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Targeting redox metabolism: the perfect storm induced by acrylamide poisoning in the brain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:312. [PMID: 31941973 PMCID: PMC6962170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to acrylamide may lead to different neurotoxic effects in humans and in experimental animals. To gain insights into this poorly understood type of neurotoxicological damage, we used a multi-omic approach to characterize the molecular changes occurring in the zebrafish brain exposed to acrylamide at metabolite, transcript and protein levels. We detected the formation of acrylamide adducts with thiol groups from both metabolites and protein residues, leading to a quasi-complete depletion of glutathione and to the inactivation of different components of the thioredoxin system. We propose that the combined loss-of-function of both redox metabolism-related systems configure a perfect storm that explains many acrylamide neurotoxic effects, like the dysregulation of genes related to microtubules, presynaptic vesicle alteration, and behavioral alterations. We consider that our mechanistical approach may help developing new treatments against the neurotoxic effects of acrylamide and of other neurotoxicants that may share its toxic mode of action.
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Lazar S, Egoz I, Brandeis R, Chapman S, Bloch-Shilderman E, Grauer E. Propagation of damage in the rat brain following sarin exposure: Differential progression of early processes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 310:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Acrylamide inhibits cellular differentiation of human neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 82:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
The present study assessed biochemical endpoints indicative of acrylamide toxicity in astrocyte cultures derived from neonatal rat pups. Given earlier reports on the possible ability of acrylamide to induce astrocytomas in the Fischer 344 rat, we performed studies in neonatal rat astrocyte cultures from the Fischer 344 to assess the ability of acrylamide to induce astrocytic proliferation. Measurements on astrocytic proliferation included [3H]-leucine incorporation, [3H]-thymidine incorporation, and changes in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Although acrylamide (0.1 and 1 mM for 7, 11, 15, or 20 days) did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect [3H]-leucine or [3H]-thymidine incorporation, it significantly (P < 0.05) increased PCNA protein expression in astrocytes exposed to acrylamide for 15 and 20 days. Additional studies revealed that this effect on PCNA protein expression was not associated with activation of dopamine-2 (D2) receptors, given that quinpirole (10 microM added to cultures for the last hour of 7, 11, 15, or 20 days in culture), a selective D2 receptor agonist, did not produce results analogous to those seen with acrylamide treatment. Cotreatment of astrocytes with acrylamide (7, 11, 15, or 20 days) and the D2 receptor antagonist, sulpiride (1 microM for the last 6 h of exposure), also failed to reverse acrylamide's effect on PCNA protein induction. Taken together, these studies suggest that acrylamide promotes astrocytic cell proliferation in the CNS even though DNA synthesis did not appear stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, B-3307 Medical Center North, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1162 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2495, USA.
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Wu Q, Sidoryk M, Mutkus L, Zielińska M, Albrecht J, Aschner M. Acrylamide stimulates glutamine uptake in Fischer 344 rat astrocytes by a mechanism involving upregulation of the amino acid transport system N. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1053:435-43. [PMID: 16179550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2005.tb00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
High demand of neoplastic tissues for glutamine (Gln) is met by its active transport across cell membranes. Chronic treatment with acrylamide in rodents is associated with an increased incidence of neoplasms, including astrocytomas. In this study, 24-h acrylamide treatment significantly increased the initial rate of l-[G-3H]glutamine uptake in astrocyte cultures derived from the acrylamide-sensitive Fischer 344 rat, and this effect could be fully inhibited by histidine, a model substrate for the amino acid transport system N. RT-PCR analysis revealed that acrylamide treatment caused a significant increase in the astrocytic expression of the mRNA coding for the major system N protein, SNAT3, which is specifically overexpressed in malignant gliomas in situ. The acrylamide-induced upregulation of astrocytic Gln transport via system N is likely to affect Gln homeostasis in these cells and may be causally related to the increased astrocytoma incidence observed in Fischer 344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Kim K. Effect of subchronic acrylamide exposure on the expression of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat brain. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2005; 19:162-8. [PMID: 15977197 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is a known industrial neurotoxic chemical. Evidence suggests that ACR neurotoxic effect is related to brain neurotransmission disturbances. Since nitric oxide (NO) acts as a neurotransmission modulator and is produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the neuronal NOS (nNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) expression pattern were determined in rat cerebral cortex and striatum after subchronic exposure to ACR. Using immunocytochemistry, the neuronal count of nNOS or optical density of iNOS from sections at three coronal levels, bregma 1.0, -0.4, and -2.3 mm, were compared between ACR-treated and control rats. At all three levels, nNOS expressions were uniformly decreased in most of the neocortical subregions following the treatment of ACR. At bregma level 1.0 mm, total numbers of nNOS expressing neurons were significantly decreased to 58.7% and 64.7% of the control in the cortex and striatum of ACR-treated rats, respectively. However, at the bregma level -2.3 mm, ACR treatment did not produce a significant difference in the numbers of nNOS expressing neurons both in the cortex and striatum. Contrary to nNOS, iNOS expressions were consistently increased to approximately 32% in the neocortex and 25% in the striatum, following the subchronic ACR treatment. These data suggest that subchronic ACR exposure involves compensatory mechanism on nNOS and iNOS expression to maintain the homeostasis of NO at the rostral part of the neocortex and the striatum. However, in the caudal brain, increased iNOS expression did not suppress nNOS expression. Therefore, the present study is consistent with the hypothesis that ACR toxicity is mediated through the disturbance to the NO signaling pathway and exhibits a rostrocaudal difference through the differential expressions of nNOS and iNOS in the neocortex and the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisok Kim
- Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, Taegue 704-701, Korea.
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Sabri MI, Spencer PS. How does acrylamide perturb axon transport and induce nerve fiber degeneration? Commentary on forum position paper. Neurotoxicology 2002; 23:259-63; discussion 265-70. [PMID: 12224766 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-813x(02)00023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad I Sabri
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA.
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Albright CD, Tsai AY, Mar MH, Zeisel SH. Choline availability modulates the expression of TGFbeta1 and cytoskeletal proteins in the hippocampus of developing rat brain. Neurochem Res 1998; 23:751-8. [PMID: 9566615 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022411510636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Choline availability influences long-term memory in concert with changes in the spatial organization and morphology of septal neurons, however little is known concerning the effects of choline on the hippocampus, a region of the brain also important for memory performance. Pregnant rats on gestational day 12 were fed a choline control (CT), choline supplemented (CS), or choline deficient (CD) diet for 6 days and fetal brain slices were prepared on embryonic day 18 (E18). The hippocampus in these brain slices was studied for the immunohistochemical localization of the growth-related proteins transforming growth factor beta type 1 (TGFbeta1) and GAP43, the cytoskeletal proteins vimentin and microtubule associated protein type 1 (MAP1), and the neuronal cell marker neuron specific enolase (NSE). In control hippocampus, there was weak expression of TGFbeta1 and vimentin proteins, but moderately intense expression of MAP1 protein. These proteins were not homogeneously distributed, but were preferentially localized to cells with large cell bodies located in the central (approximately CA1-CA3) region of the hippocampus, and to the filamentous processes of small cells in the fimbria region. Feeding a choline-supplemented diet decreased, whereas a choline-deficient diet increased the intensity of immunohistochemical labeling for these proteins in E18 hippocampus. GAP43 and NSE were localized to peripheral nervous tissue but not hippocampus, indicating that the maturation of axons and neurite outgrowth in embryonic hippocampus were unaffected by the availability of choline in the diet. These data suggest that the availability of choline affects the differentiation of specific regions of developing hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Albright
- Department of Nutrition, CB #7400, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400, USA
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Gupta RP, Abou-Donia MB. Acrylamide and carbon disulfide treatments increase the rate of rat brain tubulin polymerization. MOLECULAR AND CHEMICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY 1997; 30:223-37. [PMID: 9165488 DOI: 10.1007/bf02815100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide and carbon disulfide produce central-peripheral distal axonopathy in experimental animals and humans. The main feature of this disease is the focal swellings containing neurofilaments in distal axons, followed by nerve degeneration beyond these swellings. We studied the possible role of tubulin assembly kinetics in this disease. The rats were either administered acrylamide (50 mg/kg, ip, saline) or exposed to carbon disulfide (700 ppm, 9 h) via inhalation for 12 and 15 d, respectively. Tubulin, purified from both acrylamide-(10.37 +/- 0.3 vs 11.3 +/- 0.15) and carbon disulfide-treated (9.72 +/- 0.5 vs 11.18 +/- 0.25) rat brains showed increase in Vmax (OD/min x 10(3)) of its polymerization. However, only acrylamide treatment showed a decrease in time to Vmax, when brain supernatant was used for tubulin polymerization. In vitro addition of acrylamide (0.1-1 mM) to bovine brain tubulin also showed a decrease in time to Vmax (16-21%) of its polymerization. Carbon disulfide treatment of rats, on the other hand, showed a decrease in MAP-2 and an increase in a 120-kDa peptide concentration. The latter showed immunoreactivity with anti-MAP-2. The increase in the rate of tubulin polymerization by acrylamide and carbon disulfide treatment may alter the rate of transport of axonal constituents, including neurofilament, and contribute toward their accumulation in the focal swellings observed in this neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Gupta
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Gassner P, Adler ID. Induction of hypoploidy and cell cycle delay by acrylamide in somatic and germinal cells of male mice. Mutat Res 1996; 367:195-202. [PMID: 8628325 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1218(96)90077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Monomeric acrylamide was tested for its potential to induce aneuploidy in spermatocytes and bone marrow cells of mice. For this purpose, chromosomes from metaphase spreads were counted semi-automatically. In both test systems, cell proliferation was monitored, determining the meiotic index of spermatocytes and the average generation time of bone marrow cells after BrdU incorporation, respectively. No indications could be seen for different sensitivity of somatic and germinal cells towards acrylamide. With a dose of 120 mg/kg, the chemical caused cell cycle delay in both germ line and somatic cells. There was diverging response with respect to the balance of hypo- and hyperploidy. While the percentage of chromosome loss was significantly elevated in both test systems, acrylamide treatment did not increase the frequency of hyperploid cells. Interpreting these results on the basis of conventional test protocols, acrylamide should not be considered as an aneugen. The conservative approach, however, may be inadequate for the detection of aneugenic mechanisms different from non-disjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gassner
- Institut für Säugetiergenetik, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH, Neuherberg, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Clark WM, Lauten JD, Lessov N, Woodward W, Coull BM. Time course of ICAM-1 expression and leukocyte subset infiltration in rat forebrain ischemia. MOLECULAR AND CHEMICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY 1995; 26:213-230. [PMID: 8748925 DOI: 10.1007/bf02815139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The time course of ICAM-1 expression and leukocyte subset infiltration was studied in a model of CNS reperfusion injury in adult rats. Leukocyte adhesion and infiltration, mediated in part by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), appears to potentiate CNS reperfusion injury. The timing and relationship between ICAM-1 staining and leukocyte infiltration postglobal CNS ischemia is unknown. Reversible forebrain ischemia was produced in 32 adult Sprague-Dawley rats using the two-vessel occlusion model with histologic analysis performed at specific intervals postischemia: 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h, 4 and 7 d, or sham-operated controls (n = 4 each group). Monoclonal antibodies against ICAM-1 (1A29 and TM8), a specific granulocyte (PMN) (HIS48), and a specific monocyte/macrophage (M phi) (ED1) were used. No specific leukocyte and only rare ICAM-1 vessel immunoreactivity was observed in sham controls. ICAM-1: Significant expression in microvessels beginning at 1 h with additional diffuse CA1 pyramidal layer staining beginning at 4 d. Leukocytes: No PMN cells and rare M phi identified at 6 and 12 h. By 24 h: moderate infiltrate in areas of ICAM-1 expression of PMN and M phi. At 4 and 7 d: only M phi accumulation, cellular morphology now similar to microglia. The results of this study indicate that early and persistent ICAM-1 expression occurs following CNS ischemia with associated leukocyte infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Clark
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA
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Ballough GP, Martin LJ, Cann FJ, Graham JS, Smith CD, Kling CE, Forster JS, Phann S, Filbert MG. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2): a sensitive marker of seizure-related brain damage. J Neurosci Methods 1995; 61:23-32. [PMID: 8618422 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(95)00019-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have assessed the efficacy of MAP-2 immunohistochemistry as a marker of seizure-related brain damage and its suitability for quantitation of the damage using densitometric and morphometric image analysis. Seizures were produced in rats by administration of 1.5 LD50 soman, an irreversible AChE inhibitor. Our results demonstrate that neuronal damage, assessed using hematoxylin and eosin, and cresyl violet staining, was colocalized on adjacent serial sections with clearly demarcated reductions in MAP-2 staining. The most severely damaged brain regions were devoid of MAP-2 staining. Reductions in MAP-2 immunostaining were found to be exceptionally well suited for quantitation using densitometric and morphometric image analysis. This study represents the first demonstration of seizure-induced excitotoxic alterations in MAP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Ballough
- Pathophysiology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA
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Clark WM, Lauten JD, Lessov N, Woodward W, Coull BM. The influence of antiadhesion therapies on leukocyte subset accumulation in central nervous system ischemia in rats. J Mol Neurosci 1995; 6:43-50. [PMID: 8562319 DOI: 10.1007/bf02736758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although treatment with agents that block leukocyte function, including anti-ICAM-1 and doxycycline, reduces experimental central nervous system (CNS) ischemic injury, it is not known how leukocyte subset accumulation is affected by these agents. Using the rat two-vessel occlusion model and immunohistochemistry, we investigated granulocyte (PMN) and monocyte/macrophage (M phi) accumulation at 1 and 4 d postischemia. A total of 24 animals were randomized to sham surgery, or to ischemia with saline, anti-ICAM-1, or doxycycline treatments. No leukocytes were observed in sham animals. At 24 h postischemia, there was a moderate infiltration of PMN and M phi in untreated animals that was significantly decreased with either treatment. At 4 d after ischemia no PMN were identified, with extensive M phi accumulation occurring in untreated animals that was only partially reduced with doxycycline treatment. These results confirm that both anti-ICAM-1 and doxycycline treatments reduce PMN and M phi infiltration at 24 h. Delayed M phi accumulation occurs despite treatment, suggesting that some of these cells represent transformed resident microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Clark
- Oregon Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, USA
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Endo H, Sabri MI, Stephens JM, Pekala PH, Kittur S. Acrylamide induces immediate-early gene expression in rat brain. Brain Res 1993; 609:231-6. [PMID: 8508307 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90877-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Northern blot analysis was used to study the effects of acrylamide, a potent neurotoxin, on the induction of c-fos and c-jun mRNA in rat brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (10-12 weeks old) treated with acrylamide as a single dose (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or via drinking water (0.03% w/v) for 4 weeks, were used to study acute and chronic effects on immediate-early gene expression, respectively. Acute administration of acrylamide caused a statistically significant increase in the expression of c-fos (approx. 37%) and c-jun (approx. 17%) mRNA in rat brain. By contrast, the level of c-fos mRNA in chronic acrylamide treatment was not altered significantly, but the expression of c-jun mRNA was increased almost 100% as compared to control. These data show that the neurotoxin acrylamide induces immediate-early gene expression in the brain. The effects appear to be related to the route of administration, dose and duration of acrylamide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Endo
- Gerontology Research Center, Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Baltimore, MD
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Chauhan NB, Spencer PS, Sabri MI. Acrylamide-induced depletion of microtubule-associated proteins (MAP1 and MAP2) in the rat extrapyramidal system. Brain Res 1993; 602:111-8. [PMID: 8448647 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90249-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide, an occupational neurotoxicant, reduced MAP1 and MAP2 distribution in different regions of rat brain. Different components of the extrapyramidal system (caudate-putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and red nucleus) revealed differential distribution of MAP1 and MAP2 in acrylamide-treated animals. Rats were treated with acrylamide (estimated mean dose: 15 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks and MAP1 and MAP2 were localized according to Sternberger's peroxidase-anti-peroxidase technique. MAP1 labelled neuronal perikarya and dendrites almost with a similar intensity, but MAP2 immunostaining was more intense in dendrites than neuronal perikarya. Acrylamide caused a near-total loss of MAP1 and MAP2 immunoreactivity in caudate-putamen. Other components of the extrapyramidal system were relatively less affected by acrylamide. These results indicate that caudate-putamen is more susceptible to the action of acrylamide than other components of the extrapyramidal system studied. The depletion of MAP1 and MAP2 immunoreactivity by acrylamide appears to be an early biochemical event preceding peripheral neuropathy. The loss of MAPs immunoreactivity occurs first in dendrites and proceeds toward the perikarya. This study indicates that acrylamide not only causes axonal damage but may also induce dendritic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Chauhan
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201
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