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Matthews B, Duddleston D, Hage FG. Myocardial perfusion imaging in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. J Nucl Cardiol 2023; 30:2907-2910. [PMID: 37532961 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-023-03344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Matthews
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Daniel Duddleston
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Fadi G Hage
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Section of Cardiology, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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2
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Nichols KJ, Gecelter R, Van Tosh A. Balancing risks and rewards in assessing pediatric heart disease. J Nucl Cardiol 2021; 28:1409-1412. [PMID: 31432466 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-019-01860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Nichols
- Department of Radiology, Donald and Barbra Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Northwell Health, 270-05 76th Avenue, New Hyde Park, NY, 11040, USA.
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3
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Yamagishi M, Tamaki N, Akasaka T, Ikeda T, Ueshima K, Uemura S, Otsuji Y, Kihara Y, Kimura K, Kimura T, Kusama Y, Kumita S, Sakuma H, Jinzaki M, Daida H, Takeishi Y, Tada H, Chikamori T, Tsujita K, Teraoka K, Nakajima K, Nakata T, Nakatani S, Nogami A, Node K, Nohara A, Hirayama A, Funabashi N, Miura M, Mochizuki T, Yokoi H, Yoshioka K, Watanabe M, Asanuma T, Ishikawa Y, Ohara T, Kaikita K, Kasai T, Kato E, Kamiyama H, Kawashiri M, Kiso K, Kitagawa K, Kido T, Kinoshita T, Kiriyama T, Kume T, Kurata A, Kurisu S, Kosuge M, Kodani E, Sato A, Shiono Y, Shiomi H, Taki J, Takeuchi M, Tanaka A, Tanaka N, Tanaka R, Nakahashi T, Nakahara T, Nomura A, Hashimoto A, Hayashi K, Higashi M, Hiro T, Fukamachi D, Matsuo H, Matsumoto N, Miyauchi K, Miyagawa M, Yamada Y, Yoshinaga K, Wada H, Watanabe T, Ozaki Y, Kohsaka S, Shimizu W, Yasuda S, Yoshino H. JCS 2018 Guideline on Diagnosis of Chronic Coronary Heart Diseases. Circ J 2021; 85:402-572. [PMID: 33597320 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-19-1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagara Tamaki
- Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School
| | - Takashi Akasaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wakayama Medical University
| | - Takanori Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Toho University Graduate School
| | - Kenji Ueshima
- Center for Accessing Early Promising Treatment, Kyoto University Hospital
| | - Shiro Uemura
- Department of Cardiology, Kawasaki Medical School
| | - Yutaka Otsuji
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Yasuki Kihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Kazuo Kimura
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School
| | | | | | - Hajime Sakuma
- Department of Radiology, Mie University Graduate School
| | | | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School
| | | | - Hiroshi Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Fukui
| | | | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | | | - Kenichi Nakajima
- Department of Functional Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Kanazawa Universtiy
| | | | - Satoshi Nakatani
- Division of Functional Diagnostics, Department of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University
| | - Atsushi Nohara
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital
| | | | | | - Masaru Miura
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center
| | | | | | | | - Masafumi Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University
| | - Toshihiko Asanuma
- Division of Functional Diagnostics, Department of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School
| | - Yuichi Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital
| | - Takahiro Ohara
- Division of Community Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Koichi Kaikita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Tokuo Kasai
- Department of Cardiology, Uonuma Kinen Hospital
| | - Eri Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kyoto University Hospital
| | | | - Masaaki Kawashiri
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University
| | - Keisuke Kiso
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Kakuya Kitagawa
- Department of Advanced Diagnostic Imaging, Mie University Graduate School
| | - Teruhito Kido
- Department of Radiology, Ehime University Graduate School
| | | | | | | | - Akira Kurata
- Department of Radiology, Ehime University Graduate School
| | - Satoshi Kurisu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Masami Kosuge
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
| | - Eitaro Kodani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital
| | - Akira Sato
- Department of Cardiology, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yasutsugu Shiono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wakayama Medical University
| | - Hiroki Shiomi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School
| | - Junichi Taki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kanazawa University
| | - Masaaki Takeuchi
- Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital of the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | | | - Nobuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center
| | - Ryoichi Tanaka
- Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Iwate Medical University
| | | | | | - Akihiro Nomura
- Innovative Clinical Research Center, Kanazawa University Hospital
| | - Akiyoshi Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University
| | - Kenshi Hayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital
| | - Takafumi Hiro
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University
| | | | - Hitoshi Matsuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gifu Heart Center
| | - Naoya Matsumoto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University
| | | | | | | | - Keiichiro Yoshinaga
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences
| | - Hideki Wada
- Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital
| | - Tetsu Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University
| | - Yukio Ozaki
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Medical University
| | - Shun Kohsaka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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4
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Sayyouh M, Lee E, Bhave N, Kim K, Agarwal PP. Imaging and Management of Coronary Artery Anomalies. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11936-020-00836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Frommelt P, Lopez L, Dimas VV, Eidem B, Han BK, Ko HH, Lorber R, Nii M, Printz B, Srivastava S, Valente AM, Cohen MS. Recommendations for Multimodality Assessment of Congenital Coronary Anomalies: A Guide from the American Society of Echocardiography: Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2020; 33:259-294. [PMID: 32143778 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Frommelt
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Leo Lopez
- Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | | | | | - B Kelly Han
- Children's Minnesota and the Minneapolis Heart Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - H Helen Ko
- Kravis Children's Hospital, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Richard Lorber
- Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Masaki Nii
- Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Beth Printz
- University of California San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| | | | - Anne Marie Valente
- Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meryl S Cohen
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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6
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Tsuda T, Baffa JM, Octavio J, Robinson BW, Radtke W, Mody T, Bhat AM. Identifying Subclinical Coronary Abnormalities and Silent Myocardial Ischemia After Arterial Switch Operation. Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 40:901-908. [PMID: 30852629 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-019-02085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of late coronary complications is reported around 8% after arterial switch operation (ASO) for d-transposition of the great arteries, but the affected patients are usually asymptomatic. Exercise stress test (EST) and myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) are common non-invasive modalities to screen for silent myocardial ischemia, but their diagnostic reliability in children after ASO is unclear. We retrospectively reviewed asymptomatic patients following ASO with EST, MPI, and coronary imaging studies (CIS) and examined the reliability of each test in identifying abnormal coronary lesions responsible for myocardial ischemia. Thirty-seven asymptomatic patients (24 males; ages 12.7 ± 3.7 years) had EST, in which 27 and 33 patients also underwent MPI and CIS, respectively. Exercise capacity was comparable to the age- and sex-matched 37 controls. In seven patients with angiographically proven moderate to severe coronary abnormalities, only two patients had positive EST and/or MPI, and five patients were negative including one patient who later developed exercise-induced cardiac arrest due to severe proximal left coronary artery stenosis. Two patients with positive EST or MPI showed no corresponding coronary abnormalities by CIS. Occurrence of acquired late coronary abnormalities did not correlate with the original coronary anatomy or initial surgical procedures. There is no single reliable method to identify the risk of myocardial ischemia after ASO. Although CIS are regarded as a gold standard, multidisciplinary studies are essential to risk-stratify the potential life-threatening coronary lesions after ASO in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsuda
- Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA.
| | - Jeanne M Baffa
- Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Jenna Octavio
- Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Bradley W Robinson
- Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Wolfgang Radtke
- Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Tejal Mody
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - A Majeed Bhat
- Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
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7
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Lipshultz SE, Law YM, Asante-Korang A, Austin ED, Dipchand AI, Everitt MD, Hsu DT, Lin KY, Price JF, Wilkinson JD, Colan SD. Cardiomyopathy in Children: Classification and Diagnosis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 140:e9-e68. [PMID: 31132865 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this scientific statement from the American Heart Association, experts in the field of cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease) in children address 2 issues: the most current understanding of the causes of cardiomyopathy in children and the optimal approaches to diagnosis cardiomyopathy in children. Cardiomyopathies result in some of the worst pediatric cardiology outcomes; nearly 40% of children who present with symptomatic cardiomyopathy undergo a heart transplantation or die within the first 2 years after diagnosis. The percentage of children with cardiomyopathy who underwent a heart transplantation has not declined over the past 10 years, and cardiomyopathy remains the leading cause of transplantation for children >1 year of age. Studies from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry have shown that causes are established in very few children with cardiomyopathy, yet genetic causes are likely to be present in most. The incidence of pediatric cardiomyopathy is ≈1 per 100 000 children. This is comparable to the incidence of such childhood cancers as lymphoma, Wilms tumor, and neuroblastoma. However, the published research and scientific conferences focused on pediatric cardiomyopathy are sparcer than for those cancers. The aim of the statement is to focus on the diagnosis and classification of cardiomyopathy. We anticipate that this report will help shape the future research priorities in this set of diseases to achieve earlier diagnosis, improved clinical outcomes, and better quality of life for these children and their families.
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8
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Pandya NR, Venugopal P, Wildschut J, Alphonso N. Three's a Crowd-A Unique Combination of Coronary Artery Atresia, Fistula, and Stenosis: Multiple Congenital Coronary Artery Anomalies. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2018; 11:NP136-NP139. [PMID: 29614909 DOI: 10.1177/2150135118757990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of congenital coronary artery anomalies in the general population is low. The combination of various significant coronary artery anomalies in a single patient is not very common. We describe a case of a 20-month-old child with a unique combination of congenital coronary anomalies (atresia, stenosis, fistula) which were accurately delineated by multimodal imaging and successfully managed surgically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischal R Pandya
- Cardiac Surgery, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Prem Venugopal
- Cardiac Surgery, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Wildschut
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Paediatric Cardiology, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nelson Alphonso
- Cardiac Surgery, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Low-dose computed tomography scans with automatic exposure control for patients of different ages undergoing cardiac PET/CT and SPECT/CT. Nucl Med Commun 2017; 38:546-555. [PMID: 28430740 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of automatic exposure control (AEC) in order to optimize low-dose computed tomography (CT) protocols for patients of different ages undergoing cardiac PET/CT and single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT). METHODS One PET/CT and one SPECT/CT were used to acquire CT images for four anthropomorphic phantoms representative of 1-year-old, 5-year-old and 10-year-old children and an adult. For the hybrid systems investigated in this study, the radiation dose and image quality of cardiac CT scans performed with AEC activated depend mainly on the selection of a predefined image quality index. Multiple linear regression methods were used to analyse image data from anthropomorphic phantom studies to investigate the effects of body size and predefined image quality index on CT radiation dose in cardiac PET/CT and SPECT/CT scans. RESULTS The regression relationships have a coefficient of determination larger than 0.9, indicating a good fit to the data. According to the regression models, low-dose protocols using the AEC technique were optimized for patients of different ages. In comparison with the standard protocol with AEC activated for adult cardiac examinations used in our clinical routine practice, the optimized paediatric protocols in PET/CT allow 32.2, 63.7 and 79.2% CT dose reductions for anthropomorphic phantoms simulating 10-year-old, 5-year-old and 1-year-old children, respectively. The corresponding results for cardiac SPECT/CT are 8.4, 51.5 and 72.7%. CONCLUSION AEC is a practical way to reduce CT radiation dose in cardiac PET/CT and SPECT/CT, but the AEC settings should be determined properly for optimal effect. Our results show that AEC does not eliminate the need for paediatric protocols and CT examinations using the AEC technique should be optimized for paediatric patients to reduce the radiation dose as low as reasonably achievable.
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11
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Clinical significance of right ventricular activity on treadmill thallium-201 myocardial single-photon emission computerized tomography using cadmium-zinc-telluride cameras. Nucl Med Commun 2017; 37:650-7. [PMID: 27110956 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identification of right ventricular (RV) abnormalities is important in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). RV activity can be better visualized on myocardial single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) using a higher sensitivity cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) detector. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of RV/left ventricular (LV) uptake ratios during exercise thallium-201 SPECT using CZT detectors. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 102 patients underwent treadmill ECG-gated SPECT, coronary angiography, and echocardiography. SPECT myocardial perfusion was interpreted using a 17-segment model and a 0-4-point scale. RV/LV uptake ratios were calculated on the basis of maximum counts per pixel within the entire RV and LV walls. The relationships between RV/LV uptake ratio and gated SPECT, presence of CAD (≥50% stenosis in the left main or ≥70% in the main branches), demographics, and echocardiographic parameters were analyzed. RESULTS Stress RV/LV ratios correlated positively with the presence of left main or multivessel disease, and tricuspid regurgitation maximum pressure gradient. After multivariate regression, stress/rest RV/LV ratios correlated positively with mitral flow deceleration time, age, female sex, and use of β-blockers. CONCLUSION RV/LV uptake ratios on the basis of exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging using CZT cameras are useful for the detection of severe CAD and could serve as an indicator of pulmonary hypertension and LV diastolic dysfunction.
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Partington SL, Valente AM, Landzberg M, Grant F, Di Carli MF, Dorbala S. Clinical applications of radionuclide imaging in the evaluation and management of patients with congenital heart disease. J Nucl Cardiol 2016; 23:45-63. [PMID: 26129940 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-015-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive testing of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) began in the 1950s with the introduction of radionuclide studies to assess shunt fractions, pulmonary blood flow, and ventricular contractile function. Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging have since replaced radionuclide imaging in many of these roles. Concurrently, percutaneous and surgical repairs of complex CHD evolved, creating new roles for radionuclide imaging. In this paper on applications of radionuclide imaging in CHD, we review the multiple mechanisms for myocardial ischemia in CHD. We critically compare optimal radionuclide imaging techniques to other imaging modalities for assessing ischemia in CHD. We present the current role of nuclear imaging for assessing viability and pulmonary blood flow. We highlight the value added by advances in dedicated cardiac SPECT scanners, novel reconstruction software, and cardiac PET in performing low-dose radionuclide imaging in CHD. Finally, we discuss the emerging clinical indications for radionuclide imaging in CHD including coronary flow reserve assessment and evaluation of cardiovascular prosthesis and device infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Partington
- The Philadelphia Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program. A Joint Program of Penn Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Anne Marie Valente
- Boston Adult Congenital Heart Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension program, A Joint Program of Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Landzberg
- Boston Adult Congenital Heart Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension program, A Joint Program of Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frederick Grant
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo F Di Carli
- Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Radiology and Medicine (Cardiology), Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 70 Francis Street, Shapiro 5th Floor, Room 128, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sharmila Dorbala
- Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Radiology and Medicine (Cardiology), Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 70 Francis Street, Shapiro 5th Floor, Room 128, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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13
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Gravel H, Curnier D, Dallaire F, Fournier A, Portman M, Dahdah N. Cardiovascular Response to Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents Late After Kawasaki Disease According to Coronary Condition Upon Onset. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:1458-64. [PMID: 25951815 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple cardiovascular sequelae have been reported late after Kawasaki disease (KD), especially in patients with coronary artery lesions. In this perspective, we hypothesized that exercise response was altered after KD in patients with coronary aneurysms (CAA-KD) compared to those without history of coronary aneurysms (NS-KD). This study is a post hoc analysis of exercise data from an international multicenter trial. A group of 133 CAA-KD subjects was compared to a group of 117 NS-KD subjects. Subjects underwent a Bruce treadmill test followed to maximal exertion. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were assessed at each stage of the test including recovery. Myocardial perfusion was evaluated by stress and rest Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT imaging. Endurance time was similar between NS-KD and CAA-KD (11.3 ± 2.6 vs. 11.0 ± 2.6 min; p = 0.343). HR, SBP, and DBP responses to exercise were similar between groups (p = 0.075-0.942). Myocardial perfusion defects were present in 16.5 % CAA-KD versus 22.2 % NS-KD (p = 0.255). Analysis based on myocardial perfusion status identified a lower heart rate at 1 min into recovery as well as lower DBP at 1 and 5 min into recovery in patients with abnormal SPECT imaging (p = 0.017-0.042). Compared to patients without CA involvement, the presence of coronary aneurysms at the subacute phase of KD does not induce a differential effect on exercise parameters. In contrast, exercise-induced myocardial perfusion defect late after the onset of KD correlates with abnormal recovery parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gravel
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Kinesiology, Université de Montréal, 2100 Édouard-Montpetit, Office 8202, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Daniel Curnier
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, Université de Montréal, 2100 Édouard-Montpetit, Office 8202, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Frédéric Dallaire
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Fournier
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Portman
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, Canada
| | - Nagib Dahdah
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
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14
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Assessment of coronary ischaemia by myocardial perfusion dipyridamole stress technetium-99 m tetrofosmin, single-photon emission computed tomography, and coronary angiography in children with Kawasaki disease: pre- and post-coronary bypass grafting. Cardiol Young 2015; 25:927-34. [PMID: 25090305 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951114001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease invasively assessed by coronary angiography. Evaluation of myocardial perfusion by single-photon emission computed tomography may identify the haemodynamic significance of coronary lesions. OBJECTIVE To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of dipyridamole stress technetium-99 m tetrofosmin, single-photon emission computed tomography as a possible alternative to invasive coronary angiography for detection and follow-up of myocardial ischaemia in patients with Kawasaki disease, and pre- and post-coronary bypass grafting. PATIENTS AND METHODS Coronary angiography and single-photon emission computed tomography were performed on 21 patients who were classified into three groups - group I (stenosis), group II (giant aneurysms), and group III (small aneurysms). Of the 21 patients, 16 (groups I and II) patients with myocardial perfusion defects, who underwent coronary bypass grafting, were followed up with single-photon emission computed tomography. RESULT In group I, all patients had significant coronary stenosis and 100% of them had perfusion defects in the anterior and septal walls. In group II, all patients had giant aneurysms and 83% of them had inferior and inferolateral perfusion defects. In group III, all patients had small aneurysms and 100% of them had normal perfusion. Pre-coronary bypass grafting myocardial ischaemic defects disappeared in all patients after surgery. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of single-photon emission computed tomography were 94, 100, and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSION Technetium-99 m tetrofosmin single-photon emission computed tomography can be applied as an accurate non-invasive diagnostic technique for detecting myocardial perfusion defects with coronary artery lesions, and to show improved or even normalised perfusion of the myocardium in patients after surgical revascularisation.
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Xie T, Lee C, Bolch WE, Zaidi H. Assessment of radiation dose in nuclear cardiovascular imaging using realistic computational models. Med Phys 2015; 42:2955-66. [PMID: 26127049 PMCID: PMC5148206 DOI: 10.1118/1.4921364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear cardiology plays an important role in clinical assessment and has enormous impact on the management of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Pediatric patients at different age groups are exposed to a spectrum of radiation dose levels and associated cancer risks different from those of adults in diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures. Therefore, comprehensive radiation dosimetry evaluations for commonly used myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and viability radiotracers in target population (children and adults) at different age groups are highly desired. METHODS Using Monte Carlo calculations and biological effects of ionizing radiation VII model, we calculate the S-values for a number of radionuclides (Tl-201, Tc-99m, I-123, C-11, N-13, O-15, F-18, and Rb-82) and estimate the absorbed dose and effective dose for 12 MPI radiotracers in computational models including the newborn, 1-, 5-, 10-, 15-yr-old, and adult male and female computational phantoms. RESULTS For most organs, (201)Tl produces the highest absorbed dose whereas (82)Rb and (15)O-water produce the lowest absorbed dose. For the newborn baby and adult patient, the effective dose of (82)Rb is 48% and 77% lower than that of (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin (rest), respectively. CONCLUSIONS (82)Rb results in lower effective dose in adults compared to (99m)Tc-labeled tracers. However, this advantage is less apparent in children. The produced dosimetric databases for various radiotracers used in cardiovascular imaging, using new generation of computational models, can be used for risk-benefit assessment of a spectrum of patient population in clinical nuclear cardiology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwu Xie
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva 4 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Choonsik Lee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852
| | - Wesley E Bolch
- Departments of Nuclear & Radiological and Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Habib Zaidi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva 4 CH-1211, Switzerland; Geneva Neuroscience Center, Geneva University, Geneva CH-1205, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, Netherlands
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16
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Azarbar S, Salardini A, Dahdah N, Lazewatsky J, Sparks R, Portman M, Crane PD, Lee ML, Zhu Q. A Phase I–II, Open-Label, Multicenter Trial to Determine the Dosimetry and Safety of 99mTc-Sestamibi in Pediatric Subjects. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:728-36. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.146795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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van der Bijl P, Doruyter A, de Decker R, Lawrenson J, Comitis G, Hewitson J. Chest pain on exertion after the Takeuchi repair of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery: right ventricular ischemia due to severe pulmonary outflow tract obstruction. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2014; 6:90-2. [PMID: 25548350 DOI: 10.1177/2150135114544756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) outflow obstruction (in the form of valvar or supravalvular pulmonary stenosis) is a well-known complication of the Takeuchi procedure. We describe a 13-year-old male with exertional chest pain, pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy, and consequent RV ischemia, which was confirmed using stress echocardiography and single-photon emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter van der Bijl
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Parow, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Alexander Doruyter
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Parow, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Rik de Decker
- School of Adolescent and Child Health, University of Cape Town and Red Cross Children's War Memorial Hospital, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - John Lawrenson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg and Red Cross Children's Hospitals, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - George Comitis
- School of Adolescent and Child Health, University of Cape Town and Red Cross Children's War Memorial Hospital, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - John Hewitson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Red Cross Children's War Memorial Hospital, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
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18
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Priyadarshini A, Saxena A, Patel C, Paul VK, Lodha R, Airan B. Myocardial perfusion abnormalities in patients occurring more than 1 year after successful univentricular (Fontan surgery) and biventricular repair (complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot). Pediatr Cardiol 2013; 34:786-94. [PMID: 23064840 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-012-0531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of children born with cyanotic congenital heart disease has markedly improved over the years. Follow up is recommended for most post-operated cases as complications may occur over long term. One of the complications is the development of ventricular dysfunction, often seen after a successful Fontan surgery (or one of its modifications) for single ventricle. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of myocardial perfusion abnormalities in the ventricular myocardium of asymptomatic patients, older than 8 years of age, who had earlier undergone either a univentricular palliation (modified Fontan procedure) or a biventricular repair for tetralogy of Fallot, more than a year ago. All eligible patients underwent screening electrocardiogram (to rule out rhythm disturbance) and echocardiography. Patients with ventricular ejection fraction of more than 50 % by echocardiography were included. Enrolled patients were subjected to gated stress-rest myocardial perfusion imaging using Technitium-99m tetrofosmin single photon emission-computerized tomography (SPECT). Ventricular ejection fraction was also calculated from gated rest study. For the Fontan group, we also analyzed data to see if the morphology of the systemic ventricle would make a difference as far as myocardial perfusion was concerned. Twenty-six patients were enrolled (11 had undergone Fontan surgery and 15 had complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot). Seven of 11 patients in the Fontan group had myocardial perfusion defects (63.6 %) as against none in the repaired tetralogy of Fallot group (p < 0.001). The ejection fraction was within normal range in both the groups; it was statistically higher in the post tetralogy of Fallot repair group (p < 0.04). There were two subgroups in the post Fontan group depending on the morphology of systemic ventricle-left (4 patients) and non-left (7 patients). Higher number and larger size of perfusion defects were present in the non-left ventricular systemic ventricle morphology as compared with left ventricular morphology, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Myocardial perfusion defects are common in patients who have undergone univentricular repair more than one year ago in contrast to patients who had a biventricular repair for tetralogy of Fallot. In the Fontan group, the morphology of the systemic ventricle was not predictive of prevalence of perfusion defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Priyadarshini
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
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19
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Robinson B, Goudie B, Remmert J, Gidding SS. Usefulness of myocardial perfusion imaging with exercise testing in children. Pediatr Cardiol 2012; 33:1061-8. [PMID: 22349677 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-012-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) provides additional clinical information on children with cardiac disease but will not benefit children with chest pain and normal cardiac studies. This study reviewed all technetium-99 m ((99m)Tc) sestamibi stress MPI studies between 2004 and 2010 performed in association with graded exercise testing (86% with bicycle ergometer, 14% with treadmill). A positive test was defined as a perfusion defect or abnormal ventricular function response. Clinical records were reviewed, including follow-up assessment to determine accuracy of MPI interpretation. False-positive and false-negative rates were recorded. A total of 197 patients (mean age, 13.4 ± 3.6 years, 70% male) underwent 218 MPI studies. Group A had 42 patients (43 studies) with isolated chest pain and normal studies. Of the 43 studies, 39 had negative results, and 4 had false-positive results. Group B had 155 patients (175 studies) with known or suspected cardiac disease, and 39 tests (33 patients) had positive results. Whereas 32 studies were considered true-positive, 7 were false-positive. There was one false-negative test. According to the findings, (99m)Tc sestamibi MPI studies are clinically useful but not perfect tests in the setting of known or suspected cardiac disease based on clinical evaluation, electrocardiography (ECG), or echocardiography. Children who had isolated chest pain with a normal ECG and echocardiogram often have false-positive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
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20
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Treves ST, Baker A, Fahey FH, Cao X, Davis RT, Drubach LA, Grant FD, Zukotynski K. Nuclear Medicine in the First Year of Life. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:905-25. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.084202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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Murarka S, Movahed MR. Review of Movahed's sign (D shaped left ventricle seen on gated SPECT) suggestive of right ventricular overload. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 26:553-7. [PMID: 20213472 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-010-9600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, D shaped ventricle seen on gated SPECT imaging (Movahed's sign) has shown to correlate with right ventricular overload similar to the D shape ventricle seen on echocardiography. Right ventricle (RV) imaging during gated SPECT studies is challenging because of the low tracer uptake due to relatively smaller right ventricular myocardial mass and lower coronary flow to the RV. Increased mass or workload causes higher tracer uptake in the RV wall secondary to increase in RV wall thickness and higher coronary flow. Furthermore, increased RV volume or pressure load can cause displacement of the septum towards the left ventricle causing septal flattening and a D shaped configuration of the left ventricular septum. This is an important finding that should be a part of nuclear gated SPECT interpretation.
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22
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Evaluation of myocardial perfusion and function by gated single-photon emission computed tomography technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile in children and adolescents with severe congenital heart disease. Nucl Med Commun 2009; 31:12-21. [PMID: 19952920 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e3283295622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The value of gated single-photon emission computed tomography technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (gated SPECT (99m)Tc-MIBI) in children is not yet established probably because gated SPECT (99m)Tc-MIBI has rarely been used in pediatric clinical and research studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate perfusion abnormalities and left ventricular (LV) function by gated SPECT (99m)Tc-MIBI in children and adolescents with severe congenital heart disease (CHD). METHODS Seventeen children and adolescents with severe CHD (11 boys and six girls, mean age 11+/-4 years) underwent 2-day rest-stress (11 boys) or 1-day rest (six girls) gated SPECT (99m)Tc-MIBI. Myocardial perfusion was evaluated by a 17-segment model with a 5-point score to derive the summed stress score, the summed rest score (SRS), and the summed difference score based on the 4D-MSPECT software results. The extent of myocardial perfusion abnormalities was also expressed as a percentage of the LV size. The 4D-MSPECT software was used to calculate LV end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume (ESV), and ejection fraction (EF). RESULTS Reversible myocardial perfusion defect was found in 7 of 11 children (64%) who underwent rest-stress gated SPECT (99m)Tc-MIBI. The LV segments involved were anterior, anteroseptal, anterolateral, apical and inferior. These seven children showed significantly larger perfusion abnormalities on stress compared with rest study (18+/-5 vs. 7+/-4%, P<0.01) and higher summed stress score compared to SRS (11+/-4 vs. 4+/-2, P<0.01). Children and adolescents with myocardial ischemia had significantly lower poststress EF than rest EF (53+/-12 vs. 59+/-11%, P<0.05) and significantly higher poststress ESV than rest ESV (81+/-24 vs. 61+/-25 ml, P<0.05). In six children evaluated only at rest, perfusion defects involved anterior, anteroseptal and apical, or inferolateral segments, accounting for 31+/-12% of LV and with SRS of 12+/-5. Their global LV parameters were: end-diastolic volume 118+/-23 ml, ESV 56+/-16 ml, EF 51+/-10%. CONCLUSION Poststress and rest-gated SPECT (99m)Tc-MIBI results indicate that children and adolescents with severe CHD show a range of abnormalities in myocardial perfusion and LV function, which is useful for determining functional importance of morphological malformations. Thus, gated SPECT (99m)Tc-MIBI provides complementary information that may guide clinical decision making in children and adolescents with severe CHD.
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Sundaram PS, Padma S. Role of myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in pediatric cardiology practice. Ann Pediatr Cardiol 2009; 2:127-39. [PMID: 20808625 PMCID: PMC2922660 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2069.58314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic and prognostic power of myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with coronary artery disease has been demonstrated with planar imaging which was further improvised with addition of gated SPECT and newer Technetium labeled myocardial perfusion tracers like SestaMIBI, Tetrofosmin. Myocardial perfusion abnormalities at rest and after stress are considered to be the best predictors of cardiac event-free survival in adults with ischemic heart disease. This article highlights various myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) radiopharmaceuticals, exercise procedures, pharmacological stress protocols, indications for MPI and myocardial perfusion patterns in children with some of the common congenital and acquired heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shanmuga Sundaram
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET CT, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - S Padma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET CT, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Abstract
Echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging and, more recently, multidetector computed tomography, have led to major advances in noninvasive image assessment of anatomy in pediatric cardiology. The radionuclide methods often lack sufficient resolution to precisely characterize complex morphology in congenital heart lesions. However, these methods provide an accurate and reproduceable quantitative assessment of the physiological consequences of structural heart disease. These unique capabilities will continue to assure ongoing clinical relevance of radionuclide methodology, as is the case in the assessment of heart disease in adult cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Dae
- Department of Radiology and Medicine, Center for Functional Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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25
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Higgins JP. Increased right ventricular uptake on stress SPECT myocardial perfusion images in a patient with severe coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol 2006; 13:725-7. [PMID: 16945754 DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2006.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John P Higgins
- Cardiac Stress Laboratory, Nuclear Cardiology Section, Nuclear Medicine, Harvard Medical School, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Mass 02132, USA.
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