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Affiliation(s)
- G A Currie
- Edgar and Tenovus Laboratories, Charing Cross Group of Hospitals, Fulham Hospital, London
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Chaouat G, Petitbarat M, Dubanchet S, Rahmati M, Ledée N. Tolerance to the foetal allograft? Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:624-36. [PMID: 20367624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will detail the concept of tolerance and its history in reproductive immunology. We will then consider whether it applies to the foetal-maternal relationship and discuss the mechanisms involved in non-rejection of the foeto-placental unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Chaouat
- U 782 INSERM, Université Paris Sud, and Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France.
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Ramseier H, Brent RL. INDUCTION OF TOLERANCE TO MATERNAL TISSUE HOMOGRAFTS BY IRRADIATION OF THE PLACENTA*. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb12855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chaouat G, Cayol V, Mairovitz V, Dubanchet S. Localization of the Th2 cytokines IL-3, IL-4, IL-10 at the fetomaternal interface during human and murine pregnancy and lack of requirement for Fas/Fas ligand interaction for a successful allogeneic pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 1999; 42:1-13. [PMID: 10429761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1999.tb00459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Th2 cytokines and Fas/Fas ligand interactions are proposed to be part of the placental barrier that contribute to the success of allogeneic pregnancy. To fully understand the role regulation of Th2 cytokines, we must isolate and identify the cells that produce them. We also need to assess the requirement for Fas/Fas ligand interaction in facilitating a successful allogeneic pregnancy. METHOD OF STUDY To assess the site of production of Th2 cytokines, we used immunohistochemistry sections from placental and decidual tissue obtained at various stages of gestation in mice and humans. We used mice that are genetically deficient in Fas/Fas ligand interactions and raised specific anti-paternal CTLs by anti-paternal immunization of the mother before mating. RESULTS The detailed results show that in both species the bulk of Th2 production may come from non-lymphoid tissues in the placenta and decidua, with a major role for trophoblasts. This raises questions about the mechanism(s) by which alloimmunization enhances local Th2 cytokine production. This issue is discussed. CONCLUSIONS The success of allopregnancy in mice with circulating anti-paternal CTLs and deficient Fas/Fas ligand interactions rules out a mandatory role for such a mechanism in ensuring the success of allogeneic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chaouat
- Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
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Aït-Azzouzene D, Gendron MC, Houdayer M, Langkopf A, Bürki K, Nemazee D, Kanellopoulos-Langevin C. Maternal B Lymphocytes Specific for Paternal Histocompatibility Antigens Are Partially Deleted During Pregnancy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.6.2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Although genetically different from its mother, a mammalian fetus bearing paternal alloantigens is normally not rejected. To investigate one of the many possible mechanisms involved in this important biologic phenomenon, we analyzed the consequences of fetal alloantigen recognition on maternal B lymphocytes. We used transgenic mice expressing a unique B cell receptor with a relatively high affinity for the MHC class I molecule H-2Kk on most B lymphocytes. We provide the first evidence for an alloantigen-specific B cell deletion in the spleens and bone marrow of transgenic mothers bearing H-2Kk-positive fetuses. This highly reproducible deletion affects ≤80% of Id-bearing B cells, starts at midpregnancy, and is only observed until term. Such a specific maternal B cell deletion could contribute to the success of the fetal allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djemel Aït-Azzouzene
- *Laboratory of Immune Regulations and Development, Department of Developmental Biology, and
| | - Marie-Claude Gendron
- †Flow Cytometry Unit, J. Monod Institute, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universities Paris 6 and 7, Paris, France
| | - Monique Houdayer
- *Laboratory of Immune Regulations and Development, Department of Developmental Biology, and
| | - Anja Langkopf
- *Laboratory of Immune Regulations and Development, Department of Developmental Biology, and
| | | | - David Nemazee
- §Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
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Voluménie JL, Mognetti B, de Smedt D, Menu E, Chaouat G. Induction of transient murine T cell anergy by a low molecular weight compound obtained from supernatants of human placental cultures is linked to defective phosphorylation of TCR CD3 chain. Am J Reprod Immunol 1997; 38:168-75. [PMID: 9325488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Allopregnancy induces specific transient tolerance to paternal grafts, and we know that a low molecular weight material ("filtrate") present in a human placental supernatant can do so in vitro (specific unresponsiveness) as well as in vivo, such as when preventing graft-versus-host reaction (GVH) produced by A cells injected into irradiated A x B F1s recipient. We also know by studies carried out using specific anti-V beta-specific stimulation as well as secondary and primary mixed lymphocyte reaction in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) only incompatible combinations that the material acts by inducing T cell anergy rather than clonal deletion. We explored the mechanism of such an anergy, which we know was not dependent on calcium fluxes, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, or PkC by studies of protein phosphorylation. Having observed in previous studies that expression of T cell reactivity (TcR) in anergic cells was enhanced, but that the numbers of cells expressing a given reactivity (TcR) V beta after specific stimulation in the presence of a filtrate was much higher than it should be, we monitored the receptor expression by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). METHOD OF STUDY We used short-term stimulation of the T-cell-derived Jurkat E6-1 cells by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or phorbol myristite acetate plus calcium ionophore in the presence or absence of human placental low molecular weight suppressor factors, followed by Western blotting. Transfer on nitrocellulose filters so as to allow the revelation of the phosphorylations was realized by means of a specific antiphosphotyrosin mAb. The final revelation was obtained by chemiluminescence. Similar experiments were performed on anti-V beta-stimulated BALB/c splenocytes, as well as cyproflaxin-treated cells, which are hyper-responsive in cell proliferation assays in the presence of the filtrate. In parallel, cells that were stimulated by a specific anti-V beta and were rendered specifically anergic were studied by a specific anti-V beta and were rendered specifically anergic were studied for other TcR expression using an FACS and both fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and phycoerythrin (PE)-labelled, related and unrelated anti-V beta mAbs. RESULTS The phosphorylation of the zeta chain homodimer quantitatively defective in filtrate-treated, anti-V beta 6-stimulated splenocytes as well as in Jurkatt cells. In parallel, cells from cyproflaxin-treated Jurkatt cells were showing enhanced phosphorylation of all bands. The labelling of filtrate-treated anti-V beta 6-stimulated cells by an unrelated anti-V beta (anti-V beta 8) showed double expression of V beta chains. The percentage of cells expressing this unrelated V beta (V beta 8) was normal. CONCLUSIONS T cell anergy induced by a filtrate is linked to defective phosphorylation of the zeta-chain homodimer. The abnormal percentage of the cells expressing TcR after filtrate treatment might be due to adsorption by unstimulated cells of soluble TcR V beta-chain, possibly as a result of excess synthesis followed by membrane protease cleavage, allowing release in a soluble form of TcR V beta-chain nonspecifically captured by other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Voluménie
- Université Paris Sud/Assistance Publique, Hôpital Antione Béclère, Clamart, France
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de Smedt D, Menu E, Chaouat G. Immunoactive products of placenta. VI. Induction of transient murine T cell anergy by a low-molecular-weight compound obtained from supernatants of human placental cultures. Cell Immunol 1997; 175:128-40. [PMID: 9023418 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1996.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A low-molecular-weight material present in human placental supernatant (lymphocyte proliferation inhibiting factor, LPIF, or filtrate) can induce tolerance/hyporesponsiveness in vivo. We already knew from previous experiments that this material acted only on preactivated or malignant T cells, and even the malignant cells could be rescued from its action if cells were washed quickly after contact. To understand the mechanisms of its action, we have set up systems of specific stimulation. The material inhibits anti-Vbeta-specific stimulation. In a mixed lymphocyte reaction if responder cell populations from a first MLR performed in the presence of LPIF are harvested, extensively washed to discard suppressor molecules, and restimulated by related or third-party lymphocytes in an H2-incompatible combination, the response to a third-party stimulator (a primary one) is unaffected by prior exposure to the material, which nevertheless renders the population unresponsive to restimulation by the original MHC-stimulating haplotype. Cells triggered by anti-Vbeta6 antibodies in the presence of LPIF are unable to undergo restimulation by the very same anti-Vbeta6 MoAb, while they conserve their capacity to proliferate in a primary fashion in response to the unrelated anti-Vbeta8 MoAb. When analyzed by FACS using anti-Vbeta FITC-conjugated MoAbs, cells that are unresponsive or blocked in their proliferation by the action of the filtrate after anti-Vbeta stimulation are still live and unexpectedly transiently hyperexpress the TcR. These findings confirm the requirement for T cell stimulation for suppression to be enacted and demonstrate that such is exerted by anergy rather than by clonal deletion, at least in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- D de Smedt
- Biologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire de la Relation Materno Fetale (CJF INSERM 92-09/DRED JE 370), Clamart, France
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chaouat
- Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
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Clark DA, Drake B, Head JR, Stedronska-Clark J, Banwatt D. Decidua-associated suppressor activity and viability of individual implantation sites of allopregnant C3H mice. J Reprod Immunol 1990; 17:253-64. [PMID: 2213723 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(90)90007-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Release of soluble suppressor activity from individual implant site decidua of DBA/2-mated C3H/HeJ mice was measured on days 12.5-13.5 of pregnancy. Suppressor activity varied among sites and followed a distribution curve that was displaced towards low suppression when resorption sites were compared to healthy embryonic implants. Pre-immunization against the DBA/2 strain paternal antigens failed to increase resorption (by loss of low suppression implants) but led instead to a reduced resorption rate. This was associated with an increase in soluble suppressor activity obtained from decidua. Some reduction in resorption occurred independent of an increase in the level of suppression suggesting additional contributing factors to the immunization effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Clark
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Chaouat G, Menu E, Kinsky R. Animal Models of the Fetal Allograft. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Menu E, David V, Bensussan A, Chaouat G. Immunoactive products of human placenta. II. Direct inhibition of non-MHC restricted cytolytic activity of human CD3 alpha-beta but not CD3 gamma-delta expressing T cell clones. J Reprod Immunol 1989; 16:137-50. [PMID: 2532256 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(89)90023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of human placental supernatant obtained from explant cultures of caesarean delivery placentae was monitored on both alpha-beta human T cell clones, which display both cytotoxic alloreactivity and non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity against K562 target cells, and gamma-delta ones endowed solely with the latter. It was found that, under appropriate experimental conditions, direct inhibition of the cytolytic activity of alpha-beta T cell clones was exerted by the supernatant. In contrast, gamma-delta T cell clones were unaffected. The relevance of these data to the survival of the fetal allograft is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Menu
- U262 INSERM, Maternite Baudelocque, Paris, France
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Head JR. Can trophoblast be killed by cytotoxic cells? In vitro evidence and in vivo possibilities. Am J Reprod Immunol 1989; 20:100-5. [PMID: 2686682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1989.tb00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J R Head
- Cecil and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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Tartakovsky B, Gorelik E. Immunization with a syngeneic regressor tumor causes resorption in allo-pregnant mice. J Reprod Immunol 1988; 13:113-22. [PMID: 3172053 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(88)90055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of our studies is to establish experimental systems in which one can deliberately disrupt the apparent maternal tolerance toward the semiallogeneic fetuses. Bases on the hypothesis that immunization against tumor-associated antigens may lead to a subsequent immune response directed against cross-reacting fetal antigens, we have immunized C57BL/6J female mice with a syngeneic regressor tumor. Mice were subsequently mated to B6D2F1, DBA/2, CBA/J or C57BL/6J males. We show that a high proportion of embryos sired by either B6D2F1 or DBA/2 males undergo resorption whereas those engendered by CBA/J or C57BL/6J males remain fully protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tartakovsky
- Department of Chemical Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
Local immune suppression appears to be a key feature in the success of the fetal allograft. Various placental factors have been described endowed with immunoregulatory activity. Much of the available evidence concerning the biological function and biochemical characteristics of these molecules is reviewed here, as well as the controversial issues surrounding them. In the final section, some outstanding questions relating to these immunoregulators are considered.
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Billington WD. Immunological aspects of implantation and fetal survival: the central role of trophoblast. Curr Top Dev Biol 1987; 23:209-32. [PMID: 3330505 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W D Billington
- Department of Pathology, University of Bristol, Medical School, England
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Chaouat G, Kolb JP, Riviere M, Lankar D. Immunoactive products of placenta. V: Soluble factors from murine placenta can block effector stages of maternal antipaternal cell-mediated immunity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY : AJRIM 1986; 12:70-7. [PMID: 3492935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1986.tb00067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Supernatants from short-term cultures of placental or trophoblast-enriched cell suspensions derived from 14-17-day isopregnant mice display suppressive activity on NK lysis in vitro. The soluble factor is produced by trypsin-sensitive cells and requires protein synthesis. Its activity is destroyed by treatment with insoluble trypsin. The suppression is not strain restricted, but appears species-restricted. The factor acts at the level of the NK effectors themselves. Furthermore, such supernatants also are able to inhibit CTL-mediated lysis at the effector stage, in an MHC nonrestricted, nonspecific fashion. The effect is not seen with supernatants from control fetal tissues. At least two mechanisms could be involved: inhibition of homing toward allogeneic targets, and a direct effect on effector cell lytic action. These factors could play an important role in protecting the placenta from the deleterious effects of maternal antipaternal immunity and could explain the survival of the fetus in a presensitized maternal host.
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Billington WD, Burrows FJ. The rat placenta expresses paternal class I major histocompatibility antigens. J Reprod Immunol 1986; 9:155-60. [PMID: 3528478 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(86)90008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The expression of paternally inherited class I MHC antigens on the placental trophoblast of the rat has been investigated using a mouse anti-rat monoclonal antibody (MN4-91-6) in an indirect immunoperoxidase labelling assay on cryostat sections. Strong specific staining was obtained on the spongy zone trophoblast of the mature placenta from DA male (RT1a) X PVG female (RT1c) matings. In marked contrast, no staining was observed on the labyrinthine trophoblast nor on the trophoblastic giant cells at any stage of gestation from 8 to 19 days post-coitum. None of the trophoblastic cell populations at any stage of gestation were reactive with an anti-class II monoclonal antibody. Class I positive endovascular cytotrophoblast cells were present in the maternal arterial sinusoids of the decidua. These findings imply that maternal immunoregulatory mechanisms must be essential for the survival of the placenta and fetus.
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Saito M, Nakashima I, Mizoguchi K, Isobe K, Nagase F, Goto S, Tomoda Y. Immune reactivity of allogeneically pregnant mice to paternal MHC antigens on fetal and placental cells assessed by second set rejection of ascites tumor cells. J Reprod Immunol 1985; 8:139-51. [PMID: 4093908 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(85)90037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In vivo immunogenicity of fetus- and placenta-derived cells as well as the immune reactivity of pregnant mice to fetal cells were examined for graft rejecting response (GRR). Systemic administration of small numbers of fetal cells but not placental cells from allogeneically pregnant mice (10(6) cells per mouse) or adult allogeneic spleen cells (10(4) cells) sensitized mice for second-set rejection of an ascitic tumor bearing paternal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Despite this fact and the known positive humoral response, pregnant and parous mice are not even minimally sensitized with fetal MHC antigens for GRR transplacentally. Nevertheless, any pregnancy-related systemically active control, which would selectively prevent the mother from being sensitized for GRR by limiting numbers of semi-allogeneic fetal cells, was not demonstrable in either allogeneically or syngeneically pregnant mice. Irrespective of pregnancy, mice did not, however, respond to repeated administration of very small numbers of allogeneic spleen cells (5 X 10(2) cells per mouse) for graft rejection. These findings support the notion that deviation of maternal immunity to fetal antigens away from harmful GRR is mediated principally by local mechanisms which inhibit fetal cells from gaining access to the mother for GRR, and additionally by the innate inability of mice to respond to very small numbers of allogeneic cells that might escape past the local maternal-fetal barrier.
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Rossant J. The mechanism of survival of the fetal allograft. ANNALES D'IMMUNOLOGIE 1984; 135D:312-5. [PMID: 6241447 DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2625(84)81197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Clark DA. Local suppressor cells and the success or failure of the "foetal allograft". ANNALES D'IMMUNOLOGIE 1984; 135D:321-4. [PMID: 6241450 DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2625(84)81200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Billington WD, Davies M, Bell SC. Maternal antibody to foetal histocompatibility and trophoblast-specific antigens. ANNALES D'IMMUNOLOGIE 1984; 135D:331-5. [PMID: 6529186 DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2625(84)81202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Chaouat G, Kolb JP, Wegmann TG. The murine placenta as an immunological barrier between the mother and the fetus. Immunol Rev 1983; 75:31-60. [PMID: 6226590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1983.tb01090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Slapsys R, Clark DA. Active suppression of host-versus-graft reaction in pregnant mice. V. Kinetics, specificity, and in vivo activity of non-T suppressor cells localized to the genital tract of mice during first pregnancy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY : AJRI : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THE IMMUNOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AND THE INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION COMMITTEE FOR IMMUNOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 1983; 3:65-71. [PMID: 6222661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1983.tb00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
The susceptibility of mouse placental cells to hyperimmune cell killing directed against paternal combined H-2 and non-H-2 antigens was investigated using [3H]uridine as a terminal label in an in vitro cell-mediated microcytotoxicity test. The stage of development of the conceptus from which the short-term placental cell monolayers were prepared determined their susceptibility to immune cell lysis. Cultures from whole placentae taken at 9 days post-coitum (p.c.) were not significantly affected whereas similar monolayers prepared at 10.5 days p.c. or later underwent extensive destruction. Embryonic fibroblasts were susceptible at all stages examined from 9-16 days p.c. The onset of susceptibility correlates with the reported appearance of H-2 antigens on the placenta during ontogeny. All cultures of dissected populations of 13-day p.c. placental spongiotrophoblast were susceptible but only 70% of those of labyrinthine trophoblast. It is suggested that of the two major trophoblastic components of the mouse placenta the spongiotrophoblast expresses antigens that render it vulnerable to maternal immune attack whilst the labyrinthine trophoblast is only weakly or non-antigenic, with the observed killing being due largely to contamination of these cultures by antigenic foetal mesenchymal elements. Since failure to express appropriate target antigens cannot be the reason for the in vivo survival of the spongiotrophoblast it must be presumed that some form of immunoregulatory mechanism(s) is responsible for the maintenance of the foeto-placental allograft.
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Miyasaka M, McCullagh P. The response of the pregnant ewe to challenge with foetal and paternal lymphocytes. J Reprod Immunol 1982; 4:207-15. [PMID: 6215484 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(82)90027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The efferent lymph from the popliteal lymph nodes of pregnant ewes challenged between 93 and 127 days with specific paternal or foetal lymphocytes was examined. There was an increased efflux of lymphocytes and blast cells from the challenged node, similar to that observed during the response of normal, non-pregnant ewes to allogeneic cells. Additionally, there was a decrease in the mixed lymphocyte and mitogen responsiveness of the efferent lymphatic cells that was comparable with that evoked by challenge of non-pregnant sheep. While cytotoxic cells could not be detected in the lymph after challenge of normal or pregnant animals, specific cytotoxic antibody was invariably produced in both instances. The present observations that the immune responsiveness of the pregnant ewe to foetal lymphocytes remains normal are consistent with an earlier report on the antifoetal reactivity of maternal cells in vitro. It is inferred that the in vitro reactivity of maternal lymphocytes was a valid reflection of the capacity of these cells in the intact ewe.
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Risser R, Grunwald DJ. Production of anti-self H-2 antibodies by hybrid mice immune to a viral tumour. Nature 1981; 289:563-8. [PMID: 6162106 DOI: 10.1038/289563a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
During the course of immunization of hybrid mice (genotype H-2b/k) with a parental Abelson virus-induced lymphoma (genotype H-2b/b), antibodies were produced to the H-2Kb or H-2Db antigens of the immunizing cells. Such 'anti-self H-2' antibodies demonstrate the existence of autoreactive B-cell clones in hybrid mice, and pose intriguing questions for the nature of self-tolerance.
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Hetherington CM, Humber DP, Clarke AG. Cenetic and immunological aspects of litter size in the mouse. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS 1976; 3:245-52. [PMID: 789780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1976.tb00581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of antigenic differences between mother and fetus on implantation number and on post-implantation mortality were studied. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that these two measurements were affected by such antigenic differences or by prior immunization of the mother to paternal antigens.
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Clarke AG, Hetherington CM. Effects of maternal preimmunization on the decidual cell reaction in mice. Nature 1971; 230:114-5. [PMID: 4927009 DOI: 10.1038/230114a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hellström KE, Hellström I, Brawn J. Abrogation of cellular immunity to antigenically foreign mouse embryonic cells by a serum factor. Nature 1969; 224:914-5. [PMID: 5389395 DOI: 10.1038/224914a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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COLLARD P, ANDERSON K, KING MB, CHALMERS DG, KNOX R. Bacteriological control of therapeutic trials in pulmonary tuberculosis. Lancet 1953; 265:155-8. [PMID: 13070575 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(53)90105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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