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Santos JL, Cortés VA. Eating behaviour in contrasting adiposity phenotypes: Monogenic obesity and congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13114. [PMID: 33030294 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most known types of nonsyndromic monogenic obesity are caused by rare mutations in genes of the leptin-melanocortin pathway controlling appetite and adiposity. In contrast, congenital generalized lipodystrophy represents the most extreme form of leanness in humans caused by recessive mutations in four genes involved in phospholipid/triglyceride synthesis and lipid droplet/caveolae structure. In this disease, the inability to store triglyceride in adipocytes results in hypoleptinemia and ectopic hepatic and muscle fat accumulation leading to fatty liver, hypertriglyceridemia and severe insulin resistance. As a result of hypoleptinemia, patients with lipodystrophy show alterations in eating behaviour characterized by constant increased energy intake. As it occurs in obesity caused by genetic leptin deficiency, exogenous leptin rapidly reduces hunger scores in patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy, with additional beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and metabolic profile normalization. The melanocortin-4 receptor agonist setmelanotide has been used in the treatment of monogenic obesities. There is only one report on the effect of setmelanotide in a patient with partial lipodystrophy resulting in mild reductions in hunger scores, with no improvements in metabolic status. The assessment of contrasting phenotypes of obesity/leanness represents an adequate strategy to understand the pathophysiology and altered eating behaviour associated with adipose tissue excessive accumulation/paucity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor A Cortés
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Botticelli L, Tomassoni D, Tayebati SK, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Cifani C. The Melanocortin System behind the Dysfunctional Eating Behaviors. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3502. [PMID: 33202557 PMCID: PMC7696960 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of melanocortin signaling has been associated with obesity, given the important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, food intake, satiety and body weight. In the hypothalamus, the melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) contribute to the stability of these processes, but MC3R and MC4R are also localized in the mesolimbic dopamine system, the region that responds to the reinforcing properties of highly palatable food (HPF) and where these two receptors seem to affect food reward and motivation. Loss of function of the MC4R, resulting from genetic mutations, leads to overeating in humans, but to date, a clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms and behaviors that promote overconsumption of caloric foods remains unknown. Moreover, the MC4R demonstrated to be a crucial modulator of the stress response, factor that is known to be strictly related to binge eating behavior. In this review, we will explore the preclinical and clinical studies, and the controversies regarding the involvement of melanocortin system in altered eating patterns, especially binge eating behavior, food reward and motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.D.B.); (L.B.); (S.K.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Daniele Tomassoni
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Seyed Khosrow Tayebati
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.D.B.); (L.B.); (S.K.T.); (C.C.)
| | | | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.D.B.); (L.B.); (S.K.T.); (C.C.)
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Melanocortin-4 Receptor and Lipocalin 2 Gene Variants in Spanish Children with Abdominal Obesity: Effects on BMI-SDS After a Lifestyle Intervention. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11050960. [PMID: 31035493 PMCID: PMC6566731 DOI: 10.3390/nu11050960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations leading to a reduced function of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) exert a major gene effect on extreme obesity. Recently it was shown that the bone derived hormone lipocalin 2 (LCN2) binds to the MC4R and activates a MC4R dependent anorexigenic pathway. We identified mutations in both genes and screened the effects of MC4R and LCN2 mutations on eating behavior and weight change after a lifestyle intervention. One hundred and twelve children (11.24 ± 2.6 years, BMI-SDS 2.91 ± 1.07) with abdominal obesity participated in a lifestyle intervention. MC4R and LCN2 coding regions were screened by Sanger sequencing. Eating behavior was assessed at baseline with the Children Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). We detected three previously described non-synonymous MC4R variants (Glu42Lys, Thr150Ile, and Arg305Gln) and one non-synonymous polymorphism (Ile251Leu). Regarding LCN2, one known non-synonymous variant (Thr124Met) was detected. Eating behavior was described in carriers of the MC4R and LCN2 mutation and in non-carriers. MC4R and LCN2 mutations were detected in 2.42% and 0.84%, respectively, of Spanish children with abdominal obesity. A number of subjects with functional mutation variants in MC4R and LCN2 were able to achieve a reduction in BMI-SDS after a lifestyle intervention.
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Valladares M, Durán E, Matheus A, Durán-Agüero S, Obregón AM, Ramírez-Tagle R. Association between Eating Behavior and Academic Performance in University Students. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 35:699-703. [PMID: 27736367 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1157526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between academic performance and eating behavior in university students in Chile. METHODS A total of 680 college students, 409 (60%) women and 271 (40%) men, were randomly recruited and the mean age of the entire sample was 26. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), which evaluates 3 dimensions of eating behavior-cognitive restriction (limiting own intake), uncontrolled eating (inclination to eat), and emotional eating (control of food intake in the context of negative emotions)-was used. Academic performance was measured by the grade point average (GPA) and was associated with eating behavior. RESULTS Women had significantly higher scores in the "emotional eating" dimension than men (p = 0.002). The eating behavior analysis showed that female students with higher GPAs (above 5.5) had statistically significantly lower uncontrolled eating scores (p = 0.03) and higher cognitive restriction scores (p = 0.05) than women with lower academic performance (below 5.5). There were no significant associations between eating behavior and academic performance in men. CONCLUSIONS A positive association between eating behavior and academic performance was observed in female university students in Chile. Further studies are needed to explore the causes of this association and determine how to improve the nutritional habits of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Valladares
- a Unidad de Salud del Observatorio Regional de Paz y Seguridad (ORPAS) , Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins , Santiago , CHILE
| | - Elizabeth Durán
- b Programa de Magíster en Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas , Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins , Santiago , CHILE
| | - Alexis Matheus
- c Departamento de Ciencias Pedagógicas , Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins , Santiago , CHILE
| | - Samuel Durán-Agüero
- e Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética , Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastian , CHILE
| | - Ana María Obregón
- e Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética , Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastian , CHILE
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Ho-Urriola J, Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Smalley SV, González A, Weisstaub G, Domínguez-Vásquez P, Valladares M, Amador P, Hodgson MI, Obregón AM, Santos JL. Melanocortin-4 receptor polymorphism rs17782313: association with obesity and eating in the absence of hunger in Chilean children. Nutrition 2013; 30:145-9. [PMID: 24139164 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the association between melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) rs17782313 alleles with obesity and eating behavior scores in Chilean children. METHODS A case-control study was conducted with 139 normal-weight and 238 obese children (ages 6-12 y). MC4R rs17782313 genotypes were determined by quantitative-polymerase chain reaction allelic-discrimination assays. Eating behavior scores were evaluated in a subset of participants using the Chilean version of the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). Additionally, five normal-weight C-allele carriers of rs17782313 were matched by sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) to five TT homozygous children to carry out the Eating in the Absence of Hunger (EAH) test. RESULTS The frequency of the C-allele of MC4R rs17782313 was higher in the obese group than in the control group, without achieving statistical significance (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-2.4; P = 0.16). CEBQ scores of "enjoyment of food" were higher (P = 0.04) and "satiety responsiveness" were lower (P = 0.02) in children with CC genotype than in those with TT genotype matched by sex, age, and BMI. In the EAH test, all five non-obese carriers of the C-allele (three CC and two CT) showed increased sweet snack consumption compared with five matched (by sex-age-BMI) non-carriers after a preload meal, without achieving statistical significance (P = 0.06). CONCLUSION MC4R polymorphism rs17782313 may contribute to childhood obesity, affecting enjoyment of food, satiety responsiveness, and possibly eating in the absence of hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Ho-Urriola
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iris P Guzmán-Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, México
| | - Susan V Smalley
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea González
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gerardo Weisstaub
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Domínguez-Vásquez
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Valladares
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Amador
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Isabel Hodgson
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana M Obregón
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José L Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Santos JL, De la Cruz R, Holst C, Grau K, Naranjo C, Maiz A, Astrup A, Saris WHM, MacDonald I, Oppert JM, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Sorensen TIA, Martinez JA. Allelic variants of melanocortin 3 receptor gene (MC3R) and weight loss in obesity: a randomised trial of hypo-energetic high- versus low-fat diets. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19934. [PMID: 21695122 PMCID: PMC3114803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The melanocortin system plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Mice genetically deficient in the melanocortin-3 receptor gene have a normal body weight with increased body fat, mild hypophagia compared to wild-type mice. In humans, Thr6Lys and Val81Ile variants of the melanocortin-3 receptor gene (MC3R) have been associated with childhood obesity, higher BMI Z-score and elevated body fat percentage compared to non-carriers. The aim of this study is to assess the association in adults between allelic variants of MC3R with weight loss induced by energy-restricted diets. Subjects and Methods This research is based on the NUGENOB study, a trial conducted to assess weight loss during a 10-week dietary intervention involving two different hypo-energetic (high-fat and low-fat) diets. A total of 760 obese patients were genotyped for 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms covering the single exon of MC3R gene and its flanking regions, including the missense variants Thr6Lys and Val81Ile. Linear mixed models and haplotype-based analysis were carried out to assess the potential association between genetic polymorphisms and differential weight loss, fat mass loss, waist change and resting energy expenditure changes. Results No differences in drop-out rate were found by MC3R genotypes. The rs6014646 polymorphism was significantly associated with weight loss using co-dominant (p = 0.04) and dominant models (p = 0.03). These p-values were not statistically significant after strict control for multiple testing. Haplotype-based multivariate analysis using permutations showed that rs3827103–rs1543873 (p = 0.06), rs6014646–rs6024730 (p = 0.05) and rs3746619–rs3827103 (p = 0.10) displayed near-statistical significant results in relation to weight loss. No other significant associations or gene*diet interactions were detected for weight loss, fat mass loss, waist change and resting energy expenditure changes. Conclusion The study provided overall sufficient evidence to support that there is no major effect of genetic variants of MC3R and differential weight loss after a 10-week dietary intervention with hypo-energetic diets in obese Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rolando De la Cruz
- Department of Public Health and Department of Statistics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claus Holst
- Centre for Health and Society, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Grau
- Centre for Health and Society, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carolina Naranjo
- Department of Public Health and Department of Statistics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alberto Maiz
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wim H. M. Saris
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian MacDonald
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Michel Oppert
- Department of Nutrition, Hotel-Dieu Hospital University Pierre-et-Marie Curie (Paris 6), Human Nutrition Research Center Ile-de-France, Paris, France
| | | | - Oluf Pedersen
- Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sorensen
- Centre for Health and Society, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Beckers S, Zegers D, de Freitas F, Peeters AV, Verhulst SL, Massa G, Van Gaal LF, Timmermans JP, Desager KN, Van Hul W. Identification and functional characterization of novel mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor. Obes Facts 2010; 3:304-11. [PMID: 20975296 PMCID: PMC6452105 DOI: 10.1159/000321565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency is the most common cause of monogenic obesity. In the present study, we screened the MC4R gene for mutations in a population of overweight and obese children and adolescents. METHOD Cross-sectional mutation analysis of 112 overweight/obese children and adolescents and 121 lean individuals. RESULTS We identified 11 sequence variations, 5 of which were present in our control population or had been previously reported as polymorphisms. The remaining 6 variations are disease-causing mutations including 2 novel ones: a I186V mutation and a F280L mutation. The 4 previously described mutations (D90N, M200V, P260Q, Q307X) were identified in single probands. Using confocal imaging, we demonstrated that F280L and P260Q cause intracellular retention of the mutant receptor. No difference in cell surface expression could be detected for the I186V mutation. Using a cAMP responsive luciferase vector, we demonstrated that the receptor with I186V is unable to activate its intracellular signaling pathway while the P260Q mutation causes reduced activation of the receptor. CONCLUSION We detected MC4R deficiency in 6 patients from our cohort, amounting to a prevalence of 5.3%. Two novel mutations were identified. We also confirmed that intracellular retention is a common pathogenic effect of MC4R mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigri Beckers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital
| | - Doreen Zegers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital
| | - Fenna de Freitas
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital
| | - Armand V. Peeters
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital
| | | | - Guy Massa
- Department of Paediatrics, Virga Jesse Hospital, Hasselt
| | - Luc F. Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital
| | | | | | - Wim Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital
- *Prof. Dr. Wim Van Hul, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium, Tel. +32 3 27597-61, Fax -23,
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Valladares M, Domínguez-Vásquez P, Obregón AM, Weisstaub G, Burrows R, Maiz A, Santos JL. Melanocortin-4 receptor gene variants in Chilean families: association with childhood obesity and eating behavior. Nutr Neurosci 2010; 13:71-8. [PMID: 20406574 DOI: 10.1179/147683010x12611460763643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen for mutations in the coding region of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene and to assess the association between the rs17782313 variant near MC4R with childhood obesity and eating behavior. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional sample of 221 obese Chilean children and 268 parents were incorporated in the study to assemble 134 case-parent trios. We performed direct sequencing of the MC4R coding region while the rs17782313 variant was genotyped by a Taqman assay. Eating behavior scores were calculated using the Child Eating Behavior and Three Factor Eating Questionnaires adapted for Chilean families. RESULTS A low frequency of genetic variation in the coding region of MC4R was found in Chilean obese children (Thr150Ile mutation and polymorphisms Ile251Leu and Val103Ile). The rs17782313 variant is possibly associated with satiety responsiveness (P = 0.01) and enjoyment of food scores (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION The rs17782313 variant may influence eating behavior in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valladares
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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