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Buszewska-Forajta M. Mycotoxins, invisible danger of feedstuff with toxic effect on animals. Toxicon 2020; 182:34-53. [PMID: 32423889 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are low-molecular weight compounds produced mainly by fungi, with Fusarium and Aspergillus origin. Secondary, metabolites, are mostly found on plants. However, the contamination of the feed and forage has been also reported. Because of their pharmacological activity, mycotoxins can be used as chemical warfare agents, drugs or growth promotants. Additionally, mycotoxins are found as one of the most dangerous genotoxic factors which cause the damage of DNA and lead to disease development. This review includes the knowledge of mycotoxins as both, an invisible danger of forage and as food additives. Special emphasis shall be given on mycotoxins with proven cancerogenic activity; including aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Factors such as species, mechanisms/modes of action, metabolism, and defense mechanisms were taken into account. The main concern was focused on zearalenone characterization, because of its estrogenic activity, caused by structural similarity to estrogens, naturally occurring in cells. By binding to estrogenic receptors, toxins are, accumulated in organisms and long-term exposure may cause the disturbances, especially in the reproductive system. The next part of this paper contains the description of main strategies of toxins determination. Finally, in the review, several potential methods for the dioxins neutralization were discussed.
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Ekwomadu TI, Dada TA, Nleya N, Gopane R, Sulyok M, Mwanza M. Variation of Fusarium Free, Masked, and Emerging Mycotoxin Metabolites in Maize from Agriculture Regions of South Africa. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E149. [PMID: 32121210 PMCID: PMC7150761 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in cereal grain is a very important food safety issue with the occurrence of masked mycotoxins extensively investigated in recent years. This study investigated the variation of different Fusarium metabolites (including the related regulated, masked, and emerging mycotoxin) in maize from various agriculture regions of South Africa. The relationship between the maize producing regions, the maize type, as well as the mycotoxins was established. A total of 123 maize samples was analyzed by a LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. The results revealed that all maize types exhibited a mixture of free, masked, and emerging mycotoxins contamination across the regions with an average of 5 and up to 24 out of 42 investigated Fusarium mycotoxins, including 1 to 3 masked forms at the same time. Data obtained show that fumonisin B1, B2, B3, B4, and A1 were the most prevalent mycotoxins and had maximum contamination levels of 8908, 3383, 990, 1014, and 51.5 µg/kg, respectively. Deoxynivalenol occurred in 50% of the samples with a mean concentration of 152 µg/kg (max 1380 µg/kg). Thirty-three percent of the samples were contaminated with zearalenone at a mean concentration of 13.6 µg/kg (max 146 µg/kg). Of the masked mycotoxins, DON-3-glucoside occurred at a high incidence level of 53%. Among emerging toxins, moniliformin, fusarinolic acid, and beauvericin showed high occurrences at 98%, 98%, and 83%, and had maximum contamination levels of 1130, 3422, and 142 µg/kg, respectively. Significant differences in the contamination pattern were observed between the agricultural regions and maize types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;
| | - Toluwase Adeseye Dada
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (T.A.D.); (N.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Nancy Nleya
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (T.A.D.); (N.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Ramokone Gopane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agro Biotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), A-3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (T.A.D.); (N.N.); (M.M.)
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Góral T, Stuper-Szablewska K, Buśko M, Boczkowska M, Walentyn-Góral D, Wiśniewska H, Perkowski J. Relationships between Genetic Diversity and Fusarium Toxin Profiles of Winter Wheat Cultivars. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 31:226-44. [PMID: 26361471 PMCID: PMC4564148 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2015.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is one of the most important and most common diseases of winter wheat. In order to better understanding this disease and to assess the correlations between different factors, 30 cultivars of this cereal were evaluated in a two-year period. Fusarium head blight resistance was evaluated and the concentration of trichothecene mycotoxins was analysed. Grain samples originated from plants inoculated with Fusarium culmorum and naturally infected with Fusarium species. The genetic distance between the tested cultivars was determined and data were analysed using multivariate data analysis methods. Genetic dissimilarity of wheat cultivars ranged between 0.06 and 0.78. They were grouped into three distinct groups after cluster analysis of genetic distance. Wheat cultivars differed in resistance to spike and kernel infection and in resistance to spread of Fusarium within a spike (type II). Only B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and nivalenol) produced by F. culmorum in grain samples from inoculated plots were present. In control samples trichothecenes of groups A (H-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, T-2 tetraol, T-2 triol, scirpentriol, diacetoxyscirpenol) and B were detected. On the basis of Fusarium head blight assessment and analysis of trichothecene concentration in the grain relationships between morphological characters, Fusarium head blight resistance and mycotoxins in grain of wheat cultivars were examined. The results were used to create of matrices of distance between cultivars - for trichothecene concentration in inoculated and naturally infected grain as well as for FHB resistance Correlations between genetic distance versus resistance/mycotoxin profiles were calculated using the Mantel test. A highly significant correlation between genetic distance and mycotoxin distance was found for the samples inoculated with Fusarium culmorum. Significant but weak relationships were found between genetic distance matrix and FHB resistance or trichothecene concentration in naturally infected grain matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Góral
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie,
Poland
| | - Kinga Stuper-Szablewska
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań,
Poland
| | - Maciej Buśko
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań,
Poland
| | - Maja Boczkowska
- National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – NRI, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie,
Poland
| | - Dorota Walentyn-Góral
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie,
Poland
| | - Halina Wiśniewska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań,
Poland
| | - Juliusz Perkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań,
Poland
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Ediage EN, Hell K, De Saeger S. A comprehensive study to explore differences in mycotoxin patterns from agro-ecological regions through maize, peanut, and cassava products: a case study, Cameroon. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:4789-4797. [PMID: 24796244 DOI: 10.1021/jf501710u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 420 samples were collected from agrarian households. Whereas 51% (215/420) of the samples were contaminated with one or more toxins, the contamination rates for maize, peanut, and cassava products were 74, 62, and 24%, respectively. The fumonisins (20-5412 μg/kg), aflatoxin B1 (6-645 μg/kg), roquefortine C (1-181 μg/kg), and deoxynivalenol (27-3842 μg/kg) were the most prevalent contaminants in maize. For peanut samples, aflatoxin B1 (6-125 μg/kg) and ochratoxin A (0.3-12 μg/kg) were the main contaminants, whereas aflatoxin B1 (6-194 μg/kg) and penicillic acid (25-184 μg/kg) were detected in the cassava products. Exposures calculated through maize intake for fumonisin B1 and aflatoxin B1 were several-fold higher (2-5 for fumonisin B1 and 10(4)-10(5) for aflatoxin B1) than the health-based guidance values of 2 μg/kg bw/day and 0.15 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The study design constitutes a good model that can be implemented in other sub-Saharan African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Iqbal SZ, Asi MR, Jinap S, Rashid U. Detection of aflatoxins and zearalenone contamination in wheat derived products. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ivic D, Domijan AM, Peraica M, Cvjetkovic B. Fumonisin B1 and zearalenone contamination of wheat in Croatia and influence of fungicide treatments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.7202/038984ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Croatia, a trial was conducted to determine the presence of theFusariummycotoxins fumonisin B1and zearalenone in wheat kernels and to evaluate the efficacy of nine fungicides on Fusarium head blight severity as well as fumonisin B1and zearalenone accumulation in wheat grain. Fumonisin B1and zearalenone were detected in all grain samples in mean concentrations ranging from 182.0 to 446.6 µg kg-1(fumonisin B1) and from 2.59 to 5.33 µg kg-1(zearalenone). No significant differences were found among fumonisin B1and zearalenone content in wheat grain for the different fungicide treatments. No correlation was revealed between Fusarium head blight severity and fumonisin B1or zearalenone content in wheat grain, nor between fungicide efficacy and fumonisin B1or zearalenone content in wheat grain. Under conditions of high disease pressure, efficacy of the fungicides was between 85.7% (tebuconazole + triadimefon) and 72.1% (carbendazim).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Ivic
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Svetosimunska 25, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana-Marija Domijan
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Peraica
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bogdan Cvjetkovic
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Svetosimunska 25, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Zinedine A, Soriano JM, Moltó JC, Mañes J. Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone: An oestrogenic mycotoxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1-18. [PMID: 17045381 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 925] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. It is frequently implicated in reproductive disorders of farm animals and occasionally in hyperoestrogenic syndromes in humans. There is evidence that ZEA and its metabolites possess oestrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep. However, ZEA is of a relatively low acute toxicity after oral or interperitoneal administration in mice, rat and pig. The biotransformation for ZEA in animals involves the formation of two metabolites alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZEA) and beta-zearalenol (beta-ZEA) which are subsequently conjugated with glucuronic acid. Moreover, ZEA has also been shown to be hepatotoxic, haematotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic. The exact mechanism of ZEA toxicity is not completely established. This paper gives an overview about the acute, subacute and chronic toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity and immunotoxicity of ZEA and its metabolites. ZEA is commonly found on several foods and feeds in the temperate regions of Europe, Africa, Asia, America and Oceania. Recent data about the worldwide contamination of foods and feeds by ZEA are considered in this review. Due to economic losses engendered by ZEA and its impact on human and animal health, several strategies for detoxifying contaminated foods and feeds have been described in the literature including physical, chemical and biological process. Dietary intakes of ZEA were reported from few countries from the world. The mean dietary intakes for ZEA have been estimated at 20 ng/kgb.w./day for Canada, Denmark and Norway and at 30 ng/kgb.w./day for the USA. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established a provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) for ZEA of 0.5 microg/kg of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Zinedine
- Laboratory of Food Toxicology, National Institute of Health (INH), BP 769 Agdal, 27 Avenue Ibn Battouta, Rabat, Morocco.
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Ayalew A, Fehrmann H, Lepschy J, Beck R, Abate D. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in staple cereals from Ethiopia. Mycopathologia 2006; 162:57-63. [PMID: 16830193 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-006-0027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of mycotoxins in barley, sorghum, teff (Eragrostis tef) and wheat from Ethiopia has been studied. Samples were analyzed for aflatoxin B(1) (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and zearalenone (ZEN) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and for fumonisins (FUM) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AFB1 and OTA were detected in samples of all the four crops. AFB1 was detected in 8.8% of the 352 samples analyzed at concentrations ranging from trace to 26 microg kg(-1). OTA occurred in 24.3% of 321 samples at a mean concentration of 54.1 microg kg(-1) and a maximum of 2106 microg kg(-1). DON occurred in barley, sorghum and wheat at 40-2340 microg kg(-1) with an overall incidence of 48.8% among the 84 mainly 'suspect' samples analyzed; NIV was co-analyzed with DON and was detected at 40 microg kg(-1) in a wheat sample and at 50, 380, and 490 microg kg(-1) in three sorghum samples. FUM and ZEN occurred only in sorghum samples with low frequencies at concentrations reaching 2117 and 32 microg kg(-1), respectively. The analytical results indicate higher mycotoxin contamination in sorghum, which could be related to the widespread storage of sorghum grain in underground pits leading to elevated seed moisture contents. This is the first report on the occurrence of OTA in teff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amare Ayalew
- Department of Plant Sciences, Alemaya University, P.O. Box 241, Alemaya, Ethiopia.
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Martins ML, Martins HM. Determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat-based breakfast cereals marketed in Portugal. J Food Prot 2001; 64:1848-50. [PMID: 11726173 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, is one of a group of closely related secondary fungal metabolites--the trichothecenes--and is produced predominantly by several species of the genus Fusarium, especially Fusarium graminearum. The present study was carried out to evaluate the natural occurrence of DON in different kinds of wheat-based breakfast cereals widely consumed by the population. A total of 88 commercially available samples of wheat-based breakfast cereals were randomly collected from different supermarkets in Lisbon, Portugal. The samples were analyzed using immunoaffinity column, and DON was quantified by liquid chromatography. Detection limit was 100 microg/kg. Average recovery of DON was 80%. Of 88 analyzed samples, 72.8% contained levels of DON between 103 and 6,040 microg/kg, with mean level of 754 microg/kg, and 24 samples (27.2%) were not contaminated (< 100 microg/kg). These results indicate an incidence of this mycotoxin in these products, and the authors suggest a monitoring for the prevention of molds and mycotoxins. This is the first report in Portugal on natural contamination with DON in wheat-based breakfast cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Martins
- Department de Higiene Pública, Serviço de Micologia Estrada de Benfica, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Meier A, Birzele B, Oerke EC, Dehne HW. Impact of growth conditions on the occurrence ofFusarium spp. and the mycotoxin content of wheat. Mycotoxin Res 2000; 16 Suppl 1:12-5. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02942971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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González HH, Martínez EJ, Pacin A, Resnik SL. Relationship between Fusarium graminearum and Alternaria alternata contamination and deoxynivalenol occurrence on Argentinian durum wheat. Mycopathologia 1999; 144:97-102. [PMID: 10481289 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007020822134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A mycological survey was carried out on durum wheat (Triticum durum) samples from the main production area of Argentina. The isolation frequency and relative density of species of dematiaceous fungi, and genus Fusarium were calculated. Alternaria alternata and Fusarium graminearum were the predominant fungal species. An analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON) natural contamination was also performed on a limited number of samples (60). DON contamination levels in positive samples ranged from 26 to 6400 micrograms/kg. The non-parametric techniques applied showed that there is a positive relationship between DON contamination and F. graminearum relative densities and a negative relationship between DON contamination and A. alternata relative densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H González
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Ténicas
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Jackson LS, Bullerman LB. Effect of processing on Fusarium mycotoxins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 459:243-61. [PMID: 10335380 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4853-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by a wide variety of fungal species that contaminate food or feed. Fumonisins (FUM), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are examples of common mycotoxins in grains that have been shown to affect human and/or animal health. Physical, chemical and biological methods have been used for decontaminating grains containing these toxins. Some treatments reduce the concentration of mycotoxins while others are ineffective. For example, removal of damaged grain by density segregation can reduce DON and ZEN concentrations in corn and wheat. In contrast, thermal processing is usually ineffective for reducing the FUM and ZEN content of foods. More work is needed to identify effective methods for detoxifying mycotoxin contaminated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Jackson
- National Center for Food Safety and Technology, Food and Drug Administration, Argo, Illinois 60501, USA
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Placinta C, D'Mello J, Macdonald A. A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxins. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(98)00278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Perkowski J, Jeleń H, Kiecana I, Goliński P. Natural contamination of spring barley with group A trichothecene mycotoxins in south-eastern Poland. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 1997; 14:321-5. [PMID: 9205559 DOI: 10.1080/02652039709374533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Strains (10705) of microscopic fungi were isolated from spring barley heads in the region of Lublin (south-eastern Poland). Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb was found in 418 (3.9%) of isolated strains. Group A trichothecene mycotoxins were detected in the collected barley kernels colonized by F. sporotrichioides, with Fusarium head blight symptoms. Among 24 samples analysed, 12 were T-2 toxin positive in a range of contamination from 0.02 to 2.40 micrograms/g (average 0.45), while in five samples HT-2 toxin ranged from 0.01 to 0.37 micrograms/g (average 0.23) and T-2 tetraol was detected in two samples in a range of 0.01-0.21 micrograms/g (average 0.11). Twelve samples were free of detectable amounts of the toxic metabolites analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Perkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Agricultural University of Poznań, Poland
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Pacin AM, Resnik SL, Neira MS, Moltó G, Martínez E. Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol in wheat, wheat flour and bakery products in Argentina. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 1997; 14:327-31. [PMID: 9205560 DOI: 10.1080/02652039709374534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, wheat flour and different kinds of breads and pastries widely consumed by the population in Argentina. Of 60 wheat samples analysed, 93.3% were contaminated. The average DON contamination level over all samples was 1798 micrograms/kg, and the minimum and maximum values were 100 micrograms/kg and 9250 micrograms/kg, respectively. The wheat flour samples (61 samples) were contaminated with DON at levels ranging from 250 micrograms/kg to 9000 micrograms/kg with an average of 1309 micrograms/kg. The frequency of DON contamination over 42 samples of different bakery products was 92.8%, with levels ranging from 200 micrograms/kg to 2800 micrograms/kg with an average of 464 micrograms/kg. These results suggest a high risk for consumers of wheat products and the need to monitor final products before consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Pacin
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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González HH, Pacin A, Resnik SL, Martinez EJ. Deoxynivalenol and contaminant mycoflora in freshly harvested Argentinian wheat in 1993. Mycopathologia 1996; 135:129-34. [PMID: 9091829 DOI: 10.1007/bf00436463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A mycological survey was carried out on wheat heads from the main production area of Argentina. The isolation frequency and ++relative density of species from genus Fusarium and dematiaceous fungi were calculated. F graminearum was the predominant Fusarium species; similar to that observed in the USA and Canada. An analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON) natural contamination also was performed on a limited number (44) of samples. DON contamination levels in positive samples ranged from 0.2 to 30 ppm. A stepwise regression procedure showed that, among the species analysed, F. graminearum relative density was related to the DON contamination level and that other prevalent fungi did not influence or modify that relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H González
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Technicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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M�ller HM, Schwadorf K. A survey of the natural occurrence ofFusarium toxins in wheat grown ina southwestern area of Germany. Mycopathologia 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Chelkowski J, Perkowski J. Mycotoxins in cereal grain (part 15). Distribution of deoxynivalenol in naturally contaminated wheat kernels. Mycotoxin Res 1992; 8:27-30. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03192212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/1991] [Accepted: 01/03/1992] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Lee YW, Kim JG, Chung DH, Roh PU, Pestka JJ. Natural occurrence of zearalenone in rice and soybean produced in Korea. Mycotoxin Res 1991; 7:69-72. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03192168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/1991] [Accepted: 08/15/1991] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Cumulation of mycotoxins in maize cobs infected withFusarium gramihearum. Mycotoxin Res 1991; 7 Suppl 2:115-20. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03192195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Chełkowski J, Goliński P, Perkowski J, Visconti A, Rakowska M, Wakuliński W. Toxinogenicity ofMicrodochium nivale (Fusarium nivale) isolates from cereals in Poland. Mycotoxin Res 1991; 7 Suppl 2:140-5. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03192199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Susceptibility of selected winter wheat cultivars produced in Poland to Fusarium head blight. Mycotoxin Res 1991; 7 Suppl 1:91-6. [PMID: 23605745 DOI: 10.1007/bf03192192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of six winter wheat cultivars toFusarium head blight has beenstudied. The lowest infected plants intensity, mean degree of head damage and fusariosis index exhibited cultivar Grana which also cumulated the lowest amount of trichothecenes (DON and derivatives ). Possibility to produce NIV by Polish strains has been found.in F.graminearum.
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