1
|
Alladi CG, RajKumar RP, Adithan S, Marie‐Claire C, Bellivier F, Shewade DG. Dopamine (
DRD
2
) and Serotonin (
HTR
2A, 2C)
Receptor Gene Polymorphisms do not influence early response to Risperidone in South Indian Patients with Schizophrenia. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 33:355-364. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charanraj Goud Alladi
- Department of Pharmacology Jawaharlal Institute of Post‐graduate Medical Education and Research Puducherry 605006 India
- Inserm, U1144 Paris F‐75006 France
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité UMR‐S 1144 Paris F‐75006 France
| | - Ravi Philip RajKumar
- Department of Psychiatry Jawaharlal Institute of Post‐graduate Medical Education and Research Puducherry 605006 India
| | - Surendiran Adithan
- Department of Pharmacology Jawaharlal Institute of Post‐graduate Medical Education and Research Puducherry 605006 India
| | - Cynthia Marie‐Claire
- Inserm, U1144 Paris F‐75006 France
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité UMR‐S 1144 Paris F‐75006 France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Inserm, U1144 Paris F‐75006 France
- Université Sorbonne Paris Cité UMR‐S 1144 Paris F‐75006 France
- AP‐HP GH Saint‐Louis ‐ Lariboisière–F. Widal Pôle de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique 75475 Paris cedex 10 France
- Fondation FondaMental Créteil 94000 France
| | - Deepak Gopal Shewade
- Department of Pharmacology Jawaharlal Institute of Post‐graduate Medical Education and Research Puducherry 605006 India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reed JL, D’Ambrosio E, Marenco S, Ursini G, Zheutlin AB, Blasi G, Spencer BE, Romano R, Hochheiser J, Reifman A, Sturm J, Berman KF, Bertolino A, Weinberger DR, Callicott JH. Interaction of childhood urbanicity and variation in dopamine genes alters adult prefrontal function as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195189. [PMID: 29634738 PMCID: PMC5892884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain phenotypes showing environmental influence may help clarify unexplained associations between urban exposure and psychiatric risk. Heritable prefrontal fMRI activation during working memory (WM) is such a phenotype. We hypothesized that urban upbringing (childhood urbanicity) would alter this phenotype and interact with dopamine genes that regulate prefrontal function during WM. Further, dopamine has been hypothesized to mediate urban-associated factors like social stress. WM-related prefrontal function was tested for main effects of urbanicity, main effects of three dopamine genes-catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1), and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2)-and, importantly, dopamine gene-by-urbanicity interactions. For COMT, three independent human samples were recruited (total n = 487). We also studied 253 subjects genotyped for DRD1 and DRD2. 3T fMRI activation during the N-back WM task was the dependent variable, while childhood urbanicity, dopamine genotype, and urbanicity-dopamine interactions were independent variables. Main effects of dopamine genes and of urbanicity were found. Individuals raised in an urban environment showed altered prefrontal activation relative to those raised in rural or town settings. For each gene, dopamine genotype-by-urbanicity interactions were shown in prefrontal cortex-COMT replicated twice in two independent samples. An urban childhood upbringing altered prefrontal function and interacted with each gene to alter genotype-phenotype relationships. Gene-environment interactions between multiple dopamine genes and urban upbringing suggest that neural effects of developmental environmental exposure could mediate, at least partially, increased risk for psychiatric illness in urban environments via dopamine genes expressed into adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Reed
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Division of Intramural Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Enrico D’Ambrosio
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Marenco
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Division of Intramural Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gianluca Ursini
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Amanda B. Zheutlin
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Division of Intramural Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Barbara E. Spencer
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Division of Intramural Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raffaella Romano
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Jesse Hochheiser
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Division of Intramural Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ann Reifman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Division of Intramural Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin Sturm
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Division of Intramural Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen F. Berman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Division of Intramural Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Group, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Division of Intramural Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph H. Callicott
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Division of Intramural Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gupta H, Jain A, Saadi AV, Vasudevan TG, Hande MH, D'Souza SC, Ghosh SK, Umakanth S, Satyamoorthy K. Categorical complexities of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in individuals is associated with genetic variations in ADORA2A and GRK5 genes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:188-99. [PMID: 26066465 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the erythrocytes, malaria parasite entry and infection is mediated through complex membrane sorting and signaling processes. We investigated the effects of single-locus and multilocus interactions to test the hypothesis that the members of the GPCR family genes, adenosine A2a receptor (ADORA2A) and G-protein coupled receptor kinase5 (GRK5), may contribute to the pathogenesis of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) independently or through complex interactions. In a case-control study of adults, individuals affected by Pf malaria (complicated n=168; uncomplicated n=282) and healthy controls (n=450) were tested for their association to four known SNPs in GRK5 (rs2230345, rs2275036, rs4752307 and rs11198918) and two in ADORA2A (rs9624472 and rs5751876) genes with malaria susceptibility, using techniques of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms and direct DNA sequencing. Single-locus analysis showed significant association of 2 SNPs; rs5751876 (OR=3.2(2.0-5.2); p=0.0006) of ADORA2A and rs2230345 (OR=0.3(0.2-0.5); p=0.0006) of GRK5 with malaria. The mean of the serum creatinine levels were significantly higher in patients with variant GG (p=0.006) of rs9624472 in ADORA2A gene compared to AA and AG genotypes in complicated Pf malaria cases, with the G allele also showing increased risk for malaria (OR=1.3(1.1-1.6); p=0.017). Analyses of predicted haplotypes of the two ADORA2A and the four GRK5 SNPs have identified the haplotypes that conferred risk as well as resistance to malaria with statistical significance. Molecular docking analysis of evolutionary rs2230345 SNP indicated a stable activity of GRK5 for the mutant allele compared to the wild type. Further, generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction to test the contribution of individual effects of the six polymorphisms and higher-order interactions to risk of symptoms/clinical complications of malaria suggested a best six-locus model showing statistical significance. The study provides evidence for the role of ADORA2A and GRK5 that might influence the etiology of malaria infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Aditya Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Abdul Vahab Saadi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Thanvanthri G Vasudevan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunath H Hande
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Sydney C D'Souza
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Susanta K Ghosh
- National Institute of Malaria Research (Field Unit), Bangalore, India
| | - Shashikiran Umakanth
- Department of Medicine, Dr. TMA Pai Hospital, Udupi, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Blum K, Oscar-Berman M, Badgaiyan RD, Palomo T, Gold MS. Hypothesizing dopaminergic genetic antecedents in schizophrenia and substance seeking behavior. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:606-14. [PMID: 24636783 PMCID: PMC4039414 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine system has been implicated in both substance use disorder (SUD) and schizophrenia. A recent meta-analysis suggests that A1 allele of the DRD2 gene imposes genetic risk for SUD, especially alcoholism and has been implicated in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). We hypothesize that dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene Taq1 A2 allele is associated with a subtype of non-SUD schizophrenics and as such may act as a putative protective agent against the development of addiction to alcohol or other drugs of abuse. Schizophrenics with SUD may be carriers of the DRD2 Taq1 A1 allele, and/or other RDS reward polymorphisms and have hypodopaminergic reward function. One plausible mechanism for alcohol seeking in schizophrenics with SUD, based on previous research, may be a deficiency of gamma type endorphins that has been linked to schizophrenic type psychosis. We also propose that alcohol seeking behavior in schizophrenics, may serve as a physiological self-healing process linked to the increased function of the gamma endorphins, thereby reducing abnormal dopaminergic activity at the nucleus accumbens (NAc). These hypotheses warrant further investigation and cautious interpretation. We, therefore, encourage research involving neuroimaging, genome wide association studies (GWAS), and epigenetic investigation into the relationship between neurogenetics and systems biology to unravel the role of dopamine in psychiatric illness and SUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genomics, IGENE, LLC, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Human Integrated Services Unit University of Vermont Center for Clinical & Translational Science, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI, USA; Department of Addiction Research & Therapy, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, CA, USA; RD Solutions, LLC, Research Center, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Nutrigenomics, RD Solutions, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Laboratory, SUNY-at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tomas Palomo
- Unidad de Alcoholismo y Patología Dual, Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba s/n, Madrid E-28041, Spain
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gupta H, Sakharwade SC, Angural A, Kotambail A, Bhat GK, Hande MH, D'Souza SC, Rao P, Kumari V, Saadi AV, Satyamoorthy K. Evidence for genetic linkage between a polymorphism in the GNAS gene and malaria in South Indian population. Acta Trop 2013; 128:571-7. [PMID: 23962387 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complex imprinted GNAS locus which encodes G-alpha subunit (Gαs) is involved in a number of G-protein coupled signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells. Erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum parasites is significantly regulated by protein of GNAS gene. This study was designed to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in GNAS locus and susceptibility to malaria. In this case control study, individuals affected by P. falciparum malaria (n=230), Plasmodium vivax malaria (n=230) and normal controls (n=230) were tested for the association of eighteen (18) known SNPs to evaluate their role in the onset of the disease. There was no significant difference in genotype frequencies of all the SNPs tested between P. falciparum and P. vivax affected individuals. However, when Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons were performed as a control, our results demonstrated alleles and genotypes of rs7121: C>T (NC_000020.10:g.57478807C>T), a silent polymorphism situated in the exon 5, were significantly (p<0.05) associated with susceptibility to malaria in the South Indians participants. Our results demonstrate that population specific polymorphisms that exist in GNAS gene may alter the risk of occurrence of malaria.
Collapse
|
6
|
Giegling I, Balzarro B, Porcelli S, Schäfer M, Hartmann AM, Friedl M, Konte B, Krämer P, Möller HJ, De Ronchi D, Stassen HH, Serretti A, Rujescu D. Influence of ANKK1 and DRD2 polymorphisms in response to haloperidol. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 263:65-74. [PMID: 22893251 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study explores whether ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) variants could predict efficacy and tolerability of haloperidol in the treatment of psychotic patients. We also attempted to replicate findings in a group of schizophrenic patients from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials in Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study. Eighty-eight acutely psychotic patients were genotyped for 9 ANKK1 and 27 DRD2 SNPs. Treatment efficacy and tolerability were assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale and the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser side effects rating scales, respectively. Multivariate analyses were employed to test possible influences of single-nucleotide polymorphisms on clinical and safety variables. Analysis of haplotypes was also performed. Outcomes in the replication sample were response versus nonresponse and the presence versus absence of motor side effects at 1 month of treatment. rs2242592 within ANKK1 gene and rs1124493 within DRD2 gene were associated with clinical improvement (p = 0.008 and p = 0.001, respectively). Results were confirmed in the allelic analysis. Three haplotype blocks, one among ANKK1 and two among DRD2 gene were associated with better clinical improvement. Our results were not replicated in the CATIE sample, although rs11604671, which is in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs2242592, was associated with response in the replication sample. Our findings support a possible role of ANKK1 and DRD2 variability on haloperidol efficacy. However, due to the discrepancies between the results in the two samples, our results need further validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu Y, Kutscher E, Davies GE. Berberine inhibits SREBP-1-related clozapine and risperidone induced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1831-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Abstract
Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic that has been effectively used to treat several psychiatric diseases. Atypical antipsychotics present some advantages over conventional antipsychotics, primarily because they offer effective treatment alternatives that are relatively free of extrapyramidal symptoms. However, as with all antipsychotics, there are wide individual differences in response to risperidone, both regarding therapeutic effects and adverse effects, imposing some limitations with respect to the therapeutic use of the drug. Genetic factors are thought to play an important role in determining the variability to drug response. A growing number of studies are investigating how genetic polymorphisms of enzymes involved in drug metabolism or of receptors targeted by antipsychotic agents influence drug treatment of several neuropsychiatric diseases. In this article we will review the genetic variability in both the pharmacokinetics of risperidone action and in pharmacodynamic structures mediating risperidone effects, as well as the pharmacogenetic studies performed for these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Correia
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Astrid M Vicente
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oh JJ, Koegel AK, Phan DT, Razfar A, Slamon DJ. The two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the H37/RBM5 tumour suppressor gene at 3p21.3 correlated with different subtypes of non-small cell lung cancers. Lung Cancer 2007; 58:7-14. [PMID: 17606309 PMCID: PMC2071930 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Allele loss and genetic alteration in chromosome 3p, particularly in 3p21.3 region, are the most frequent and the earliest genomic abnormalities found in lung cancer. Multiple 3p21.3 genes exhibit various degrees of tumour suppression activity suggesting that 3p21.3 genes may function as an integrated tumour suppressor region through their diverse biological activities. We have previously demonstrated growth inhibitory effects and tumour suppression mechanism of the H37/RBM5 gene which is one of the 19 genes residing in the 370kb minimal overlap region at 3p21.3. In the current study, in an attempt to find, if any, mutations in the H37 coding region in lung cancer cells, we compared nucleotide sequences of the entire H37 gene in tumour versus adjacent normal tissues from 17 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. No mutations were detected; instead, we found the two silent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), C1138T and C2185T, within the coding region of the H37 gene. In addition, we found that specific allele types at these SNP positions are correlated with different histological subtypes of NSCLC; tumours containing heterozygous alleles (C+T) at these SNP positions are more likely to be associated with adenocarcinoma (AC), whereas, homozygous alleles (either C or T) are associated with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (p=0.0098). We postulate that, these two silent polymorphisms may be in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with a disease causative allele in the 3p21.3 tumour suppressor region which is packed with a large number of important genes affecting lung cancer development. In addition, because of prevalent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) detected at 3p21.3 which precedes lung cancer initiation, these SNPs may be developed into a marker screening for the high risk individuals.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Alleles
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/classification
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Lung Neoplasms/classification
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana J Oh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, 11-934 Factor Building, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Müller DJ, Kennedy JL. Genetics of antipsychotic treatment emergent weight gain in schizophrenia. Pharmacogenomics 2006; 7:863-87. [PMID: 16981847 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.7.6.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic and modern antipsychotics can induce substantial weight gain causing diabetes, lipid abnormalities and psychological distress. Treatment emergent weight gain varies within the broad class of antipsychotics; however, an individual's propensity to develop weight gain largely depends on genetic factors. The first part of this review highlights current ideas and concepts related to antipsychotic-induced weight gain, including principles on energy homeostasis. The second part summarizes genetic findings emphasizing studies published after 2003 as prior studies have been reviewed in detail elsewhere. Candidate gene studies have produced significant findings in the 5-hydroxytryptamin 2C (5HT2C) and adrenergic alpha2a (ADRalpha2a) receptor genes, as well as in the leptin, guanine nucleotide binding protein (GNB3) and synaptomal-associated protein 25kDa (SNAP25) genes. Results from genome-wide association and linkage studies point to several chromosomal regions (e.g., 12q24) and some specific genes (e.g., promelanin concentrating hormone [PMCH], polycyctic kidney and hepatic disease 1 [PKHD1], peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase [PAM]). However, more efforts are needed before risk prediction and personalized medicine can be made available for antipsychotic-induced weight gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Müller
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Department of Psychiatry, Campus Charité Mitte, St. Hedwig KlinikTurmstrasse 21, 10559 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Neurotoxins represent unique chemical tools, providing a means to 1) gain insight into cellular mechanisms of apopotosis and necrosis, 2) achieve a morphological template for studies otherwise unattainable, 3) specifically produce a singular phenotype of denervation, and 4) provide the starting point to delve into processes and mechanisms of nerve regeneration and sprouting. There are many other notable uses of neurotoxins in neuroscience research, and ever more being discovered each year. The objective of this review paper is to highlight the broad areas of neuroscience in which neurotoxins and neurotoxicity mechanism come into play. This shifts the focus away from neurotoxins per se, and onto the major problems under study today. Neurotoxins broadly defined are used to explore neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders. Neurotoxic mechanisms relating to protein aggregates are indigenous to Alzheimer disease, Parkinson's disease. NeuroAIDS is a disorder in which microglia and macrophages have enormous import. The gap between the immune system and nervous system has been bridged, as neuroinflammation is now considered to be part of the neurodegenerative process. Related mechanisms now arise in the process of neurogenesis. Accordingly, the entire spectrum of neuroscience is within the purview of neurotoxins and neurotoxicity mechanisms. Highlights on discoveries in the areas noted, and on selective neurotoxins, are included, mainly from the past 2 to 3 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Casilla 70000, Santiago, Chile.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Palomo T, Archer T, Kostrzewa RM, Beninger RJ. Gene-environment interplay in schizopsychotic disorders. Neurotox Res 2004; 6:1-9. [PMID: 15184100 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies have sought to identify subtypes or endophenotypes of schizophrenia in an effort to improve the reliability of findings. A number of chromosomal regions or genes have now been shown to have had replicated linkage to schizophrenia susceptibility. Molecules involved in neurodevelopment or neurotransmitter function are coded by many of the genes that have been implicated in schizophrenia. Studies of neurotransmitter function have identified, among others, a possible role for GABA, glutamate and dopamine in animal models of schizophrenia. GABA neurons that co-express the calcium binding protein parvalbumin have been implicated as have glutamatergic metabotropic receptors and dopamine D3 receptors. Stress influences glutamate and dopamine providing another environmental factor that may interact with the influence of genes on neurotransmitter function. Neurotransmitter interactions include influences on signaling molecules and these too have been implicated in forms of learning thought to be affected in schizophrenia. Results continue to unravel the interplay of genes and environment in the etiology of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Palomo
- Servicio Psiquiátrico, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|