of each probe substrate drug, the investigated licorice extract should not cause any clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions with respect to CYP3A4/5, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, or CYP1A2. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite generally-recognized-as-safe status, the licorice species Glycyrrhiza glabra has been associated with some toxicity. Preclinical studies suggest that G. glabra might cause pharmacokinetic drug interactions by inhibiting several cytochrome P450 enzymes. This phase 1 clinical study addressed these concerns by evaluating clinically relevant effects with respect to CYP3A4/5, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2. These results showed that a standardized G. glabra extract did not cause any clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with four major cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liu
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Suzanne Banuvar
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Marlos Viana
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Elena Barengolts
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
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6
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Elkhadragy L, Khabbaz RC, Muchiri RN, Totura WM, Samuelson JP, Whiteley HE, van Breemen RB, Lokken RP, Gaba RC. Pharmacokinetics and Early Tumor Response to Conventional Transarterial Chemoembolization with Sorafenib and Doxorubicin in a VX2 Rabbit Tumor Model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2022; 33:1213-1221.e5. [PMID: 35850455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and early effects of conventional transarterial chemoembolization (c-TACE) using sorafenib and doxorubicin on tumor necrosis, hypoxia markers, and angiogenesis in a rabbit VX2 liver tumor model. MATERIALS AND METHODS VX2 tumor-laden New Zealand White rabbits (n=16) were divided into two groups; one group was treated with hepatic arterial administration of ethiodized oil-doxorubicin emulsion (DOX-TACE), and the other group was treated with ethiodized oil, sorafenib, and doxorubicin emulsion (SORA-DOX-TACE). Animals were sacrificed within 3 days post-procedure. Levels of sorafenib and doxorubicin were measured in blood, tumor, and adjacent liver using mass spectrometry. Tumor necrosis was determined by histopathological examination. Intra-tumoral hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and microvessel density (MVD) were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The median intra-tumoral concentration of sorafenib in the SORA-DOX-TACE group was 17.7 μg/mL [Interquartile range (IQR), 7.42-33.5] and its maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) was 0.164 μg/mL (IQR, 0.0798-0.528). The intra-tumoral concentration and Cmax of doxorubicin were similar between the groups; 4.08 μg/mL (IQR, 3.18-4.79) and 0.677 μg/mL (IQR, 0.315-1.23) in DOX-TACE, and 1.68 (IQR, 0.795-4.08) and 0.298 μg/mL (IQR, 0.241-0.64) in SORA-DOX-TACE, respectively. HIF-1α expression was increased in SORA-DOX-TACE group compared to DOX-TACE group. Tumor volume, tumor necrosis, VEGF expression, and MVD were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Addition of sorafenib to DOX-TACE emulsion delivered to VX2 liver tumors resulted in high intra-tumoral and low systemic concentrations of sorafenib without altering the PK of doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruth N Muchiri
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University
| | | | | | - Herbert E Whiteley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University
| | - R Peter Lokken
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Francisco
| | - Ron C Gaba
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago.
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7
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van Breemen RB, Muchiri RN, Bates TA, Weinstein JB, Leier HC, Farley S, Tafesse FG. Cannabinoids Block Cellular Entry of SARS-CoV-2 and the Emerging Variants. J Nat Prod 2022; 85:176-184. [PMID: 35007072 PMCID: PMC8768006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As a complement to vaccines, small-molecule therapeutic agents are needed to treat or prevent infections by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants, which cause COVID-19. Affinity selection-mass spectrometry was used for the discovery of botanical ligands to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Cannabinoid acids from hemp (Cannabis sativa) were found to be allosteric as well as orthosteric ligands with micromolar affinity for the spike protein. In follow-up virus neutralization assays, cannabigerolic acid and cannabidiolic acid prevented infection of human epithelial cells by a pseudovirus expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and prevented entry of live SARS-CoV-2 into cells. Importantly, cannabigerolic acid and cannabidiolic acid were equally effective against the SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant B.1.1.7 and the beta variant B.1.351. Orally bioavailable and with a long history of safe human use, these cannabinoids, isolated or in hemp extracts, have the potential to prevent as well as treat infection by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus
Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College
of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Ruth N. Muchiri
- Linus
Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College
of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Timothy A. Bates
- Molecular
Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health
& Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Jules B. Weinstein
- Molecular
Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health
& Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Hans C. Leier
- Molecular
Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health
& Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Scotland Farley
- Molecular
Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health
& Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Molecular
Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health
& Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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8
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Muchiri RN, Kibitel J, Redick MA, van Breemen RB. Advances in Magnetic Microbead Affinity Selection Screening: Discovery of Natural Ligands to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2022; 33:181-188. [PMID: 34939787 PMCID: PMC9429804 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Affinity selection-mass spectrometry, which includes magnetic microbead affinity selection-screening (MagMASS), is ideal for the discovery of ligands in complex mixtures that bind to pharmacological targets. Therapeutic agents are needed to prevent or treat COVID-19, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Infection of human cells by SARS-CoV-2 involves binding of the virus spike protein subunit 1 (S1) to the human cell receptor angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Like antibodies, small molecules have the potential to block the interaction of the viral S1 protein with human ACE2 and prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, a MagMASS assay was developed for the discovery of ligands to the S1 protein. Unlike previous MagMASS approaches, this new assay used robotics for 5-fold enhancement of throughput and sensitivity. The assay was validated using the SBP-1 peptide, which is identical to the ACE2 amino acid sequence recognized by the S1 protein, and then applied to the discovery of natural ligands from botanical extracts. Small molecule ligands to the S1 protein were discovered in extracts of the licorice species, Glycyrrhiza inflata. In particular, the licorice ligand licochalcone A was identified through dereplication and comparison with standards using HPLC with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N. Muchiri
- Linus Pauling Institute and College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | | | - Margaret A. Redick
- Linus Pauling Institute and College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute and College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
- Corresponding author: 373 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA, TEL: 541-737-5080,
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9
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Muchiri RN, van Breemen RB. Drug discovery from natural products using affinity selection-mass spectrometry. Drug Discov Today Technol 2021; 40:59-63. [PMID: 34916024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As a starting point for drug discovery, affinity selection-mass spectrometry (AS-MS) is ideal for the discovery of lead compounds from chemically diverse sources such as botanical, fungal and microbial extracts. Based on binding interactions between macromolecular receptors and ligands of low molecular mass, AS-MS enables the rapid isolation of pharmacologically active small molecules from complex mixtures for mass spectrometric characterization and identification. Unlike conventional high-throughput screening, AS-MS requires no radiolabels, no UV or fluorescent chromophores, and is compatible with all classes of receptors, enzymes, incubation buffers, cofactors, and ligands. The most successful types of AS-MS include pulsed ultrafiltration (PUF) AS-MS, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) AS-MS, and magnetic microbead affinity selection screening (MagMASS), which differ in their approaches for separating the ligand-receptor complexes from the non-binding compounds in mixtures. After affinity isolation, the ligand(s) from the mixture are characterized using high resolution UHPLC-MS and tandem mass spectrometry. Based on these elemental composition and structural data, the identities of the lead compounds are determined by searching on-line databases for known natural products and by comparison with standards. The structures of novel natural products are determined using a combination of spectroscopic techniques including two-dimensional NMR and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Muchiri
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States; College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States; College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
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10
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Molina J, Nikolic D, Jeevarathanam JR, Abzalimov R, Park EJ, Pedales R, Mojica ERE, Tandang D, McLaughlin W, Wallick K, Adams J, Novy A, Pell SK, van Breemen RB, Pezzuto JM. Living with a giant, flowering parasite: metabolic differences between Tetrastigma loheri Gagnep. (Vitaceae) shoots uninfected and infected with Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) and potential applications for propagation. Planta 2021; 255:4. [PMID: 34841446 PMCID: PMC8627921 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites in Rafflesia-infected and non-infected Tetrastigma were compared which may have applications in Rafflesia propagation. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, here reported for the first time in Vitaceae, were abundant in non-infected shoots and may be a form of defense. In Rafflesia-infected shoots, oxylipins, which mediate immune response, were elevated. Endemic to the forests of Southeast Asia, Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) is a genus of holoparasitic plants producing the largest flowers in the world, yet completely dependent on its host, the tropical grape vine, Tetrastigma. Rafflesia species are threatened with extinction, making them an iconic symbol of plant conservation. Thus far, propagation has proved challenging, greatly decreasing efficacy of conservation efforts. This study compared the metabolites in the shoots of Rafflesia-infected and non-infected Tetrastigma loheri to examine how Rafflesia infection affects host metabolomics and elucidate the Rafflesia infection process. Results from LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis showed benzylisoquinoline alkaloids were naturally more abundant in non-infected shoots and are here reported for the first time in the genus Tetrastigma, and in the grape family, Vitaceae. These metabolites have been implicated in plant defense mechanisms and may prevent a Rafflesia infection. In Rafflesia-infected shoots, oxygenated fatty acids, or oxylipins, and a flavonoid, previously shown involved in plant immune response, were significantly elevated. This study provides a preliminary assessment of metabolites that differ between Rafflesia-infected and non-infected Tetrastigma hosts and may have applications in Rafflesia propagation to meet conservation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanmaire Molina
- Department of Biology, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Rinat Abzalimov
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Facility, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ronniel Pedales
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Elmer-Rico E Mojica
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Dyson College of Arts and Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danilo Tandang
- Philippine National Herbarium (PNH), Botany Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
- Academia Sinica, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Kyle Wallick
- United States Botanic Garden, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James Adams
- United States Botanic Garden, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ari Novy
- San Diego Botanic Garden, Encinitas, CA, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Susan K Pell
- United States Botanic Garden, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - John M Pezzuto
- College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
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11
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Ford HR, Busato S, Trevisi E, Muchiri RN, van Breemen RB, Bionaz M, Ates S. Effects of Pasture Type on Metabolism, Liver and Kidney Function, Antioxidant Status, and Plant Secondary Compounds in Plasma of Grazing, Jersey Dairy Cattle During Mid-lactation. Front Anim Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.729423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some pasture species are rich in phytochemicals, able to improve milk yield and quality and to reduce the environmental impacts of livestock farming. The phytochemicals interact with the different gene networks within the animal, such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), but their overall impact on animal health remains to be fully understood. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of pasture Legumes and non-leguminous Forbs containing high bioactive compounds on metabolism and activity of the liver, antioxidant response, kidney function, and inflammation of dairy cows using a large array of blood parameters associated with metabolism and the innate immune system. For this purpose, 26 parameters and the concentration of certain bioactive compounds were assessed in blood plasma, collected from the Jersey cows grazing either Grass, Legume, or Forb-based pastures. In addition, serum collected from all the cows was utilized to detect the changes in NRF2 activation in bovine mammary alveolar cells (MACT) and hepatocytes. Compared with Grass, the cows that grazed both Forb and Legume pastures had lower β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) and creatinine and larger vitamin E and the ferric reducing ability of the plasma, supporting an improved antioxidative status for these animals. Compared with both Grass and Legume, the cows that graze Forb pasture had lower urea and urea to creatinine ratio, and lower creatinine, indicating a better kidney function. The cows grazing Legume pasture had greater hematocrit, bilirubin, cholesterol, albumin, β-carotene, retinol, and thiol groups but lower ceruloplasmin, paraoxonase, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) than those grazed Grass and Forb pastures, indicating a positive effect of Legume pasture on the liver, oxidative stress, and red blood cells. The plasma of cows in the various pastures was enriched with various isoflavonoids, especially the cows grazed on Forb and Legume pastures, which likely contributed to improving the antioxidative status of those cows. However, this effect was likely not due to the higher activation of NRF2. Overall, these results indicate that Forb and Legume pastures rich in secondary metabolites do not strongly affect the metabolism but can improve the status of the liver and the kidney and improve the efficiency of N utilization and antioxidant response, compared with the Grass pasture.
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12
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Burton TC, Lankin DC, Nikolic D, Guo B, Ju J, Dietz BM, Che CT, Soejarto DD, van Breemen RB. Isolation and elucidation of two isoflavonoids from an American Indian plant, Amorpha canescens Pursh, using Magnetic Microbead Affinity Selection Screening (MagMASS) for estrogen receptor alpha ligands. Phytochem Lett 2021; 45:110-116. [PMID: 35465454 PMCID: PMC9032482 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A new isoflavonoid, xanthocerin J, along with previously described xanthocerin A, were isolated from a methanol extract of aerial parts of a traditional American Indian herb, Amorpha canescens Pursh (Asteraceae). The structures of these compounds were characterized using mass spectrometry and NMR based on an isolation protocol using magnetic microbead affinity selection screening (MagMASS) for ligands to the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). These compounds bound to ERα from an active fraction that exhibited dose-dependent antiestrogenic activity in the in vitro Ishikawa assay. However, these compounds did not exhibit antiestrogenic activity in the cell-based Ishikawa assay. Xanthocerin A and J may exhibit synergistic or additive activity with other compounds found in A. canescens which needs further exploration. This work highlights the potential of A. canescens as a prospect for the future discovery of compounds for women's health related to estrogen pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristesse C.J. Burton
- Division of Academic Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
- Corresponding author at: Division of Academic Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, Illinois, 60608, USA. (T.C.J. Burton)
| | - David C. Lankin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Brian Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jianming Ju
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Birgit M. Dietz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Djaja Djendoel Soejarto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 60605, USA
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 305 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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13
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van Breemen RB, Hafner JW, Nosal DG, Feinstein DL, Rubinstein I. Unmet clinical laboratory need in patients hospitalized for acute poisoning from long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides. Toxicol Commun 2021; 5:93-96. [PMID: 34458660 PMCID: PMC8388241 DOI: 10.1080/24734306.2021.1925444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of real-time, quantitative toxicology data available for physicians treating poisoned patients was illustrated during the 2018 outbreak in Illinois of severe coagulopathy caused by inhaling illicit synthetic cannabinoids products contaminated with commercially-available brodifacoum, difenacoum, and bromadiolone, three potent, long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides (LAARs). Identification and quantification of these life-threatening toxins in blood samples of hospitalized patients required toxicology testing with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) that was not available in clinical laboratories of hospitals at the time of the outbreak. This highly-sensitive, quantitative assay can provide critical information to guide patient care during and after hospitalization, including identification of offending LAARs, estimates of the ingested dose, and dosage and discontinuation of oral vitamin K1 therapy after hospital discharge once plasma LAARs concentrations decreased to a safe level (<10 ng/mL). Accordingly, we propose an action plan to enable treating physicians to quantify plasma concentrations of several LAARs simultaneously in poisoned patients. It involves rapid (<15 min), sensitive, and validated LC-MS/MS methods developed, tested and validated in our laboratory. This will allow treating physicians to request quantitative plasma LAARs testing, report test results in the patient's hospital discharge summary, and recommend regular monitoring of plasma LAARs concentrations in the outpatient setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John W Hafner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Daniel G Nosal
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Israel Rubinstein
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Muchiri RN, van Breemen RB. Single-Laboratory Validation of UHPLC-MS/MS Assays for Red Clover Isoflavones in Human Serum and Dietary Supplements. J AOAC Int 2021; 103:1160-1166. [PMID: 33241325 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracts of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) containing estrogenic and pro-estrogenic isoflavones are used in dietary supplements primarily for the management of menopausal symptoms in women. OBJECTIVE A UHPLC-MS/MS assay was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of the six major red clover isoflavones in dietary supplements and in human serum in support of clinical trials. METHODS Enzymatic deconjugation of isoflavone glucuronides and sulfate conjugates in human serum specimens was carried out followed by protein precipitation. Isoflavones in red clover dietary supplements were acid hydrolyzed to release aglycons from glycosides. UHPLC separations (< 4 min) were combined with MS/MS using collision-induced dissociation, selective reaction monitoring and deuterated internal standards to measure biochanin A, formononetin, daidzein, genistein, irilone, and prunetin. RESULTS The method was validated with respect to selectivity, specificity, accuracy, linearity, precision, LOD, and LOQ. The calibration curves for all analytes were linear (R2 > 0.998). The mean recovery for low-, medium- and high-quality control standards ranged between 80% and 108%. The precision of the method was assessed using coefficients of variation, which were <15%. CONCLUSIONS The UHPLC-MS/MS method is fast, precise, sensitive, selective, accurate, and applicable to the quantitative analysis of red clover isoflavones in different matrices. HIGHLIGHTS This validated UHPLC-MS/MS assay is applicable to the rapid quantitative analysis of red clover isoflavones in human serum and in dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Muchiri
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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15
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Heller GJ, Marshall MS, Issa Y, Marshall JN, Nguyen D, Rue E, Pathmasiri KC, Domowicz MS, van Breemen RB, Tai LM, Cologna SM, Crocker SJ, Givogri MI, Sands MS, Bongarzone ER. Waning efficacy in a long-term AAV-mediated gene therapy study in the murine model of Krabbe disease. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1883-1902. [PMID: 33508430 PMCID: PMC8116612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal AAV9-gene therapy of the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase (GALC) significantly ameliorates central and peripheral neuropathology, prolongs survival, and largely normalizes motor deficits in Twitcher mice. Despite these therapeutic milestones, new observations identified the presence of multiple small focal demyelinating areas in the brain after 6-8 months. These lesions are in stark contrast to the diffuse, global demyelination that affects the brain of naive Twitcher mice. Late-onset lesions exhibited lysosomal alterations with reduced expression of GALC and increased psychosine levels. Furthermore, we found that lesions were closely associated with the extravasation of plasma fibrinogen and activation of the fibrinogen-BMP-SMAD-GFAP gliotic response. Extravasation of fibrinogen correlated with tight junction disruptions of the vasculature within the lesioned areas. The lesions were surrounded by normal appearing white matter. Our study shows that the dysregulation of therapeutic GALC was likely driven by the exhaustion of therapeutic AAV episomal DNA within the lesions, paralleling the presence of proliferating oligodendrocyte progenitors and glia. We believe that this is the first demonstration of diminishing expression in vivo from an AAV gene therapy vector with detrimental effects in the brain of a lysosomal storage disease animal model. The development of this phenotype linking localized loss of GALC activity with relapsing neuropathology in the adult brain of neonatally AAV-gene therapy-treated Twitcher mice identifies and alerts to possible late-onset reductions of AAV efficacy, with implications to other genetic leukodystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Heller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michael S Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Yazan Issa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Emily Rue
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Miriam S Domowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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16
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Gaba RC, Khabbaz RC, Muchiri RN, Morrison JD, Elkhadragy L, Totura WM, Samuelson JP, Whiteley HE, Deaton RL, Nguyen PL, Sverdlov M, Johnson JJ, van Breemen RB, Lokken RP. Conventional versus drug-eluting embolic transarterial chemoembolization with doxorubicin: comparative drug delivery, pharmacokinetics, and treatment response in a rabbit VX2 tumor model. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1105-1117. [PMID: 33861419 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare intra-tumoral drug delivery, pharmacokinetics, and treatment response after doxorubicin (DOX) conventional (c-) versus drug-eluting embolic (DEE-) transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in a rabbit VX2 liver tumor model. Twenty-four rabbits with solitary liver tumors underwent c-TACE (n = 12) (1:2 water-in-oil emulsion, 0.6 mL volume, 2 mg DOX) or DEE-TACE (n = 12) (130,000 70-150 µm 2 mg DOX-loaded microspheres). Systemic, intra-tumoral, and liver DOX levels were measured using mass spectrometry up to 7-day post-procedure. Intra-tumoral DOX distribution was quantified using fluorescence imaging. Percent tumor necrosis was quantified by a pathologist blinded to treatment group. Lobar TACE was successfully performed in all cases. Peak concentration (CMAX, µg/mL) for plasma, tumor tissue, and liver were 0.666, 4.232, and 0.270 for c-TACE versus 0.103, 8.988, and 0.610 for DEE-TACE. Area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC, µg/mL ∗ min) for plasma, tumor tissue, and liver were 18.3, 27,078.8, and 1339.1 for c-TACE versus 16.4, 26,204.8, and 1969.6 for DEE-TACE. A single dose of intra-tumoral DOX maintained cytotoxic levels through 7-day post-procedure for both TACE varieties, with a half-life of 1.8 (c-TACE) and 0.8 (DEE-TACE) days. Tumor-to-normal liver DOX ratio was high (c-TACE, 20.2; DEE-TACE, 13.3). c-TACE achieved significantly higher DOX coverage of tumor vs. DEE-TACE (10.8% vs. 2.3%; P = 0.003). Percent tumor necrosis was similar (39% vs. 37%; P = 0.806). In conclusion, in a rabbit VX2 liver tumor model, both c-TACE and DEE-TACE achieved tumoricidal intra-tumoral DOX levels and high tumor-to-normal liver drug ratios, though c-TACE resulted in significantly greater tumor coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron C Gaba
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA.
| | - Ramzy C Khabbaz
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Ruth N Muchiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
| | | | - Lobna Elkhadragy
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - William M Totura
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jonathan P Samuelson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - Herbert E Whiteley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - Ryan L Deaton
- Research Histology and Tissue Imaging Core, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Peter L Nguyen
- Research Histology and Tissue Imaging Core, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Maria Sverdlov
- Research Histology and Tissue Imaging Core, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jeremy J Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
| | - R Peter Lokken
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
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17
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Muchiri RN, van Breemen RB. Single Laboratory Validation of UHPLC-MS/MS Assays for Six Milk Thistle Flavonolignans in Human Serum. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:232-238. [PMID: 33251548 PMCID: PMC7892635 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracts of milk thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., are used as dietary supplements for their hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities. OBJECTIVE An assay based on UHPLC-MS/MS was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of six major milk thistle flavonolignans extracted from human serum. METHODS Ethyl acetate containing 0.1% formic acid was used to extract flavonolignans from human serum. A 10-min UHPLC-MS/MS method using selected reaction ion monitoring was developed for measuring extracts for silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silychristin, and silydianin. RESULTS The quantitative method was validated with respect to selectivity, specificity, accuracy, linearity, precision, LOD, and LLOQ. Extraction efficiency for the quality control standards at LLOQ, low, medium, and high concentrations ranged between 81% and 109%, and the calibration curves were linear (R2 > 0.997) for all flavonolignans. The method precision was determined using coefficients of variation, which were <15%. The method accuracy was assessed using percent relative error which was <15%. CONCLUSIONS The UHPLC-MS/MS assay is fast, precise, sensitive, selective, accurate, and useful for the analysis of milk thistle flavonolignans in human serum. HIGHLIGHTS The UHPLC-MS/MS assay is suitable for rapid quantitative analysis of milk thistle flavonolignans in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Muchiri
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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18
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Nosal DG, van Breemen RB, Haffner JW, Rubinstein I, Feinstein DL. Brodifacoum pharmacokinetics in acute human poisoning: implications for estimating duration of vitamin K therapy. Toxicol Commun 2021; 5:69-72. [PMID: 33768191 PMCID: PMC7990043 DOI: 10.1080/24734306.2021.1887637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard of care follow-up therapy for patients poisoned by long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides (LAARs) is daily high-dose (up to 100 mg per day) oral vitamin K1 (VK1) for weeks to months to over a year. The availability of CLIA-certified quantitative testing for plasma LAAR concentrations can now assist health care providers in determining when to safely discontinue VK1 therapy. We present estimates of treatment duration required to reach safe concentrations (< =10ng/ml) using serial measurements of plasma brodifacoum (BDF, a potent LAAR) concentrations obtained from patients poisoned after inhaling synthetic cannabinoids containing BDF. We fit the data to zero-order (linear) and first-order (exponential) curves, the latter to account for enterohepatic circulation of BDF. The results show that estimates of therapy duration are significantly longer when exponential clearance is assumed. Accordingly, we recommend that plasma BDF concentrations be monitored simultaneously with international normalization ratio (INR) during follow-up of poisoned patients, and that concentrations be determined after VK1 therapy is discontinued to document persistence of safe concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Nosal
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - John W Haffner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Israel Rubinstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Nosal DG, Feinstein DL, van Breemen RB. Chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of superwarfarin rodenticide stereoisomers - Bromadiolone, difenacoum and brodifacoum - In human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1165:122529. [PMID: 33486217 PMCID: PMC7875153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Superwarfarins are second-generation long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides that can cause unintended human and wildlife toxicity due, in part, to their prolonged half-lives. Commercially available superwarfarin rodenticides are synthesized as racemates with two asymmetric carbons, producing four stereoisomers. To support studies of human plasma half-lives of individual superwarfarin stereoisomers, a method was developed based on LC-MS/MS to separate and quantify stereoisomers of the commercially important superwarfarins bromadiolone, difenacoum and brodifacoum. Human plasma samples were prepared using protein precipitation and centrifugation. Chiral-phase HPLC separation was carried out on-line with tandem mass spectrometric quantitative analysis of the eluting stereoisomers using selected-reaction monitoring with positive ion electrospray on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. All four stereoisomers of each superwarfarin were resolved within 12.5 min with calibration curves spanning 2-3 orders of magnitude and lower limits of quantitation between 0.87 and 2.55 ng/mL. This method was used to determine the half-lives of superwarfarin stereoisomers in plasma from patients who had inhaled synthetic cannabinoid products contaminated with superwarfarins. These data may be used to guide the development of safer next generation anticoagulant rodenticides stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Nosal
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Ave, MC513, E720, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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20
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Muchiri RN, van Breemen RB. Affinity selection-mass spectrometry for the discovery of pharmacologically active compounds from combinatorial libraries and natural products. J Mass Spectrom 2021; 56:e4647. [PMID: 32955158 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Invented to address the high-throughput screening (HTS) demands of combinatorial chemistry, affinity selection-mass spectrometry (AS-MS) utilizes binding interactions between ligands and receptors to isolate pharmacologically active compounds from mixtures of small molecules and then relies on the selectivity, sensitivity, and speed of mass spectrometry to identify them. No radiolabels, fluorophores, or chromophores are required. Although many variations of AS-MS have been devised, three approaches have emerged as the most flexible, productive, and popular, and they differ primarily in how ligand-receptor complexes are separated from nonbinding compounds in the mixture. These are pulsed ultrafiltration (PUF) AS-MS, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) AS-MS, and magnetic microbead affinity selection screening (MagMASS). PUF and SEC AS-MS are solution-phase screening approaches, and MagMASS uses receptors immobilized on magnetic microbeads. Because pools of compounds are screened using AS-MS, each containing hundreds to thousands of potential ligands, hundreds of thousands of compounds can be screened per day. AS-MS is also compatible with complex mixtures of chemically diverse natural products in extracts of botanicals and fungi and microbial cultures, which often contain fluorophores and chromophores that can interfere with convention HTS. Unlike conventional HTS, AS-MS may be used to discover ligands binding to allosteric as well as orthosteric receptor sites, and AS-MS has been useful for discovering ligands to targets that are not easily incorporated into conventional HTS such as membrane-bound receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Muchiri
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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Chen L, Choi J, Leonard SW, Banuvar S, Barengolts E, Viana M, Chen SN, Pauli GF, Bolton JL, van Breemen RB. No Clinically Relevant Pharmacokinetic Interactions of a Red Clover Dietary Supplement with Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Women. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:13929-13939. [PMID: 33197178 PMCID: PMC8071351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), containing estrogenic isoflavones like genistein and daidzein and the proestrogenic isoflavones formononetin and biochanin A, are used by women as dietary supplements for the management of menopausal symptoms. Although marketed as a safer alternative to hormone therapy, red clover isoflavones have been reported to inhibit some cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in drug metabolism. To evaluate the potential for clinically relevant drug-red clover interactions, we tested a standardized red clover dietary supplement (120 mg isoflavones per day) for interactions with the pharmacokinetics of four FDA-approved drugs (caffeine, tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, and alprazolam) as probe substrates for the enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5, respectively. Fifteen peri- and postmenopausal women completed pharmacokinetic studies at baseline and 2 weeks after consuming red clover. The averaged pharmacokinetic profiles of probe substrates in serum showed no significant alterations and no changes in the areas under the curve (AUC) over 96 h. Subgroup analysis based on the demographic characteristics (BMI, menopausal status, race, and age) also showed no differences in AUC for each probe substrate. Analysis of red clover isoflavones in serum showed primarily conjugated metabolites that explain, at least in part, the red clover pharmacokinetic safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Chen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331
| | - Scott W. Leonard
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331
| | - Suzanne Banuvar
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Elena Barengolts
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Marlos Viana
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
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Nosal DG, Feinstein DL, Chen L, van Breemen RB. Separation and Quantification of Superwarfarin Rodenticide Diastereomers-Bromadiolone, Difenacoum, Flocoumafen, Brodifacoum, and Difethialone-in Human Plasma. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:770-778. [PMID: 33241367 PMCID: PMC7372953 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superwarfarins, second-generation long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides, are 4-hydroxycoumarin analogues of warfarin that contain a large hydrophobic side chain. These compounds contain two chiral centers and are synthesized for commercial use as two pairs of diastereomer. OBJECTIVE To support studies of superwarfarin pharmacokinetics and other efforts to improve clinical care for poisoning victims, a quantitative assay was developed for the measurement of diastereomer of bromadiolone, difenacoum, flocoumafen, brodifacoum, and difethialone in human plasma. METHOD Based on ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), this method was validated according to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines. Sample preparation involved simple protein precipitation followed by reversed phase UHPLC, which resolved all five pairs of cis/trans diastereomer in less than 10 min. Superwarfarins were measured using negative ion electrospray followed by selected-reaction monitoring on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. RESULTS Calibration curves covered 3-4 orders of magnitude with linear regression coefficients of >0.999. The lower limits of quantitation were from 0.013 to 2.41 ng/mL, and intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision coefficients of variation were <12%. CONCLUSIONS A 10-min UHPLC-MS/MS assay was developed and validated for the separation and quantitative analysis of the pairs of diastereomer of five superwarfarins in human plasma. HIGHLIGHTS This method was used to identify and measure superwarfarins and their cis/trans diastereomers in plasma obtained from patients treated for coagulopathy following consumption of contaminated synthetic cannabinoid products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Nosal
- Oregon State University, Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Anesthesiology, 835 South Wolcott Ave, MC513, E720, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Luying Chen
- Oregon State University, Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Oregon State University, Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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van Breemen RB, Chen L, Tonsing-Carter A, Banuvar S, Barengolts E, Viana M, Chen SN, Pauli GF, Bolton JL. Pharmacokinetic Interactions of a Hop Dietary Supplement with Drug Metabolism in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:5212-5220. [PMID: 32285669 PMCID: PMC8071352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements produced from hops (Humulus lupulus) containing the chemopreventive compound xanthohumol and phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin are used by women to manage menopausal symptoms. Because of the long half-lives of prenylated hop phenols and reports that they inhibit certain cytochrome P450 enzymes, a botanically authenticated and chemically standardized hop extract was tested for Phase I pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Sixteen peri- and postmenopausal women consumed the hop extract twice daily for 2 weeks, and the pharmacokinetics of tolbutamide, caffeine, dextromethorphan, and alprazolam were evaluated before and after supplementation as probe substrates for the enzymes CYP2C9, CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5, respectively. The observed area under the time-concentration curves were unaffected, except for alprazolam which decreased 7.6% (564.6 ± 46.1 h·μg/L pre-hop and 521.9 ± 36.1 h·μg/L post-hop; p-value 0.047), suggesting minor induction of CYP3A4/5. No enzyme inhibition was detected. According to FDA guidelines, this hop dietary supplement caused no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions with respect to CYP2C9, CYP1A2, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4/5. The serum obtained after consumption of the hop extract was analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to confirm compliance. Abundant Phase II conjugates of the hop prenylated phenols were observed including monoglucuronides and monosulfates as well as previously unreported diglucuronides and sulfate-glucuronic acid diconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
- To whom correspondence should be addressed Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 305 Linus Pauling Science Center, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, Tel: 541-737-5078, Fax: 541-737-5077,
| | - Luying Chen
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Alyssa Tonsing-Carter
- Clinical and Healthcare Research Policy Division, National Institutes of Health, 6705 Rockledge Dr., Suite 750, Bethesda, MD 20817
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Suzanne Banuvar
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Elena Barengolts
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Marlos Viana
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
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Yu Y, Pauli GF, Huang L, Gan LS, van Breemen RB, Li D, McAlpine JB, Lankin DC, Chen SN. Classification of Flavonoid Metabolomes via Data Mining and Quantification of Hydroxyl NMR Signals. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4954-4962. [PMID: 32108467 PMCID: PMC7442116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing the distinct HMBC cross-peak patterns of lower-field range (LFR; 11.80-14.20 ppm) hydroxyl singlets, presented NMR methodology characterizes flavonoid metabolomes both qualitatively and quantitatively. It enables simultaneous classification of the structural types of 5-OH flavonoids and biogenetically related 2'-OH chalcones, as well as quantification of individual metabolites from 1H NMR spectra, even in complex mixtures. Initially, metabolite-specific LFR 1D 1H and 2D HMBC patterns were established via literature mining and experimental data interpretation, demonstrating that LFR HMBC patterns encode the different structural types of 5-OH flavonoids/2'-OH chalcones. Taking advantage of the simplistic multiplicity of the H,H-uncoupled LFR 5-/2'-OH singlets, individual metabolites could subsequently be quantified by peak fitting quantitative 1H NMR (PF-qHNMR). Metabolomic analysis of enriched fractions from three medicinal licorice (Glycyrrhiza) species established proof-of-concept for distinguishing three major structural types and eight subtypes in biomedical applications. The method identified 15 G. uralensis (GU) phenols from the six possible subtypes of 5,7-diOH (iso)flav(an)ones with 6-, 8-, and nonprenyl substitution, including the new 6-prenyl-licoisoflavanone (1) and two previously unknown compounds (4 and 7). Relative (100%) qNMR established quantitative metabolome patterns suitable for species discrimination and plant metabolite studies. Absolute qNMR with combined external and internal (solvent) calibration (ECIC) identified and quantified 158 GU metabolites. HMBC-supported qHNMR analysis of flavonoid metabolomes ("flavonomics") empowers the exploration of structure-abundance-activity relationships of designated bioactivity. Its ability to identify and quantify numerous metabolites simultaneously and without identical reference materials opens new avenues for natural product discovery and botanical quality control and can be adopted to other flavonoid- and chalcone-containing taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li-She Gan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | - Dianpeng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China
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25
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Chen L, van Breemen RB. Validation of a sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method for cytochrome P450 probe substrates caffeine, tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, and alprazolam in human serum reveals drug contamination of serum used for research. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 179:112983. [PMID: 31744669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the potential for interactions between botanical dietary supplements and drug metabolism, Phase I clinical pharmacokinetics studies are conducted using an oral cocktail of probe substrates of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. A sensitive, specific, and fast ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for determination of caffeine (probe of CYP1A2), tolbutamide (probe of CYP2C9), dextromethorphan (probe of CYP2D6), and alprazolam (probe of CYP3A4/5) in human serum. Stable isotope-labelled analogs were used as internal standards, and sample preparation involved only rapid protein precipitation and centrifugation. The method of standard addition was used for the measurement of caffeine, because commercially available pooled human serum contains caffeine. Out of 18 lots of pooled human serum tested, caffeine was detection in all lots, alprazolam was detected in 13 lots, 8 lots contained dextromethorphan, and no tolbutamide was detected. Only serum prepared from the blood of select individuals was determined to be drug-free. The analytical method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy and precision, recovery, stability, and matrix effects. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 25-12,000 ng/mL for caffeine, 75-36,000 ng/mL for tolbutamide, 0.05-30 ng/mL for dextromethorphan, and 0.1-60 ng/mL for alprazolam. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (%CV) and %Bias were <13 % (<17 % at the lower limit of quantitation). The recovery of each probe substrate ranged from 84.2%-98.5 %. All analytes were stable during sample storage and handling. Matrix effects were minimized by using stable isotope-labeled internal standards. The method was successfully applied to clinical studies investigating the pharmacokinetic alterations of probe substrates caused by chronic consumption of botanical dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Chen
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331 USA; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331 USA; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612 USA.
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26
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Rue EA, Glinski JA, Glinski VB, van Breemen RB. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry for the separation and analysis of procyanidins. J Mass Spectrom 2020; 55:e4377. [PMID: 31144405 PMCID: PMC7531352 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Procyanidins are polymeric flavan-3-ones occurring in many plants with antioxidant and other beneficial bioactivities. They are composed of catechin and epicatechin monomeric units connected by single carbon-carbon B-type linkages or A-type linkages containing both carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen-carbon bonds. Their polymeric structure makes analysis of procyanidin mixtures always difficult. Evaluation of procyanidins according to degree of polymerization (DP) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is time-consuming and at best has resolved polymeric families up to DP-17. To expedite studies of procyanidins, the utility of positive ion electrospray ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) was investigated for the rapid separation and characterization of procyanidins in mixtures. Applying IM-MS to analyse structurally defined standards containing up to five subunits, procyanidins could be resolved in less than 6 ms not only by degree of polymerization but also by linkage type. A-type procyanidins could be resolved from B-type and both could be at least partially resolved from mixed-type procyanidins of the same DP. IM-MS separated higher order procyanidins with DP of at least 24 from extracts of cranberry. As DP increased, the abundances of multiply-charged procyanidins also increased. During IM-MS of ions of similar m/z, the ion drift times decreased inversely with increasing charge state. Therefore, IM-MS was shown to separate mixtures of procyanidins containing at least 24 interconnected subunits in less than 16 ms, not only according to DP, but also according to linkage type between subunits and charge state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Rue
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | | | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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van Breemen RB, Hathout Y, Fabris D. Catherine Fenselau: A distinguished career dedicated to biomedical mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2020; 55:e4500. [PMID: 32073193 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Yetrib Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York
| | - Daniele Fabris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
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van Breemen RB. Role of Mass Spectrometry in Establishing Safety and Efficacy of Botanical Dietary Supplements. Clin Mass Spectrom 2020; 15:25-28. [PMID: 32258409 PMCID: PMC7135424 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As in drug discovery and development, mass spectrometry has become essential at all stages for establishing the safety and efficacy of botanical dietary supplements. Applications of mass spectrometry to the development of botanical dietary supplements include preclinical studies of the mechanisms of action (e.g., proteomic target identification and validation); identification of active natural products using high resolution tandem mass spectrometry; chemical standardization using UHPLC-MS/MS; and studies of metabolism, absorption and toxicity of active compounds using high resolution and UHPLC-MS/MS. Clinical applications of mass spectrometry include evaluation of the potential for drug-botanical interactions; investigation of the pharmacokinetics of active compounds; and quantitative analysis of biomarkers of efficacy during Phase I and II and clinical trials of safety and efficacy of botanical dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 307 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
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29
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Feinstein DL, Nosal DG, Ramanathan S, Zhou J, Chen L, Hershow RC, van Breemen RB, Wright E, Hafner JW, Rubinstein I. Effects of vitamin K1 treatment on plasma concentrations of long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide enantiomers following inhalation of contaminated synthetic cannabinoids. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 58:716-724. [PMID: 31736367 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1687903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: An outbreak of synthetic cannabinoid (SC)-associated coagulopathy and bleeding in Illinois, USA was determined to be due to inhalation of SC contaminated with brodifacoum (BDF), difenacoum (DiF), and bromadiolone (BDL), highly potent long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides (LAARs). Treatment with high-dose vitamin K1 (VK1) prevented mortality; however, plasma LAAR levels were not measured risking recurrence of coagulopathy and bleeding due to premature discontinuation. The goal of this study was to determine if plasma LAAR levels were reduced following standard of care treatment to normalize coagulopathy.Methods: Blood samples were collected from a cohort of 32 patients, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis used to quantify plasma LAAR levels including enantiomers.Results: BDF was detected in 31 samples; 30 also contained DiF and 18 contained BDL. Initial plasma levels were 581 ± 87, 11.0 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 5.9 ng/mL for BDF, DiF, and BDL, respectively (mean ± SE). At discharge plasma, BDF levels remained elevated at 453 ± 68 ng/mL. Plasma half-lives for BDF, DiF, and BDL were 7.5 ± 1.3, 7.2 ± 1.9, and 1.8 ± 0.3 days, respectively. The half-life for trans-BDF enantiomers (5.7 ± 0.8 days) was shorter than for cis-enantiomers (7.6 ± 1.9 days). BDF half-lives were shorter, and coagulopathy normalized faster in patients receiving intravenous VK1 as compared to oral VK1. Patients prescribed VK1 at discharge had fewer re-admittances.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that plasma LAAR levels at discharge were elevated in poisoned patients despite normal coagulation, and that the route of VK1 administration affected LAAR pharmacokinetics and INR normalization. We propose plasma LAAR levels and coagulation be monitored concomitantly during follow-up of patients with LAAR poisoning. KEY POINTSIn patients treated with high-dose vitamin K1 for LAAR poisoning, plasma levels remained 40-fold above safe levels upon discharge from hospital.LAAR half-lives, normalization of coagulopathy, and readmittances were reduced by treatment with intravenous vitamin K1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Feinstein
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel G Nosal
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Swetha Ramanathan
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jifang Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luying Chen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ronald C Hershow
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Erik Wright
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - John W Hafner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Israel Rubinstein
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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Fang JB, Nikolić D, Lankin DC, Simmler C, Chen SN, Ramos Alvarenga RF, Liu Y, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB. Formation of (2 R)- and (2 S)-8-Prenylnaringenin Glucuronides by Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:11650-11656. [PMID: 31554401 PMCID: PMC6942495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Occurring in hops (Humulus lupulus) and beer as a racemic mixture, (2R,2S)-8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) is a potent phytoestrogen in hop dietary supplements used by women as alternatives to conventional hormone therapy. With a half-life exceeding 20 h, 8-PN is excreted primarily as 8-PN-7-O-glucuronide or 8-PN-4'-O-glucuronide. Human liver microsomes and 11 recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) were used to catalyze the formation of the two oxygen-linked glucuronides of purified (2R)-8-PN and (2S)-8-PN, which were subsequently identified using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Formation of (2R)- and (2S)-8-PN-7-O-glucuronides predominated over the 8-PN-4'-O-glucuronides except for intestinal UGT1A10, which formed more (2S)-8-PN-4'-O-glucuronide. (2R)-8-PN was a better substrate for all 11 UGTs except for UGT1A1, which formed more of both (2S)-8-PN glucuronides than (2R)-8-PN glucuronides. Although several UGTs conjugated both enantiomers of 8-PN, some conjugated just one enantiomer, suggesting that human phenotypic variation might affect the routes of metabolism of this chiral estrogenic constituent of hops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bo Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - David C Lankin
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rene F. Ramos Alvarenga
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 305 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Rasin
- Toxikon Consortium, Chicago, Illinois (A.R., J.M.D.)
| | | | - Daniel G Nosal
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (D.G.N., R.B.V.)
| | - Timothy J Meehan
- Toxikon Consortium and UI Health, Chicago, Illinois (T.J.M., T.M.T.)
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (D.G.N., R.B.V.)
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Bolton JL, Dunlap TL, Hajirahimkhan A, Mbachu O, Chen SN, Chadwick L, Nikolic D, van Breemen RB, Pauli GF, Dietz BM. Correction to The Multiple Biological Targets of Hops and Bioactive Compounds. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1732. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bolton JL, Dunlap TL, Hajirahimkhan A, Mbachu O, Chen SN, Chadwick L, Nikolic D, van Breemen RB, Pauli GF, Dietz BM. The Multiple Biological Targets of Hops and Bioactive Compounds. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:222-233. [PMID: 30608650 PMCID: PMC6643004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements for women's health are increasingly popular. Older women tend to take botanical supplements such as hops as natural alternatives to traditional hormone therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms. Especially extracts from spent hops, the plant material remaining after beer brewing, are enriched in bioactive prenylated flavonoids that correlate with the health benefits of the plant. The chalcone xanthohumol (XH) is the major prenylated flavonoid in spent hops. Other less abundant but important bioactive prenylated flavonoids are isoxanthohumol (IX), 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), and 6-prenylnaringenin (6-PN). Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that these flavonoids are conjugated rapidly with glucuronic acid. XH also undergoes phase I metabolism in vivo to form IX, 8-PN, and 6-PN. Several hop constituents are responsible for distinct effects linked to multiple biological targets, including hormonal, metabolic, inflammatory, and epigenetic pathways. 8-PN is one of the most potent phytoestrogens and is responsible for hops' estrogenic activities. Hops also inhibit aromatase activity, which is linked to 8-PN. The weak electrophile, XH, can activate the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and turn on the synthesis of detoxification enzymes such as NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 and glutathione S-transferase. XH also alkylates IKK and NF-κB, resulting in anti-inflammatory activity. Antiobesity activities have been described for XH and XH-rich hop extracts likely through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Hop extracts modulate the estrogen chemical carcinogenesis pathway by enhancing P450 1A1 detoxification. The mechanism appears to involve activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by the AhR agonist, 6-PN, leading to degradation of the estrogen receptor. Finally, prenylated phenols from hops are known inhibitors of P450 1A1/2; P450 1B1; and P450 2C8, 2C9, and 2C19. Understanding the biological targets of hop dietary supplements and their phytoconstituents will ultimately lead to standardized botanical products with higher efficacy, safety, and chemopreventive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L. Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Tareisha L. Dunlap
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Atieh Hajirahimkhan
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Obinna Mbachu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Luke Chadwick
- Bell’s Brewery, 8938 Krum Avenue, Galesburg, Michigan 49053, United States
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 305 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Birgit M. Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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Muchiri RN, Kowal KE, Hensley K, Feinstein DL, van Breemen RB. Analysis of lanthionine ketimine ethyl ester in mouse serum, whole blood and tissues using ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2018; 32:1941-1948. [PMID: 30117207 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Preclinical studies in the search for treatments for several neurodegenerative diseases have identified lanthionine ketimine (LK) and its monoethyl ester derivative (LKE) as potential candidates. An ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) assay was developed to evaluate bioavailability by measuring these compounds in mouse serum, whole blood and brain tissue. METHODS Following administration of LKE to mice for 3 days in chow at 300 ppm, the animals were sacrificed, and LKE was extracted from serum, whole blood and brain tissues through protein precipitation using cold methanol. To enhance chromatographic separation and electrospray ionization, LK was methylated using diazomethane. Separations were carried out using C18 reversed-phase UHPLC, and quantitative measurements were obtained using on-line triple-quadruple mass spectrometry with positive ion electrospray ionization, collision-induced dissociation and selected reaction monitoring. Tolbutamide was used as internal standard. RESULTS LKE showed good recovery ranging from 77-90% in serum and 82-88% in brain tissue. An eight-point standard curve ranging from 0.005 to 4.6 μM was linear (R2 0.998). The average LKE detected in mouse serum was 277.42 nM, while the concentration in whole blood was 38 nM. Neither LK nor LKE was detected in brain tissues. CONCLUSIONS A rapid quantitative method to measure LKE in mouse serum, whole blood and brain tissues using UHPLC/MS/MS was developed and validated following FDA guidelines. This method is suitable for bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Muchiri
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Katarzyna E Kowal
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth Hensley
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Smith, AR, USA
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
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Gaba RC, Kowalski PJ, van Breemen RB. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging Portrays Locoregional Drug Delivery. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018; 29:1109. [PMID: 30055780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ron C Gaba
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 1740 West Taylor Street, MC 931, Chicago, Illinois 60612.
| | | | - Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 1740 West Taylor Street, MC 931, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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Rush MD, Rue EA, Wong A, Kowalski P, Glinski JA, van Breemen RB. Rapid Determination of Procyanidins Using MALDI-ToF/ToF Mass Spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:11355-11361. [PMID: 30286291 PMCID: PMC6296472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although procyanidins constitute a unique class of polymeric plant secondary metabolites with a variety of biological properties including potent antioxidant activity, structure determination has been challenging, and structures of many complex procyanidins remain uncertain. To expedite the characterization of procyanidins, negative ion matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization high-energy collision-induced dissociation tandem time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF/ToF) mass spectra of 20 isolated procyanidins containing catechin and epicatechin subunits with degrees of polymerization up to five were obtained and evaluated. Structurally significant fragmentation pathways of singly charged, deprotonated molecules were identified representing quinone methide, heterocyclic ring fission, and retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation. The interpretation of the tandem mass spectra for sequencing A-type, B-type, mixed-type, linear, and branched procyanidins is explained using specific examples of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Rush
- University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Emily A. Rue
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2900 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Alan Wong
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2900 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Planta Analytica, 461 Danbury Rd #10, New Milford, CT 06776, USA
| | - Paul Kowalski
- Bruker Daltonics, 15 Fortune Dr., Billerica, MA 01821 USA (current address, 34 Maple St., Milford, MA 01757, USA)
| | - Jan A. Glinski
- Planta Analytica, 461 Danbury Rd #10, New Milford, CT 06776, USA
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2900 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Wang S, Dunlap TL, Huang L, Liu Y, Simmler C, Lantvit DD, Crosby J, Howell CE, Dong H, Chen SN, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB, Dietz BM, Bolton JL. Evidence for Chemopreventive and Resilience Activity of Licorice: Glycyrrhiza Glabra and G. Inflata Extracts Modulate Estrogen Metabolism in ACI Rats. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 11:819-830. [PMID: 30287522 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Women are increasingly using botanical dietary supplements (BDS) to reduce menopausal hot flashes. Although licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.) is one of the frequently used ingredients in BDS, the exact plant species is often not identified. We previously showed that in breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A), Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) and G. inflata (GI), and their compounds differentially modulated P450 1A1 and P450 1B1 gene expression, which are responsible for estrogen detoxification and genotoxicity, respectively. GG and isoliquiritigenin (LigC) increased CYP1A1, whereas GI and its marker compound, licochalcone A (LicA), decreased CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of the bioactive licorice compounds, the metabolism of LicA, and whether GG, GI, and/or pure LicA modulate NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) in an ACI rat model. In addition, the effect of licorice extracts and compounds on biomarkers of estrogen chemoprevention (CYP1A1) as well as carcinogenesis (CYP1B1) was studied. LicA was extensively glucuronidated and formed GSH adducts; however, free LicA as well as LigC were bioavailable in target tissues after oral intake of licorice extracts. GG, GI, and LicA caused induction of NQO1 activity in the liver. In mammary tissue, GI increased CYP1A1 and decreased CYP1B1, whereas GG only increased CYP1A1 LigC may have contributed to the upregulation of CYP1A1 after GG and GI administration. In contrast, LicA was responsible for GI-mediated downregulation of CYP1B1 These studies highlight the polypharmacologic nature of botanicals and the importance of standardization of licorice BDS to specific Glycyrrhiza species and to multiple constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tareisha L Dunlap
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lingyi Huang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yang Liu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel D Lantvit
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jenna Crosby
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Caitlin E Howell
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Hajirahimkhan A, Mbachu O, Simmler C, Ellis SG, Dong H, Nikolic D, Lankin DC, van Breemen RB, Chen SN, Pauli GF, Dietz BM, Bolton JL. Estrogen Receptor (ER) Subtype Selectivity Identifies 8-Prenylapigenin as an ERβ Agonist from Glycyrrhiza inflata and Highlights the Importance of Chemical and Biological Authentication. J Nat Prod 2018; 81:966-975. [PMID: 29641206 PMCID: PMC5928484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Postmenopausal women are increasingly using botanicals for menopausal symptom relief due to the increased breast cancer risk associated with traditional estrogen therapy. The deleterious effects of estrogens are associated with estrogen receptor (ER)α-dependent proliferation, while ERβ activation could enhance safety by opposing ERα effects. Three medicinal licorice species, Glycyrrhiza glabra ( G. glabra), G. uralensis, and G. inflata, were studied for their differential estrogenic efficacy. The data showed higher estrogenic potency for G. inflata in an alkaline phosphatase induction assay in Ishikawa cells (ERα) and an estrogen responsive element (ERE)-luciferase assay in MDA-MB-231/β41 breast cancer cells (ERβ). Bioassay-guided fractionation of G. inflata led to the isolation of 8-prenylapigenin (3). Surprisingly, a commercial batch of 3 was devoid of estrogenic activity. Quality control by MS and qNMR revealed an incorrect compound, 4'- O-methylbroussochalcone B (10), illustrating the importance of both structural and purity verification prior to any biological investigations. Authentic and pure 3 displayed 14-fold preferential ERβ agonist activity. Quantitative analyses revealed that 3 was 33 times more concentrated in G. inflata compared to the other medicinal licorice extracts. These data suggest that standardization of G. inflata to 3 might enhance the safety and efficacy of G. inflata supplements used for postmenopausal women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Hajirahimkhan
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Obinna Mbachu
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Sarah G. Ellis
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - David C. Lankin
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Birgit M. Dietz
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- E-mail (J. L. Bolton): . Tel: +1 (312) 996-5280. Fax: +1 (312) 996-7107
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Marshall MS, Issa Y, Jakubauskas B, Stoskute M, Elackattu V, Marshall JN, Bogue W, Nguyen D, Hauck Z, Rue E, Karumuthil-Melethil S, Zaric V, Bosland M, van Breemen RB, Givogri MI, Gray SJ, Crocker SJ, Bongarzone ER. Long-Term Improvement of Neurological Signs and Metabolic Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Krabbe's Disease after Global Gene Therapy. Mol Ther 2018; 26:874-889. [PMID: 29433937 PMCID: PMC5910889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a global adeno-associated virus (AAV)9-based gene therapy protocol to deliver therapeutic galactosylceramidase (GALC), a lysosomal enzyme that is deficient in Krabbe's disease. When globally administered via intrathecal, intracranial, and intravenous injections to newborn mice affected with GALC deficiency (twitcher mice), this approach largely surpassed prior published benchmarks of survival and metabolic correction, showing long-term protection of demyelination, neuroinflammation, and motor function. Bone marrow transplantation, performed in this protocol without immunosuppressive preconditioning, added minimal benefits to the AAV9 gene therapy. Contrasting with other proposed pre-clinical therapies, these results demonstrate that achieving nearly complete correction of GALC's metabolic deficiencies across the entire nervous system via gene therapy can have a significant improvement to behavioral deficits, pathophysiological changes, and survival. These results are an important consideration for determining the safest and most effective manner for adapting gene therapy to treat this leukodystrophy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yazan Issa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benas Jakubauskas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Monika Stoskute
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vince Elackattu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wil Bogue
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zane Hauck
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Rue
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Violeta Zaric
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maarten Bosland
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven J Gray
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1053 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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40
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Marshall MS, Jakubauskas B, Bogue W, Stoskute M, Hauck Z, Rue E, Nichols M, DiAntonio LL, van Breemen RB, Kordower JH, Saavedra-Matiz CA, Bongarzone ER. Analysis of age-related changes in psychosine metabolism in the human brain. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193438. [PMID: 29481565 PMCID: PMC5826537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein aggregation has been linked to Gaucher’s disease (GD) and Krabbe’s disease (KD), lysosomal conditions affecting glycosphingolipid metabolism. α-Synuclein pathology has been directly attributed to the dysregulation of glycosphingolipids in both conditions, specifically to increased galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) content in the context of KD. Furthermore, the gene (GALC) coding for the psychosine degrading enzyme galactosylceramidase (GALC), has recently been identified as a risk loci for Parkinson’s disease. However, it is unknown if changes in psychosine metabolism and GALC activity in the context of the aging human brain correlate with Parkinson’s disease. We investigated psychosine accumulation and GALC activity in the aging brain using fresh frozen post-mortem tissue from Parkinson’s (PD, n = 10), Alzheimer’s (AD, n = 10), and healthy control patients (n = 9), along with tissue from neuropsychiatric patients (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression, n = 15 each). An expanded mutational analysis of PD (n = 20), AD (n = 10), and healthy controls (n = 30) examined if PD was correlated with carriers for severe GALC mutations. Psychosine content within the cerebral cortex of PD patients was elevated above control patients. Within all patients, psychosine displayed a significant (p<0.05) and robust regional distribution in the brain with higher levels in the white matter and substantia nigra. A mutational analysis revealed an increase in the incidence of severe GALC mutations within the PD patient population compared to the cohorts of Alzheimer’s patients and healthy controls tested. In addition to α-synuclein pathology identified in the KD brain, control patients identified as GALC mutational carriers or possessing a GALC pathogenic variant had evidence of α-synuclein pathology, indicating a possible correlation between α-synuclein pathology and dysregulation of psychosine metabolism in the adult brain. Carrier status for GALC mutations and prolonged exposure to increased psychosine could contribute to α-synuclein pathology, supporting psychosine metabolism by galactosylceramidase as a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Benas Jakubauskas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Wil Bogue
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Monika Stoskute
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Zane Hauck
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Emily Rue
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew Nichols
- Division of Genetics, Newborn Screening Program, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Lisa L. DiAntonio
- Division of Genetics, Newborn Screening Program, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey H. Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Saavedra-Matiz
- Division of Genetics, Newborn Screening Program, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Ernesto R. Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Departamento de Química Biologica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Procyanidins are polyphenols abundant in dietary fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and grains with a variety of chemopreventive biological effects. Rapid structure determination of these compounds is needed, notably for the more complex polymeric procyanidins. We review the recent developments in the structure elucidation of procyanidins with a focus on mass spectrometric approaches, especially liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Rue
- University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Il, 60612, USA
| | - Michael D Rush
- University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Il, 60612, USA
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Morrison JD, Schlager CK, Lee AE, van Breemen RB, Gaba RC. Does doxorubicin survive thermal ablation? Results of an ex vivo bench top study. Diagn Interv Radiol 2018; 24:28-30. [PMID: 29317375 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2018.17382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to test the hypothesis that doxorubicin (DOX) survives thermal ablative heating in an ex vivo model of combined transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and thermal ablation. METHODS Fresh porcine psoas major muscle (3 samples, 15×10×3 cm) was submerged in aqueous DOX solution (60 µg/mL, 0.1 M) for 24 hours to passively saturate tissue. DOX-infused tissue was then dried and treated with microwave ablation (MWA) using a 2.45 GHz antenna at 65 W for 2, 5, and 10 minutes. Ablations were repeated in triplicate (9 total). Tissue was then sampled at both ablated and unablated control sites, and DOX concentration was quantified via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), with samples analyzed in triplicate. Tissue DOX levels in ablation and control groups were compared using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS Homogeneous DOX uptake into porcine tissue was evident in all three samples. Mean DOX concentration in unablated tissue was 8.0±2.2 µg/mL. MWA was technically successful in all 9 procedures (100%), with tissue heating to 95-100°C. Mean tissue DOX concentration showed progressive reduction with increasing ablation time, measuring 6.7±1.3, 4.9±0.9, and 4.8±1.3 µg/mL in MWA-treated tissue after 2, 5, and 10 minutes, respectively. Differences in tissue DOX levels between unablated tissue and MWA groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Contrary to the initial hypothesis, tissue DOX concentration progressively decreased after MWA of longer ablation times. These results suggest that TACE followed by ablation may result in lower intratumoral DOX than would otherwise be anticipated for TACE alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Morrison
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Collin K Schlager
- Division of Interventional Radiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amanda E Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ron C Gaba
- Division of Interventional Radiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Keiler AM, Macejova D, Dietz BM, Bolton JL, Pauli GF, Chen SN, van Breemen RB, Nikolic D, Goerl F, Muders MH, Zierau O, Vollmer G. Evaluation of estrogenic potency of a standardized hops extract on mammary gland biology and on MNU-induced mammary tumor growth in rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:234-241. [PMID: 28964928 PMCID: PMC5760272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Supplements with estrogenic activities are intensively investigated as potential alternatives for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. These investigations include studies on their safety regarding potential breast cancer risks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether or not a standardized hops (Humulus lupulus) extract, containing 0.42% of the estrogenic flavanone, 8-prenylnaringenin, would stimulate growth of methyl-nitrosourea (MNU) induced mammary cancer in ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats or would impact on the proliferative activity within the normal mammary gland of Wistar rats. To induce tumorigenesis SD-rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 50mg/kg body weight of MNU on postnatal days PND 50 and 52. 28days later animals were OVX or were SHAM operated (positive control) and randomly allocated and maintained for 140days on either a phytoestrogen-free placebo diet (SHAM and negative control) or on the hops fortified diet. For the investigations in the normal mammary gland young adult Wistar rats were bilaterally OVX and randomly allocated to a control group fed to a phytoestrogen-free diet, or to a diet supplemented either with E2-benzoate or the hops extract. As a major result, the tumor incidence was 15% (3 tumors totally) in OVX controls, whereas it was 85% (39 tumors totally) in SHAM operated positive controls. No tumors were detectable in the hops group. In addition, no estrogenic activity of the hops extract was detectable in uterus and liver of these animals. In investigations on the normal mammary gland, no impact of hops extract on the expression of estrogen dependent proliferation markers or of progesterone receptor became apparent. In conclusion, the lack of growth stimulation of MNU-induced breast cancer in OVX SD-rats and the lack of stimulation proliferative events in the normal mammary gland of OVX Wistar rats by standardized hops extracts provides an important piece of evidence regarding the safety of these extracts in the management of menopausal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annekathrin M Keiler
- Chair for Molecular Cell Physiology & Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Institute for Doping Analytics and Sports Biochemistry Dresden (IDAS), Dresdner Str. 12, 01731 Kreischa, Germany
| | - Dana Macejova
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Florian Goerl
- Institute for Pathology, 01454 Radeberg, Germany; Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael H Muders
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Chair for Molecular Cell Physiology & Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Günter Vollmer
- Chair for Molecular Cell Physiology & Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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Keiler AM, Helle J, Bader MI, Ehrhardt T, Nestler K, Kretzschmar G, Bernhardt R, Vollmer G, Nikolić D, Bolton JL, Pauli GF, Chen SN, Dietz BM, van Breemen RB, Zierau O. A standardized Humulus lupulus (L.) ethanol extract partially prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss in the rat without induction of adverse effects in the uterus. Phytomedicine 2017; 34:50-58. [PMID: 28899509 PMCID: PMC5736964 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hops (Humulus lupulus (L.)) dietary supplements are of interest as herbal remedies to alleviate menopausal symptoms, such as hot flushes, depression and anxiety. So far, the evidence regarding estrogenic and related properties of hops preparations has been considered insufficient for a market authorization for menopausal indications. PURPOSE The study aims to investigate a chemically standardized hops extract regarding its safety in the uterus, as wells as its efficacy to prevent bone loss in the ovariectomized rat model. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Female Wistar rats were ovariectomized and divided into a control group receiving phytoestrogen-free diet, a group treated with E2benzoate (0.93 mg/kg body weight/d) and a group treated with the standardized hops extract (60 mg/kg body weight/d) for 8 weeks. Micro-computed tomography of the tibiae and vertebrae, as wells as histological changes in the uterus and tibia were analyzed. RESULTS Neither uterotrophic nor proliferative effects were observed in the endometrium in response to the oral 8-week administration of the hops extract. However, site-dependent skeletal effects were observed. The hops extract significantly decreased the number of osteoclasts in the tibial metaphysis and prevented reduction of the trabecular thickness that resulted from estradiol depletion. In contrast, the hops extract did not prevent the ovariectomy-induced micro-architectural changes in the lumbar vertebra. Certain parameters (e.g. thickness and number of trabeculae) were even found to be below the values determined in the ovariectomized control group. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results provide evidence for the safety of the standardized hops extract and point to a weak bone type-specific, protective effect on bone loss following estradiol depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annekathrin M Keiler
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, 01731 Kreischa, Germany; Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Janina Helle
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela I Bader
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tino Ehrhardt
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristin Nestler
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Georg Kretzschmar
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ricardo Bernhardt
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Günter Vollmer
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Nikolić D, Macias C, Lankin DC, van Breemen RB. Collision-induced dissociation of phenethylamides: role of ion-neutral complexes. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2017; 31:1385-1395. [PMID: 28558170 PMCID: PMC5555735 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Phenethylamides are a large group of naturally occurring molecules found both in the plant and animal kingdoms. In addition, they are used as intermediates for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important dihydro- and tetrahydroisoquinolines. To enable efficient characterization of this class of molecules, a detailed mass spectrometric fragmentation study of a broad series of analogs was carried out. METHODS The test compounds were synthesized using standard methods for amide bond formation. Low-energy high-resolution tandem mass spectra were acquired on a hybrid quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometer using positive ion electrospray ionization. RESULTS A total of 26 analogs were investigated in the study. Fragmentation of phenethylamides was found to proceed via intermediate ion-neutral complexes. The complexes can break down via multiple pathways including dissociation, proton transfer, Friedel-Crafts acylation, and single electron transfer. The relative contribution of each of these pathways strongly depends on the structure of the coupling amine and acid. CONCLUSIONS A general scheme for the fragmentation of phenethylamides was developed. This study further extends the knowledge base of the ion-neutral complex by discovering Friedel-Crafts acylation as a novel reaction. The strong influence of minor structural modifications on the fragmentation patterns highlights the importance of testing many analogs in order to fully predict a fragmentation pattern of a particular class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Nikolić
- Corresponding Author: Dejan Nikolić, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612-7231, Telephone (312) 413-5867, FAX (312) 996-7107,
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Dietz B, Chen SN, Alvarenga RF, Dong H, Nikolić D, Biendl M, van Breemen RB, Bolton JL, Pauli GF. DESIGNER Extracts as Tools to Balance Estrogenic and Chemopreventive Activities of Botanicals for Women's Health. J Nat Prod 2017; 80:2284-2294. [PMID: 28812892 PMCID: PMC5765536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements contain multiple bioactive compounds that target numerous biological pathways. The lack of uniform standardization requirements is one reason that inconsistent clinical effects are reported frequently. The multifaceted biological interactions of active principles can be disentangled by a coupled pharmacological/phytochemical approach using specialized ("knock-out") extracts. This is demonstrated for hops, a botanical for menopausal symptom management. Employing targeted, adsorbent-free countercurrent separation, Humulus lupulus extracts were designed for pre- and postmenopausal women by containing various amounts of the phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) and the chemopreventive constituent xanthohumol (XH). Analysis of their estrogenic (alkaline phosphatase), chemopreventive (NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 [NQO1]), and cytotoxic bioactivities revealed that the estrogenicity of hops is a function of 8-PN, whereas their NQO1 induction and cytotoxic properties depend on XH levels. Antagonization of the estrogenicity of 8-PN by elevated XH concentrations provided evidence for the interdependence of the biological effects. A designed postmenopausal hop extract was prepared to balance 8-PN and XH levels for both estrogenic and chemopreventive properties. An extract designed for premenopausal women contains reduced 8-PN levels and high XH concentrations to minimize estrogenic while retaining chemopreventive properties. This study demonstrates the feasibility of modulating the concentrations of bioactive compounds in botanical extracts for potentially improved efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit
M. Dietz
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - René F.
Ramos Alvarenga
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Martin Biendl
- Hopsteiner,
Hallertauer Hopfenveredelung GmbH, Auhofstrasse 16, 84048 Mainburg, Germany
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
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Li G, Simmler C, Chen L, Nikolic D, Chen SN, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB. Cytochrome P450 inhibition by three licorice species and fourteen licorice constituents. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:182-190. [PMID: 28774812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential of licorice dietary supplements to interact with drug metabolism was evaluated by testing extracts of three botanically identified licorice species (Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fish. ex DC. and Glycyrrhiza inflata Batalin) and 14 isolated licorice compounds for inhibition of 9 cytochrome P450 enzymes using a UHPLC-MS/MS cocktail assay. G. glabra showed moderate inhibitory effects against CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, and weak inhibition against CYP3A4 (testosterone). In contrast, G. uralensis strongly inhibited CYP2B6 and moderately inhibited CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, and G. inflata strongly inhibited CYP2C enzymes and moderately inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 (midazolam). The licorice compounds isoliquiritigenin, licoricidin, licochalcone A, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, and glycycoumarin inhibited one or more members of the CYP2C family of enzymes. Glycycoumarin and licochalcone A inhibited CYP1A2, but only glycycoumarin inhibited CYP2B6. Isoliquiritigenin, glabridin and licoricidin competitively inhibited CYP3A4, while licochalcone A (specific to G. inflata roots) was a mechanism-based inhibitor. The three licorice species commonly used in botanical dietary supplements have varying potential for drug-botanical interactions as inhibitors of cytochrome P450 isoforms. Each species of licorice displays a unique profile of constituents with potential for drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Li
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Luying Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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Prins GS, Ye SH, Birch L, Zhang X, Cheong A, Lin H, Calderon-Gierszal E, Groen J, Hu WY, Ho SM, van Breemen RB. Prostate Cancer Risk and DNA Methylation Signatures in Aging Rats following Developmental BPA Exposure: A Dose-Response Analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2017; 125:077007. [PMID: 28728135 PMCID: PMC5744650 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have uncovered heightened prostatic susceptibility to hormone-induced neoplasia from early-life exposure to low-dose bisphenol A (BPA). However, significant data gaps remain that are essential to address for biological relevance and necessary risk assessment. OBJECTIVES A complete BPA dose-response analysis of prostate lesions across multiple prostatic lobes was conducted that included internal BPA dosimetry, progression to adenocarcinoma with aging and mechanistic connections to epigenetically reprogramed genes. METHODS Male neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were briefly exposed to 0.1 to 5,000 μg BPA/kg BW on postnatal days (PND) 1, 3, and 5. Individual prostate lobes plus periurethral prostatic ducts were evaluated at 7 mo or 1 y of age without or with adult testosterone plus estradiol (T+E) to promote carcinogenesis. DNA methylation of five genes was quantified by bisulfite genomic sequencing in d-200 dorsal prostates across BPA doses. Serum free-BPA and BPA-glucuronide were quantitated in sera of individual PND 3 pups collected 1 hr postexposure utilizing ultra-high-pressure tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS-MS). RESULTS The lowest BPA dose initiated maximal hormonal carcinogenesis in lateral prostates despite undetectable free BPA 1 hr postexposure. Further, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) progressed to carcinoma in rats given neonatal low-dose BPA with adult T+E but not in rats given adult T+E alone. The dorsal and ventral lobes and periurethral prostatic ducts exhibited a nonmonotonic dose response with peak PIN, proliferation and apoptotic values at 10–100 μg/kg BW. This was paralleled by nonmonotonic and dose-specific DNA hypomethylation of genes that confer carcinogenic risk, with greatest hypomethylation at the lowest BPA doses. CONCLUSIONS Developmental BPA exposures heighten prostate cancer susceptibility in a complex dose- and lobe-specific manner. Importantly, elevated carcinogenic risk is found at doses that yield undetectable serum free BPA. Dose-specific epigenetic modifications of selected genes provide a mechanistic framework that may connect early-life BPA to later-life predisposition to prostate carcinogenesis. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shu-Hua Ye
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lynn Birch
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ana Cheong
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Esther Calderon-Gierszal
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob Groen
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wen-Yang Hu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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49
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Zhou Q, Chen T, Zhang W, Bozkanat M, Li Y, Xiao L, van Breemen RB, Christman JW, Sznajder JI, Zhou G. Suppression of von Hippel-Lindau Protein in Fibroblasts Protects against Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:728-39. [PMID: 26488390 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0111oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported that von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL) expression is elevated in human and mouse fibrotic lungs and that overexpression of pVHL stimulates fibroblast proliferation. We sought to determine whether loss of pVHL in fibroblasts prevents injury and fibrosis in mice that are treated with bleomycin. We generated heterozygous fibroblast-specific pVHL (Fsp-VHL) knockdown mice (Fsp-VHL(+/-)) and homozygous Fsp-VHL knockout mice (Fsp-VHL(-/-)) by crossbreeding vhlh 2-lox mice (VHL(fl/fl)) with Fsp-Cre recombinase mice. Our data show that Fsp-VHL(-/-) mice, but not Fsp-VHL(+/-) mice, have elevated red blood cell counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) targets, indicating HIF activation. To examine the role of pVHL in bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis in vivo, we administered PBS or bleomycin to age-, sex-, and strain-matched 8-week-old VHL(fl/fl), Fsp-VHL(+/-), and Fsp-VHL(-/-) mice. In Fsp-VHL(+/-) and Fsp-VHL(-/-) mice, bleomycin-induced collagen accumulation, fibroblast proliferation, differentiation, and matrix protein dysregulation were markedly attenuated. Suppression of pVHL also decreased bleomycin-induced Wnt signaling and prostaglandin E2 signaling but did not affect bleomycin-induced initial acute lung injury and lung inflammation. These results indicate that pVHL has a pivotal role in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, possibly via an HIF-independent pathway. Paradoxically, pVHL does not affect bleomycin-induced lung injury and inflammation, indicating a separation of the mechanisms involved in injury/inflammation from those involved in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Zhang
- 2 Department of Preventive Medicine and
| | | | - Yongchao Li
- 3 Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, and
| | - Lei Xiao
- 4 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, and
| | | | - John W Christman
- 5 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jacob I Sznajder
- 6 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Guofei Zhou
- Departments of 1 Pediatrics and.,7 Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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50
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Abstract
In an effort to explore the residual complexity of naturally occurring chalcones from the roots of Glycyrrhiza inflata (Fabaceae), two new licochalcone A (LicA) derivatives were isolated as trace metabolites from enriched fractions. Both constituents contain a dihydrofuran moiety linked to carbons C-4 and C-5 of the retrochalcone core. Compound 1 (LicAF1) represents a new chemical entity, whereas compound 2 (LicAF2) has previously been reported as a Lewis acid catalyzed rearrangement of LicA. Evaluation of chirality revealed that both dihydrofuran derivatives existed as a mixture of R and S enantiomers. Interestingly, when solutions were exposed to sunlight, both dihydrofuran retrochalcones, initially isolated as trans isomers, were found to rapidly isomerize yielding trans and cis isomers. Analysis of the 1D 1H NMR spectra of the photolysis products revealed the presence of two sets of proton resonances ascribed to each of the geometric isomers. An up-field shift of all proton resonances arising from the cis isomer was observed, suggesting that anisotropic shielding effects were introduced through an overall perturbation of the 3-dimensional structure upon photoisomerization. Similar up-field shifts were observed in the 13C spectrum of the cis isomer, except for the CO, C-α, and C-6 carbons, which experienced downfield shifts. Analogous NMR results were observed for LicA. Hence, the results presented herein encompass the isolation and full characterization of LicAF analogs 1 and 2, and observations of their trans-to-cis photoisomerization through the systematic analysis of their NMR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - David C Lankin
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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