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Pereira JF, de Sousa Neves JC, Fonteles AA, Bezerra JR, Pires RC, da Silva ATA, Lima FAV, Neves KRT, Oriá RB, de Barros Viana GS, Tavares J, de Sousa Nascimento T, Oliveira AV, Parente ACB, Gomes JMP, de Andrade GM. Palmatine, a natural alkaloid, attenuates memory deficits and neuroinflammation in mice submitted to permanent focal cerebral ischemia. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 381:578131. [PMID: 37413943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of human morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of ischemic stroke involves complex events, including oxidative stress and inflammation, that lead to neuronal loss and cognitive deficits. Palmatine (PAL) is a naturally occurring (Coptidis rhizome) isoquinoline alkaloid that belongs to the class of protoberberines and has a wide spectrum of pharmacological and biological effects. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of Palmatine on neuronal damage, memory deficits, and inflammatory response in mice submitted to permanent focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery (pMCAO) occlusion. The animals were treated with Palmatine (0.2, 2 and 20 mg/kg/day, orally) or vehicle (3% Tween + saline solution) 2 h after pMCAO once daily for 3 days. Cerebral ischemia was confirmed by evaluating the infarct area (TTC staining) and neurological deficit score 24 h after pMCAO. Treatment with palmatine (2 and 20 mg/kg) reduced infarct size and neurological deficits and prevented working and aversive memory deficits in ischemic mice. Palmatine, at a dose of 2 mg/kg, had a similar effect of reducing neuroinflammation 24 h after cerebral ischemia, decreasing TNF-, iNOS, COX-2, and NF- κB immunoreactivities and preventing the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Moreover, palmatine (2 mg/kg) reduced COX-2, iNOS, and IL-1β immunoreactivity 96 h after pMCAO. The neuroprotective properties of palmatine make it an excellent adjuvant treatment for strokes due to its inhibition of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Fernandes Pereira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliana Catharina de Sousa Neves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Analu Aragão Fonteles
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rabelo Bezerra
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Costa Pires
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Thais Araújo da Silva
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Arnaldo Viana Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Kelly Rose Tavares Neves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Barreto Oriá
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Glauce Socorro de Barros Viana
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliete Tavares
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tyciane de Sousa Nascimento
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alfaete Vieira Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Barros Parente
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jessica Maria Pessoa Gomes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Geanne Matos de Andrade
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Synthesis of novel EGCG-glucose conjugates and studies of their antioxidative properties for neuroprotections. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang S, Chen Y, Xia C, Yang C, Chen J, Hai L, Wu Y, Yang Z. Synthesis and evaluation of glycosylated quercetin to enhance neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 73:117008. [PMID: 36126445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin (Que), a polyphenolic flavonoid compound with antioxidant properties has been explicated to have neuroprotective effects on neuronal injury/neurodegenerative diseases. However, low water-solubility, instability and inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) imped its application. To enhance the neuroprotective effects and improve the potential application of quercetins as a nutraceutical or medicine, we designed and synthesized two types of glycosylated quercetins--Glu-Que and 2Glu-Que through click reaction. Glu-Que and 2Glu-Que improved the water solubility and stability of quercetin, as well as alleviating H2O2-induced neurotoxicity by increasing the cell viability of PC12 cells and reducing the ROS generation. What's more, glycosylated quercetins enhanced neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Among the two types of glycosylated quercetin, 2Glu-Que displayed higher neuroprotective potential than Glu-Que. In conclusion, the glycosylated quercetin 2Glu-Que, with better water solubility, bioavailability and brain-targeting ability, significantly enhanced the neuroprotective effects of quercetin, making it a promising nutraceutical or candidate drug in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chen Xia
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Li Hai
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Zhongzheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Zhang L, Ma J, Yang F, Li S, Ma W, Chang X, Yang L. Neuroprotective Effects of Quercetin on Ischemic Stroke: A Literature Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:854249. [PMID: 35662707 PMCID: PMC9158527 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.854249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is characterized by high recurrence and disability; however, its therapies are very limited. As one of the effective methods of treating acute attacks of IS, intravenous thrombolysis has a clear time window. Quercetin, a flavonoid widely found in vegetables and fruits, inhibits immune cells from secreting inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing platelet aggregation and limiting inflammatory thrombosis. In pre-clinical studies, it has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects in patients with ischemic brain injury. However, its specific mechanism of action remains unknown. Therefore, this review aims to use published data to elucidate the potential value of quercetin in patients with ischemic brain injury. This article also reviews the plant sources, pharmacological effects, and metabolic processes of quercetin in vivo, thus focusing on its mechanism in inhibiting immune cell activation and inflammatory thrombosis as well as promoting neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhang
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingying Ma
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sishi Li
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Wangran Ma
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiang Chang
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
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Guo L, Huang Z, Huang L, Liang J, Wang P, Zhao L, Shi Y. Surface-modified engineered exosomes attenuated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by targeting the delivery of quercetin towards impaired neurons. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:141. [PMID: 34001136 PMCID: PMC8130330 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of ischemic stroke in the context of vascular disease is high, and the expression of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP43) increases when neurons are damaged or stimulated, especially in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We bioengineered neuron-targeting exosomes (Exo) conjugated to a monoclonal antibody against GAP43 (mAb GAP43) to promote the targeted delivery of quercetin (Que) to ischemic neurons with high GAP43 expression and investigated the ability of Exo to treat cerebral ischemia by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS Our results suggested that Que loaded mAb GAP43 conjugated exosomes (Que/mAb GAP43-Exo) can specifically target damaged neurons through the interaction between Exo-delivered mAb GAP43 and GAP43 expressed in damaged neurons and improve survival of neurons by inhibiting ROS production through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. The brain infarct volume is smaller, and neurological recovery is more markedly improved following Que/mAb GAP43-Exo treatment than following free Que or Que-carrying exosome (Que-Exo) treatment in a rat induced by MCAO/R. CONCLUSIONS Que/mAb GAP43-Exo may serve a promising dual targeting and therapeutic drug delivery system for alleviating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixuan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Liang
- Life Science Institution, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yijie Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000 People’s Republic of China
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Cardozo V, Vaamonde L, Parodi-Talice A, Zuluaga MJ, Agrati D, Portela M, Lima A, Blasina F, Dajas F, Bedó G. Multitarget neuroprotection by quercetin: Changes in gene expression in two perinatal asphyxia models. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105064. [PMID: 33951501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) causes mortality and long-term neurologic morbidities in newborns, affecting pathways related to energy failure, excitotoxicity and oxidative stress that often lead to cell death. The whole process of HIE injury is coupled to changes in the expression of a great array of proteins. A nanoliposomal preparation of the flavonoid quercetin has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in perinatal asphyxia models. This study aimed to identify neonatal HIE markers and explore the effect of quercetin administration in two perinatal asphyxia models: newborn rats and piglets. In the rat model, nanoliposomal quercetin administration reduced mortality after asphyxia. In the piglet model, quercetin partially overrode the reduction of HIF-1α mRNA levels in the cortex induced by asphyxia. Quercetin administration also reduced increased level of HO-1 mRNA in asphyctic piglets. These results suggest that quercetin neuroprotection might be involved in the regulation of HIF-1α, HO-1 and their targets. A proteomic approach revealed that the glycolytic pathway is strongly regulated by quercetin in both species. We also identified a set of proteins differentially expressed that could be further considered as markers. In piglets, this set includes Acidic Leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 (ANP32A), associated with nervous system differentiation, proteins related with death pathways and alpha-enolase which can be converted to neuron-specific enolase, a glycolytic enzyme that may promote neuroprotection. In newborn rats, other promising proteins associated with neurogenesis and neuroprotection emerged, such as dihydropyrimidinase-related proteins, catalytic and regulatory subunits of phosphatases and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK). Our results show that a nanoliposomal preparation of quercetin, with protective effect in two HIE mammal models, modulates the expression of proteins involved in energy metabolism and other putative neuroprotective signals in the cortex. Identification of these signals could reveal potential molecular pathways involved in disease onset and the novel quercetin neuroprotective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cardozo
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L Vaamonde
- Dept. Neonatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Parodi-Talice
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M J Zuluaga
- Sección Fisiología y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - D Agrati
- Sección Fisiología y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Portela
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Lima
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - F Blasina
- Dept. Neonatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - F Dajas
- Dept. Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - G Bedó
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (Udelar), Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Park DJ, Kang JB, Shah FA, Koh PO. Quercetin attenuates the reduction of parvalbumin in middle cerebral artery occlusion animal model. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:9. [PMID: 33632310 PMCID: PMC7905853 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcium is a critical factor involved in modulation of essential cellular functions. Parvalbumin is a calcium buffering protein that regulates intracellular calcium concentrations. It prevents rises in calcium concentrations and inhibits apoptotic processes during ischemic injury. Quercetin exerts potent antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects during brain ischemia. We investigated whether quercetin can regulate parvalbumin expression in cerebral ischemia and glutamate toxicity-induced neuronal cell death. Adult male rats were treated with vehicle or quercetin (10 mg/kg) 30 min prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and cerebral cortical tissues were collected 24 h after MCAO. We used various techniques including Western blot, reverse transcription-PCR, and immunohistochemical staining to elucidate the changes of parvalbumin expression. Results Quercetin ameliorated MCAO-induced neurological deficits and behavioral changes. Moreover, quercetin prevented MCAO-induced a decrease in parvalbumin expression. Conclusions These findings suggest that quercetin exerts a neuroprotective effect through regulation of parvalbumin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ju Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, 52828, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ju-Bin Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, 52828, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Fawad-Ali Shah
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, 52828, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, 52828, Jinju, South Korea.
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Mohsenpour H, Pesce M, Patruno A, Bahrami A, Pour PM, Farzaei MH. A Review of Plant Extracts and Plant-Derived Natural Compounds in the Prevention/Treatment of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E833. [PMID: 33467663 PMCID: PMC7830094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is one of the major drawbacks of mortality and causes significant short/long-term neurological dysfunction in newborn infants worldwide. To date, due to multifunctional complex mechanisms of brain injury, there is no well-established effective strategy to completely provide neuroprotection. Although therapeutic hypothermia is the proven treatment for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), it does not completely chang outcomes in severe forms of HIE. Therefore, there is a critical need for reviewing the effective therapeutic strategies to explore the protective agents and methods. In recent years, it is widely believed that there are neuroprotective possibilities of natural compounds extracted from plants against HIE. These natural agents with the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and neurofunctional regulatory properties exhibit preventive or therapeutic effects against experimental neonatal HI brain damage. In this study, it was aimed to review the literature in scientific databases that investigate the neuroprotective effects of plant extracts/plant-derived compounds in experimental animal models of neonatal HI brain damage and their possible underlying molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mohsenpour
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 75333–67427, Iran;
| | - Mirko Pesce
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonia Patruno
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Azam Bahrami
- Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran;
| | - Pardis Mohammadi Pour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran;
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Safdari MR, Shakeri F, Mohammadi A, Bibak B, Alesheikh P, Jamialahmadi T, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. Role of Herbal Medicines in the Management of Brain Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1328:287-305. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Viswanatha GL, Venkataranganna MV, Prasad NBL, Shylaja H. Achyranthes aspera Linn. alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion-induced neurocognitive, biochemical, morphological and histological alterations in Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 228:58-69. [PMID: 30223049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the traditional system of Indian medicine, the whole plant and roots of Achyranthes aspera L have been extensively used to treat neurological conditions such as epilepsy and stroke by the various ethnic communities of India. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was aimed to evaluate the cerebroprotective potential of methanol extract of A. aspera aerial parts (MeAA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Initially the MeAA was evaluated for total phenolic content and subjected to detailed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Additionally, it was evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity in ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays. Furthermore, in RAW 264.7 cell lines the effect of MeAA was evaluated on lipopolysaccharide-induced generation of reactive oxygen species, nitrite and tumor necrosis factor-α. Finally, the MeAA (400 and 800 mg/kg) was evaluated against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced brain injury in rats. In brief, male Wistar rats were allocated in to five groups (G-I to G-V, n = 10). G-I and G-II assigned as sham control and I/R control, and received only vehicle (carboxy methyl cellulose 0.5% w/v, 10 ml/kg, p.o.). G-III received quercetin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) and assigned as reference standard. G-IV and G-V group animals received 400 and 800 mg/kg oral doses of MeAA, respectively. All the treatments were given orally for a period of seven days and the parameters such as functional (neurological, cognitive and motor), morphological (edema and infarct area), biochemical (superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, cytokines), and histopathological evaluations of the brain tissue was performed. RESULTS The MeAA exhibited 72.48 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of total phenolic content and the LC-MS/MS analysis showed acteoside, apigenin, and pentagalloyl glucose as major ingredients in the MeAA. In in vitro antioxidant assays, the MeAA showed good antioxidant activity with IC50 of 126.50 μg/ml in DPPH assay; FRAP and ORAC values of 759.65 and 979.4 in FRAP and ORAC assays, respectively. Further, the MeAA significantly suppressed the generation of ROS, nitrite and TNF-α in LPS activated RAW 264.7 cell lines. Besides, sixty mins of global cerebral ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion produced considerable alterations in neurobehavioral functions in the I/R control group compared to sham control, with a significant reduction in catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in reduced glutathione levels with increased lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and ICAM-I) increased significantly and those of anti-inflammatory (IL-10) decreased. I/R insult increased the brain volume and aggravated cerebral infarct formation. Histopathological examination of the brain tissue revealed vascular congestion, cerebral edema, leukocyte infiltration, and brain tissue necrosis. Interestingly, seven days pretreatment with MeAA (800 mg/kg, p.o.) has offered significant protection against I/R-induced functional, morphological, biochemical and histopathological alterations in Wistar rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the MeAA possesses potent cerebroprotective action through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Sánchez M, Romero M, Gómez-Guzmán M, Tamargo J, Pérez-Vizcaino F, Duarte J. Cardiovascular Effects of Flavonoids. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6991-7034. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181220094721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
:
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the major cause of death worldwide, especially in Western
society. Flavonoids are a large group of polyphenolic compounds widely distributed in plants, present
in a considerable amount in fruit and vegetable. Several epidemiological studies found an inverse association
between flavonoids intake and mortality by CVD. The antioxidant effect of flavonoids was
considered the main mechanism of action of flavonoids and other polyphenols. In recent years, the role
of modulation of signaling pathways by direct interaction of flavonoids with multiple protein targets,
namely kinases, has been increasingly recognized and involved in their cardiovascular protective effect.
There are strong evidence, in in vitro and animal experimental models, that some flavonoids induce
vasodilator effects, improve endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance, exert platelet antiaggregant
and atheroprotective effects, and reduce blood pressure. Despite interacting with multiple targets, flavonoids
are surprisingly safe. This article reviews the recent evidence about cardiovascular effects that
support a beneficial role of flavonoids on CVD and the potential molecular targets involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Tamargo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vizcaino
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
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Soares TB, Loureiro L, Carvalho A, Oliveira MECR, Dias A, Sarmento B, Lúcio M. Lipid nanocarriers loaded with natural compounds: Potential new therapies for age related neurodegenerative diseases? Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:21-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Zhang W, Wang W, Yu DX, Xiao Z, He Z. Application of nanodiagnostics and nanotherapy to CNS diseases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2341-2371. [PMID: 30088440 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke are the most common CNS diseases, all characterized by progressive cellular dysfunction and death in specific areas of the nervous system. Therapeutic development for these diseases has lagged behind other disease areas due to difficulties in early diagnosis, long disease courses and drug delivery challenges, not least due to the blood-brain barrier. Over recent decades, nanotechnology has been explored as a potential tool for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of CNS diseases. In this review, we describe the application of nanotechnology to common CNS diseases, highlighting disease pathogenesis and the underlying mechanisms and promising functional outcomes that make nanomaterials ideal candidates for early diagnosis and therapy. Moreover, we discuss the limitations of nanotechnology, and possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Wenyue Wang
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - David X Yu
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Zhiyong He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China.,Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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Park DJ, Shah FA, Koh PO. Quercetin attenuates neuronal cells damage in a middle cerebral artery occlusion animal model. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:676-683. [PMID: 29563391 PMCID: PMC5938200 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a neurological disorder with high mortality. Quercetin is a
flavonoid compound that is abundant in vegetables and fruits. It exerts anti-inflammatory
and anti-apoptotic effects. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of
quercetin in focal cerebral ischemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle
cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to induce focal cerebral ischemia. Quercetin or vehicle
was injected 30 min before the onset of ischemia. A neurological function test, brain
edema measurement, and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining were performed to
elucidate the neuroprotective effects of quercetin. Western blot analysis was performed to
observe caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) protein expression. MCAO leads to
severe neuronal deficits and increases brain edema and infarct volume. However, quercetin
administration attenuated the MCAO-induced neuronal deficits and neuronal degeneration. We
observed increases in caspase-3 and PARP protein levels in MCAO-operated animals injected
with vehicle, whereas quercetin administration attenuated these increases in MCAO injury.
This study reveals the neuroprotective effect of quercetin in an MCAO-induced animal model
and demonstrates the regulation of caspase-3 and PARP expression by quercetin treatment.
These results suggest that quercetin exerts a neuroprotective effect through preventing
the MCAO-induced activation of apoptotic pathways affecting caspase-3 and PARP
expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ju Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Fawad-Ali Shah
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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Neuroprotective effects of quercetin 4'-O-β-d-diglucoside on human striatal precursor cells in nutrient deprivation condition. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:122-128. [PMID: 29336843 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Several investigations have demonstrated neuroprotective effects of quercetin, a polyphenol widely present in nature, against neurotoxic chemicals, as well as in neuronal injury/neurodegenerative disease models. Most of these studies have been performed with quercetin aglycone and its metabolites, while scanty data are available on its glycosides. This study is aimed at investigating the neuroprotective effects of quercetin 3,4'-O-β-d-diglucoside (Q3,4'dG), isolated from the bulbs of the white cultivar (Allium cepa L.), using an in vitro model of human striatal precursor cells (HSPs), a primary culture isolated from the striatal primordium and previously characterized. To study the effect of Q3,4'dG on cell survival, HSPs were exposed to nutrient deprivation created by replacing culture medium with phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Our findings showed that Q3,4'dG treatment significantly promoted cell survival and strongly decreased apoptosis induced by nutrient deprivation, as evaluated by cell proliferation/death analyses. In addition, since the adhesive capacities of cells are essential for cell survival, the expression of some adhesion molecules, such as pancadherin and focal adhesion kinase, was evaluated. Interestingly, PBS exposure significantly decreased the expression of both molecules, while in the presence of Q3,4'dG this effect was prevented. This study provides evidence of a neuroprotective role exerted by Q3,4'dG and suggests its possible implication in sustaining neuronal survival for prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Effect and Mechanism of Sophoridine to suppress Hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:324-330. [PMID: 28858730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to explain effect and mechanism of Sophoridine to suppress Hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and vivo. METHODS In vitro experiment, the HepG2 cells were divided into 5 groups: 0μg/mL Sophoridine treated group (0 μg/mL group); 10μg/mL matrine treated group (10μg/mL group); 20μg/mL matrine treated group (20μg/mL group) and 10μg/mL Paclitaxel treated group (Positive drug group). Measuring the cell proliferation of difference groups by MTS assay; evaluating cell apoptosis of difference by flow cytometry; the cell invasion and migration abilities of difference HepG2 cells were measured by transwell and wound healing testing; measuring the relative proteins expression in difference groups. In vovo experiment, the nude mice were divided into 5 groups: 0μg/mL, 5μg/mL, 10μg/mL, 20μg/mL and Positive drug groups, after executing, taking the tumor tissue from nude mice of difference groups, measuring the tumor volume and weight; evaluating the PTEN protein expression in tumor tissue by Immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS In the cell experiments, Compared with 0μg/mL group, cell proliferation rates were significantly reduced, cell aopotosis were significantly increased and invasion and wound healing abilities were significantly decreased in marine treated groups with dose-dependent (P<0.05, respectively). In the nude mice experiment, the tumor volume and weight of matrine treated groups were significantly decreased compared with 0 μg/mL group with dose-dependent (P<0.05, respectively). And the PTEN protein expression of Sophoridine treated groups were significantly decreased compared with 0μg/mL group with dose-dependent (P<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION Sophoridine had anti-cance effects to suppress HepG2 activities by regulation PTEN/PI3K/AKT, Caspase-3/-9 and MMP-2/-9 signaling pathway.
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THE ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES IN RAT SCIATIC NERVE FOLLOWING A HEMORRHAGIC STROKE. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2017-3-61-100-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vieira DB, Gamarra LF. Getting into the brain: liposome-based strategies for effective drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5381-5414. [PMID: 27799765 PMCID: PMC5077137 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s117210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes articles that have been reported in literature on liposome-based strategies for effective drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier. Due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, liposomes have been widely investigated for their application in drug delivery and in vivo bioimaging for the treatment and/or diagnosis of neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, stroke, and glioma. Several strategies have been used to deliver drug and/or imaging agents to the brain. Covalent ligation of such macromolecules as peptides, antibodies, and RNA aptamers is an effective method for receptor-targeting liposomes, which allows their blood–brain barrier penetration and/or the delivery of their therapeutic molecule specifically to the disease site. Additionally, methods have been employed for the development of liposomes that can respond to external stimuli. It can be concluded that the development of liposomes for brain delivery is still in its infancy, although these systems have the potential to revolutionize the ways in which medicine is administered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lionel F Gamarra
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ferreira EDO, Fernandes MYSD, Lima NMRD, Neves KRT, Carmo MRSD, Lima FAV, Fonteles AA, Menezes APF, Andrade GMD. Neuroinflammatory response to experimental stroke is inhibited by eriodictyol. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:321-32. [PMID: 27353856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia is a common disease and one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. The lack of glucose and oxygen in neuronal tissue leads to a series of inflammatory events, culminating in neuronal death. Eriodictyol is a flavonoid isolated from the Chinese herb Dracocephalum rupestre that has been proven to have anti-inflammatory properties. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE Thus, the present study was designed to explore whether eriodictyol has neuroprotective effects against the neuronal damage, motor and memory deficits induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in mice. STUDY DESIGN Animals were orally treated with eriodictyol (1, 2 and 4mg/kg) or vehicle (saline) 30min before pMCAO, 2h after, and then once daily for the following five days. METHODS The parameters studied were neuronal viability, brain infarcted area; sensorimotor deficits; exploratory activity; working and aversive memory; myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity; TNFα, iNOS and GFAP immunoreactivity. RESULTS The treatment with eriodictyol prevented neuronal death, reduced infarct area and improved neurological and memory deficits induced by brain ischemia. The increase of MPO activity and TNF-α, iNOS and GFAP expression were also reduced by eriodictyol treatment. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that eriodictyol exhibit promising neuroprotection effects against the permanent focal ischemia cerebral injury in the mice experimental model and the underlying mechanisms might be mediated through inhibition of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson de Oliveira Ferreira
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Mara Yone Soares Dias Fernandes
- Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Neila Maria Rocha de Lima
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Rose Tavares Neves
- Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Marta Regina Santos do Carmo
- Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Arnaldo Viana Lima
- Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Analu Aragão Fonteles
- Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Fontenele Menezes
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Geanne Matos de Andrade
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil; Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil; Institute of Biomedicine of Brazilian Semi-arid, Brazil.
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Blasina F, Vaamonde L, Silvera F, Tedesco AC, Dajas F. Intravenous nanosomes of quercetin improve brain function and hemodynamic instability after severe hypoxia in newborn piglets. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:149-56. [PMID: 26297982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia is a major cause of death and neurological morbidity in newborns and oxidative stress is one of the critical mechanisms leading to permanent brain lesions in this pathology. In this context we have chosen quercetin, a natural antioxidant, known also by its brain protective effects to study its potential as a therapy for brain pathology provoked by severe hypoxia in the brain. To overcame the difficulties of quercetin to access the brain, we have developed lecithin/cholesterol/cyclodextrin nanosomes as a safe and protective vehicle. We have applied the nanosomal preparation intravenously to newborn piglets submitted to a severe hypoxic or ischemic/hypoxic episode and followed them for 8 or 72 h, respectively. Either towards the end of 8 h after hypoxia or up to 72 h after, electroencephalographic amplitude records in animals that received the nanosomes improved significantly. Animals receiving quercetin also stabilized blood pressure and recovered spontaneous breathing. In this experimental group mechanical ventilation assistance was withdrawn in the first 24 h while the hypoxic and vehicle groups required more than 24 h of mechanical ventilation. Three days after the hypoxia the suckling and walking capacity in the group that received quercetin recovered significantly compared with the hypoxic groups. Pathological studies did not show significant differences in the brain of newborn piglets treated with nanosomes compared with hypoxic groups. The beneficial effects of quercetin nanosomal preparation after experimental perinatal asphyxia show it as a promising putative treatment for the damaged brain in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Blasina
- Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay; Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Lucía Vaamonde
- Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay; Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Silvera
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Federico Dajas
- Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay
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Tewari A, Mahendru V, Sinha A, Bilotta F. Antioxidants: The new frontier for translational research in cerebroprotection. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2014; 30:160-71. [PMID: 24803750 PMCID: PMC4009632 DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.130001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important for the anesthesiologist to understand the etiology of free radical damage and how free-radical scavengers attenuate this, so that this knowledge can be applied to diverse neuro-pathological conditions. This review will concentrate on the role of reactive species of oxygen in the pathophysiology of organ dysfunction, specifically sub arachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as global central nervous system (CNS) hypoxic, ischemic and reperfusion states. We enumerate potential therapeutic modalities that are been currently investigated and of interest for future trials. Antioxidants are perhaps the next frontier of translational research, especially in neuro-anesthesiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Tewari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Vidhi Mahendru
- Department of Anesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Sinha
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Federico Bilotta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Pharmacological effects of active compounds on neurodegenerative disease with gastrodia and uncaria decoction, a commonly used poststroke decoction. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:896873. [PMID: 24348193 PMCID: PMC3851952 DOI: 10.1155/2013/896873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases refer to the selective loss of neuronal systems in patients. The diseases cause high morbidity and mortality to approximately 22 million people worldwide and the number is expected to be tripled by 2050. Up to now, there is no effective prevention and treatment for the neurodegenerative diseases. Although some of the clinical therapies target at slowing down the progression of symptoms of the diseases, the general effectiveness of the drugs has been far from satisfactory. Traditional Chinese medicine becomes popular alternative remedies as it has been practiced clinically for more than thousands of years in China. As neurodegenerative diseases are mediated through different pathways, herbal decoction with multiple herbs is used as an effective therapeutic approach to work on multiple targets. Gastrodia and Uncaria Decoction, a popular TCM decoction, has been used to treat stroke in China. The decoction contains compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, iridoids, carotenoids, and natural phenols, which have been found to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic effects. In this review, we will summarize the recent publications of the pharmacological effects of these five groups of compounds. Understanding the mechanisms of action of these compounds may provide new treatment opportunities for the patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Rodrigues AMG, Marcilio FDS, Frazão Muzitano M, Giraldi-Guimarães A. Therapeutic potential of treatment with the flavonoid rutin after cortical focal ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2013; 1503:53-61. [PMID: 23370003 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids have known anti-inflammatory and antioxidative actions, and they have been described as neuroprotective and able to reduce damage in CNS diseases. We evaluated the action of the flavonoid rutin in an animal model of focal cortical ischemia induced by unilateral thermocoagulation of superficial blood vessels of motor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) primary cortices. Ischemic rats were submitted to daily injections (i.p.) for five days, starting immediately after induction of ischemia. We tested two doses: 50mg/kg or 100mg/kg of body weight. Sensorimotor tests were used to evaluate functional recovery. Bioavailability in plasma was done by chromatographic analysis. The effect of treatment in lesion volume and neurodegeneration was evaluated 48 h and 72 h after ischemia, respectively. We observed significant sensorimotor recovery induced by rutin, and the dose of 50mg/kg had more pronounced effect. Thus, this dose was used in further analyses. Plasma availability of rutin was detected from 2h to at least 8h after ischemia. The treatment did not result in reduction of lesion volume but reduced the number of degenerated neurons at the periphery of the lesion. The results suggest rutin as an efficient drug to treat brain ischemia since it was able to promote significant recovery of sensorimotor loss, which was correlated to the reduction of neurodegeneration in the periphery of cortical injury. Increasing studies with rutin and other flavonoids might give support for further clinical trials with these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia Miranda Gomes Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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Dajas F. Life or death: neuroprotective and anticancer effects of quercetin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 143:383-96. [PMID: 22820241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Quercetin is a ubiquitous flavonoid that is present in numerous plants that are utilized in many different cultures for their nervous system and anticancer effects. To better understand the neuroprotective and antiproliferative activities of quercetin, we present a comprehensive review of the divergent actions that contribute to the ethnopharmacological profile of these plants. RESULTS The pharmacological activities of quercetin that modulate antioxidation/oxidation/kinase-signaling pathways might be differentially elicited in neurons compared with malignant cells, ultimately promoting cell survival or death in a cell type- and metabolism-specific manner. Whereas the broad antioxidation and anti-inflammatory activities of quercetin are important for neuronal survival, the oxidative, kinase- and cell cycle-inhibitory, apoptosis-inducing effects of quercetin are essential for its anticancer effects. The diverse mechanistic interactions and activities of quercetin that modulate the phosphorylation state of molecules as well as gene expression would alter the interconnected and concerted intracellular signaling equilibrium, either inhibiting or strengthening survival signals. These mechanisms, which have been mainly observed in in vitro studies, cannot be easily translated into an explanation of the divergent simultaneous neuroprotective and anticancer effects observed in vivo. This is in part due to low bioavailability in plasma and in the brain, as well as the nature of the actual active molecules. CONCLUSIONS Numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of chronic quercetin intake, which is ethnopharmacologically meaningful, as many plants that are chronically ingested by people contain quercetin. Although quercetin and quercetin-containing plants exhibit potential as therapeutic modalities in neuropathology and in cancer, the data collectively highlight the need to elucidate issues such as bioavailability as well as its correlation with effectiveness at biomarkers in vivo. There would be an increased potentential of these plants for chemoprevention and neuropathology prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Dajas
- UNESCO CHAIR Neuroactive natural products, Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Quercetin attenuates cell apoptosis in focal cerebral ischemia rat brain via activation of BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2777-86. [PMID: 22936120 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0871-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that apoptosis play an important role in cerebral ischemic pathogenesis and may represent a target for treatment. Neuroprotective effect of quercetin has been shown in a variety of brain injury models including ischemia/reperfusion. It is not clear whether BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway mediates the neuroprotection of quercetin, though there has been some reports on the quercetin increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level in brain injury models. We therefore first examined the neurological function, infarct volume and cell apoptosis in quercetin treated middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. Then the protein expression of BDNF, cleaved caspase-3 and p-Akt were evaluated in either the absence or presence of PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) or tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor antagonist (K252a) by immunohistochemistry staining and western blotting. Quercetin significantly improved neurological function, while it decreased the infarct volume and the number of TdT mediated dUTP nick end labeling positive cells in MCAO rats. The protein expression of BDNF, TrkB and p-Akt also increased in the quercetin treated rats. However, treatment with LY294002 or K252a reversed the quercetin-induced increase of BDNF and p-Akt proteins and decrease of cleaved caspase-3 protein in focal cerebral ischemia rats. These results demonstrate that quercetin can decrease cell apoptosis in the focal cerebral ischemia rat brain and the mechanism may be related to the activation of BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported a greater reduction in cardiovascular risk and metabolic disorders associated with diets rich in polyphenols. The antioxidant effects of polyphenols are attributed to the regulation of redox enzymes by reducing reactive oxygen species production from mitochondria, NADPH oxidases and uncoupled endothelial NO synthase in addition to also up-regulating multiple antioxidant enzymes. Although data supporting the effects of polyphenols in reducing oxidative stress are promising, several studies have suggested additional mechanisms in the health benefits of polyphenols. Polyphenols from red wine increase endothelial NO production leading to endothelium-dependent relaxation in conditions such as hypertension, stroke or the metabolic syndrome. Numerous molecules contained in fruits and vegetables can activate sirtuins to increase lifespan and silence metabolic and physiological disturbances associated with endothelial NO dysfunction. Although intracellular pathways involved in the endothelial effects of polyphenols are partially described, the molecular targets of these polyphenols are not completely elucidated. We review the novel aspects of polyphenols on several targets that could trigger the health benefits of polyphenols in conditions such as metabolic and cardiovascular disturbances.
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Hyun SW, Jang M, Park SW, Kim EJ, Jung YS. Onion (Allium cepa) extract attenuates brain edema. Nutrition 2012; 29:244-9. [PMID: 22771051 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the potential beneficial effects of onion extract on brain ischemia-induced edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. The possible underlying mechanisms are investigated, especially those linked to the antioxidant effects of the onion extract. METHODS Brain ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h followed by reperfusion in mice. Mice were treated intravenously with onion extract 30 min before MCAO. Brain edema and BBB hyperpermeability were evaluated by the measurement of the brain water content and Evans blue extravasation, respectively. The disruption of tight junction proteins was examined by immunohistochemical staining. The level of malondialdehyde was determined using the thiobarbituric acid method. The activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase were determined by spectrophotometric assay. RESULTS Brain water content in the ischemic hemisphere was significantly reduced by treatment with onion extract. Onion extract also had a significant effect on both the decrease in Evans blue extravasation and the inhibition of zonula occludens-1 and occludin disruption caused by brain ischemia. In addition, onion extract significantly prevented brain ischemia-induced reduction in catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities and elevation of malondialdehyde level in the brain tissue. CONCLUSION The results from this study demonstrate that onion extract prevents brain edema, BBB hyperpermeability, and tight junction proteins disruption, possibly through its antioxidant effects in the mouse MCAO model. This study suggests that onion extract may be a beneficial nutrient for the prevention of BBB function during brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Wang Hyun
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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28
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Schaffer S, Asseburg H, Kuntz S, Muller WE, Eckert GP. Effects of polyphenols on brain ageing and Alzheimer's disease: focus on mitochondria. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:161-78. [PMID: 22706880 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global trend of the phenomenon of population ageing has dramatic consequences on public health and the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. Physiological changes that occur during normal ageing of the brain may exacerbate and initiate pathological processes that may lead to neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hence, the risk of AD rises exponentially with age. While there is no cure currently available, sufficient intake of certain micronutrients and secondary plant metabolites may prevent disease onset. Polyphenols are highly abundant in the human diet, and several experimental and epidemiological evidences indicate that these secondary plant products have beneficial effects on AD risks. This study reviews current knowledge on the potential of polyphenols and selected polyphenol-rich diets on memory and cognition in human subjects, focusing on recent data showing in vivo efficacy of polyphenols in preventing neurodegenerative events during brain ageing and in dementia. Concentrations of polyphenols in animal brains following oral administration have been consistently reported to be very low, thus eliciting controversial discussion on their neuroprotective effects and potential mechanisms. Whether polyphenols exert any direct antioxidant effects in the brain or rather act by evoking alterations in regulatory systems of the brain or even the body periphery is still unclear. To understand the mechanisms behind the protective abilities of polyphenol-rich foods, an overall understanding of the biotransformation of polyphenols and identification of the various metabolites arising in the human body is also urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schaffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 22 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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29
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Animal Models of Stroke for Preclinical Drug Development: A Comparative Study of Flavonols for Cytoprotection. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Leonardo CC, Doré S. Dietary flavonoids are neuroprotective through Nrf2-coordinated induction of endogenous cytoprotective proteins. Nutr Neurosci 2011; 14:226-36. [PMID: 22005287 DOI: 10.1179/1476830511y.0000000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke. Detailed investigations into the specific dietary components of these foods have revealed that many polyphenolic constituents exert anti-oxidant effects on key substrates involved in the pathogenesis and progression of ischemic injury. These data have perpetuated the belief that the protective effects of flavonoids result from direct anti-oxidant actions at the levels of the cerebral vasculature and brain parenchyma. While many in vitro studies using purified extracts support this contention, first-pass metabolism alters the bioavailability of flavonoids such that the achievable concentrations after oral consumption are not consistent with this mechanism. Importantly, oral consumption of flavonoids may promote neural protection by facilitating the expression of gene products responsible for detoxifying the ischemic microenvironment through both anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions. In particular, the transcriptional factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 has emerged as a critical regulator of flavonoid-mediated protection through the induction of various cytoprotective genes. The pleiotropic effects associated with potent transcriptional regulation likely represent the primary mechanisms of neural protection, as the flavonoid concentrations reaching ischemic tissues in vivo are sufficient to alter intracellular signal transduction but likely preclude the one-to-one stoichiometry necessary to confer protection by direct anti-oxidation. These data reflect an exciting new direction in the study of complementary and alternative medicine that may lead to the development of novel therapies for ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Leonardo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Ahmad A, Khan MM, Hoda MN, Raza SS, Khan MB, Javed H, Ishrat T, Ashafaq M, Ahmad ME, Safhi MM, Islam F. Quercetin protects against oxidative stress associated damages in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1360-71. [PMID: 21472457 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress and apoptosis play an important role in cerebral ischemic pathogenesis and may represent a target for treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the quercetin dihydrate (Q) protects against cerebral ischemia neuronal damage. Male Wistar rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h and reperfused for 72 h. Quercetin (30 mg/kg, i.p) was administrated 30 min before the onset of ischemia and after the ischemia at interval of 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. The administration of Q showed marked reduction in infarct size, reduced the neurological deficits in terms of behaviors, suppressed neuronal loss and diminished the p53 expression in MCAO rats. Q was found to be successful in upregulating the antioxidant status and lowering the TBARS level. Conversely, the elevated activity of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and activity of caspase-3 in MCAO group was attenuated significantly in Q treated group when compared with MCAO group. Our study reveals that Q, as a powerful antioxidant, could prevent free radicals associated oxidative damage and morphological changes in the MCAO rats. Thus, it may have a therapeutic value for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Ahmad
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
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Kannappan R, Gupta SC, Kim JH, Reuter S, Aggarwal BB. Neuroprotection by spice-derived nutraceuticals: you are what you eat! Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:142-59. [PMID: 21360003 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous lines of evidence indicate that chronic inflammation plays a major role in the development of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, brain tumor, and meningitis. Why these diseases are more common among people from some countries than others is not fully understood, but lifestyle factors have been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. For example, the incidence of certain neurodegenerative diseases among people living in the Asian subcontinent, where people regularly consume spices, is much lower than in countries of the western world. Extensive research over the last 10 years has indicated that nutraceuticals derived from such spices as turmeric, red pepper, black pepper, licorice, clove, ginger, garlic, coriander, and cinnamon target inflammatory pathways, thereby may prevent neurodegenerative diseases. How these nutraceuticals modulate various pathways and how they exert neuroprotection are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaswamy Kannappan
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Betigeri S, Zhang M, Garbuzenko O, Minko T. Non-viral systemic delivery of siRNA or antisense oligonucleotides targeted to Jun N-terminal kinase 1 prevents cellular hypoxic damage. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2010; 1:13-24. [PMID: 21461383 PMCID: PMC3063508 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-010-0003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many pathological conditions and environmental impacts lead to the development of severe tissue hypoxia that aggravates the primary disorder, provokes cell death, and limits the patient’s recovery. We hypothesized that suppression of Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) will limit tissue damage induced by severe hypoxia. To test the hypothesis, antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted to JNK1 mRNA were incorporated or complexed with neutral or cationic liposomes, respectively, and administered systemically to mice prior to hypoxia exposure. The animals were placed in a special chamber ventilated with room air (normoxia) or a gas mixture containing 6% O2 and 94% N2 (hypoxia). Liposomes, ASO, and siRNA were found to accumulate in the lungs, kidney, spleen, and heart. Only trace amounts of liposomes and their payloads (ASO and siRNA) were found in the brain. The down regulation of JNK1 protein limited activation of cell death signal, apoptotic, and necrotic tissue damage under hypoxic conditions. Consequently, we were able to verify our hypothesis and provide proof of concept of a unique approach to the prevention of cellular hypoxic damage by the suppression of JNK1 signaling pathways after the efficient delivery of ASO or siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Betigeri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020 USA
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Flavonols and cardiovascular disease. Mol Aspects Med 2010; 31:478-94. [PMID: 20837053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols, and specially quercetin, are widely distributed in plants and are present in considerable amounts in fruits and vegetables. In addition to their anti-oxidant effect, flavonols interfere with a large number of biochemical signaling pathways and, therefore, physiological and pathological processes. There is solid evidence that, in vitro, quercetin and related flavonols exert endothelium-independent vasodilator effects, protective effect on nitric oxide and endothelial function under conditions of oxidative stress, platelet antiaggregant effects, inhibition of LDL oxidation, reduction of adhesion molecules and other inflammatory markers and prevention of neuronal oxidative and inflammatory damage. The metabolites of quercetin show partial protective effects on endothelial function and LDL oxidation. Quercetin produces undisputed antihypertensive and antiatherogenic effects, prevents endothelial dysfunction and protects the myocardium from ischemic damage. It has no clear effects on serum lipid profile and on insulin resistance. Human intervention trials with isolated flavonols demonstrate an antihypertensive effect. The meta-analysis of epidemiological studies show an inverse association between flavonol (together with flavone) intake and coronary heart disease and stroke. Therefore, although there is no solid proof yet, a substantial body of evidence suggests that quercetin may prevent the most common forms of cardiovascular disease contributing to the protective effects afforded by fruits and vegetables.
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Eve DJ, Musso J, Park DH, Oliveira C, Pollock K, Hope A, Baradez MO, Sinden JD, Sanberg PR. Methodological study investigating long term laser Doppler measured cerebral blood flow changes in a permanently occluded rat stroke model. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 180:52-6. [PMID: 19427529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow is impaired during middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat model of stroke. However, the long term effects on cerebral blood flow following occlusion have received little attention. We examined cerebral blood flow in both sides at multiple time points following middle cerebral artery occlusion of the rat. The bilateral cerebral blood flow in young male Sprague Dawley rats was measured at the time of occlusion, as well as 4, 10 and 16 weeks after occlusion. Under the present experimental conditions, the difference between the left and right side's cerebral blood flow was observed to appear to switch in direction in a visual oscillatory fashion over time in the sham-treated group, whereas the occluded animals consistently showed left side dominance. One group of rats was intraparenchymally transplanted with a human neural stem cell line (CTX0E03 cells) known to have benefit in stroke models. Cerebral blood flow in the lesioned side of the cell-treated group was observed to be improved compared to the untreated rats and to demonstrate a similar oscillatory nature as that observed in sham-treated animals. These findings suggest that multiple bilateral monitoring of cerebral blood flow over time can show effects of stem cell transplantation efficiently as well as functional tests in an animal stroke model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Eve
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, MDC-78, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Lipid Peroxidation was Involved in the Memory Impairment of Carbon Monoxide-induced Delayed Neuron Damage. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1293-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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