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Abstract
Wheat grain development is an important biological process to determine grain yield and quality, which is controlled by the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Wheat grain development has been extensively characterized at the phenotypic and genetic levels. The advent of innovative molecular technologies allows us to characterize genes, proteins, and regulatory factors involved in wheat grain development, which have enhanced our understanding of the wheat seed development process. However, wheat is an allohexaploid with a large genome size, the molecular mechanisms underlying the wheat grain development have not been well understood as those in diploids. Understanding grain development, and how it is regulated, is of fundamental importance for improving grain yield and quality through conventional breeding or genetic engineering. Herein, we review the current discoveries on the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat grain development. Notably, only a handful of genes that control wheat grain development have, thus far, been well characterized, their interplay underlying the grain development remains elusive. The synergistic network-integrated genomics and epigenetics underlying wheat grain development and how the subgenome divergence dynamically and precisely regulates wheat grain development are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Wang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Genlou Sun
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Canada
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Potential Mechanism in Storage Protein Trafficking within Developing Grains of Common Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314851. [PMID: 36499182 PMCID: PMC9738083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluten proteins are the major storage protein fraction in the mature wheat grain. They are restricted to the starchy endosperm, which defines the viscoelastic properties of wheat dough. The synthesis of these storage proteins is controlled by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is directed into the vacuole via the Golgi apparatus. In the present study, transcriptome analysis was used to explore the potential mechanism within critical stages of grain development of wheat cultivar "Shaannong 33" and its sister line used as the control (CK). Samples were collected at 10 DPA (days after anthesis), 14 DPA, 20 DPA, and 30 DPA for transcriptomic analysis. The comparative transcriptome analysis identified that a total of 18,875 genes were differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between grains of four groups "T10 vs. CK10, T14 vs. CK14, T20 vs. CK20, and T30 vs. CK30", including 2824 up-regulated and 5423 down-regulated genes in T30 vs. CK30. Further, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment highlighted the maximum number of genes regulating protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during grain enlargement stages (10-20 DPA). In addition, KEGG database analysis reported 1362 and 788 DEGs involved in translation, ribosomal structure, biogenesis, flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport through protein processing within ER pathway (ko04141). Notably, consistent with the higher expression of intercellular storage protein trafficking genes at the initial 10 DPA, there was relatively low expression at later stages. Expression levels of nine randomly selected genes were verified by qRT-PCR, which were consistent with the transcriptome data. These data suggested that the initial stages of "cell division" played a significant role in protein quality control within the ER, thus maintaining the protein quality characteristics at grain maturity. Furthermore, our data suggested that the protein synthesis, folding, and trafficking pathways directed by a different number of genes during the grain enlargement stage contributed to the observed high-quality characteristics of gluten protein in Shaannong 33 (Triticum aestivum L.).
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Sagu ST, Zimmermann L, Landgräber E, Homann T, Huschek G, Özpinar H, Schweigert FJ, Rawel HM. Comprehensive Characterization and Relative Quantification of α-Amylase/Trypsin Inhibitors from Wheat Cultivars by Targeted HPLC-MS/MS. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101448. [PMID: 33066015 PMCID: PMC7600490 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) are discussed as being responsible for non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS), besides being known as allergenic components for baker’s asthma. Different approaches for characterization and quantification including proteomics-based methods for wheat ATIs have been documented. In these studies generally the major ATIs have been addressed. The challenge of current study was then to develop a more comprehensive workflow encompassing all reviewed wheat-ATI entries in UniProt database. To substantially test proof of concept, 46 German and Turkish wheat samples were used. Two extractions systems based on chloroform/methanol mixture (CM) and under buffered denaturing conditions were evaluated. Three aspects were optimized, tryptic digestion, chromatographic separation, and targeted tandem mass spectrometric analysis (HPLC-MS/MS). Preliminary characterization with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) documented the purity of the extracted ATIs with CM mixture and the amylase (60–80%)/trypsin (10–20%) inhibition demonstrated the bifunctional activity of ATIs. Thirteen (individual/common) biomarkers were established. Major ATIs (7–34%) were differently represented in samples. Finally, to our knowledge, the proposed HPLC-MS/MS method allowed for the first time so far the analysis of all 14 reviewed wheat ATI entries reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorel Tchewonpi Sagu
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Potsdam, Germany; (S.T.S.); (L.Z.); (E.L.); (T.H.); (F.J.S.)
| | - Lynn Zimmermann
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Potsdam, Germany; (S.T.S.); (L.Z.); (E.L.); (T.H.); (F.J.S.)
| | - Eva Landgräber
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Potsdam, Germany; (S.T.S.); (L.Z.); (E.L.); (T.H.); (F.J.S.)
| | - Thomas Homann
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Potsdam, Germany; (S.T.S.); (L.Z.); (E.L.); (T.H.); (F.J.S.)
| | - Gerd Huschek
- IGV-Institut für Getreideverarbeitung GmbH, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 40/41, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
| | - Haydar Özpinar
- Department of Gastronomy, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Altınbaş, Büyükdere Cad. No 147, 34394 Esentepe-İstanbul, Turkey;
| | - Florian J. Schweigert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Potsdam, Germany; (S.T.S.); (L.Z.); (E.L.); (T.H.); (F.J.S.)
| | - Harshadrai M. Rawel
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Potsdam, Germany; (S.T.S.); (L.Z.); (E.L.); (T.H.); (F.J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-33200-88-5525 (ext. 5578)
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Liu Y, Hou J, Wang X, Li T, Majeed U, Hao C, Zhang X. The NAC transcription factor NAC019-A1 is a negative regulator of starch synthesis in wheat developing endosperm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5794-5807. [PMID: 32803271 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a major component of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm and is an important part of the human diet. The functions of many starch synthesis genes have been elucidated. However, little is known about their regulatory mechanisms in wheat. Here, we identified a novel NAC transcription factor, TaNAC019-A1 (TraesCS3A02G077900), that negatively regulates starch synthesis in wheat and rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperms. TaNAC019-A1 was highly expressed in the endosperm of developing grains and encoded a nucleus-localized transcriptional repressor. Overexpression of TaNAC019-A1 in rice and wheat led to significantly reduced starch content, kernel weight, and kernel width. The TaNAC019-A1-overexpression wheat lines had smaller A-type starch granules and fewer B-type starch granules than wild-type. Moreover, TaNAC019-A1 could directly bind to the 'ACGCAG' motif in the promoter regions of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit 1 (TaAGPS1-A1, TraesCS7A02G287400) and TaAGPS1-B1 (TraesCS7B02G183300) and repress their expression, thereby inhibiting starch synthesis in wheat endosperm. One haplotype of TaNAC019-B1 (TaNAC019-B1-Hap2, TraesCS3B02G092800) was positively associated with thousand-kernel weight and underwent positive selection during the Chinese wheat breeding process. Our data demonstrate that TaNAC019-A1 is a negative regulator of starch synthesis in wheat endosperm and provide novel insight into wheat yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Uzma Majeed
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Probing early wheat grain development via transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 20:63-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Brinton J, Uauy C. A reductionist approach to dissecting grain weight and yield in wheat. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:337-358. [PMID: 30421518 PMCID: PMC6492019 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grain yield is a highly polygenic trait that is influenced by the environment and integrates events throughout the life cycle of a plant. In wheat, the major grain yield components often present compensatory effects among them, which alongside the polyploid nature of wheat, makes their genetic and physiological study challenging. We propose a reductionist and systematic approach as an initial step to understand the gene networks regulating each individual yield component. Here, we focus on grain weight and discuss the importance of examining individual sub-components, not only to help in their genetic dissection, but also to inform our mechanistic understanding of how they interrelate. This knowledge should allow the development of novel combinations, across homoeologs and between complementary modes of action, thereby advancing towards a more integrated strategy for yield improvement. We argue that this will break barriers in terms of phenotypic variation, enhance our understanding of the physiology of yield, and potentially deliver improved on-farm yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemima Brinton
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwich NR4 7UHUnited Kingdom
| | - Cristobal Uauy
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwich NR4 7UHUnited Kingdom
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Genome wide characterization of barley NAC transcription factors enables the identification of grain-specific transcription factors exclusive for the Poaceae family of monocotyledonous plants. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209769. [PMID: 30592743 PMCID: PMC6310276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant NAC transcription factors depict one of the largest plant transcription factor families. They regulate a wide range of different developmental processes and most probably played an important role in the evolutionary diversification of plants. This makes comparative studies of the NAC transcription factor family between individual species and genera highly relevant and such studies have in recent years been greatly facilitated by the increasing number of fully sequenced complex plant genomes. This study combines the characterization of the NAC transcription factors in the recently sequenced genome of the cereal crop barley with expression analysis and a comprehensive phylogenetic characterization of the NAC transcription factors in other monocotyledonous plant species. Our results provide evidence for the emergence of a NAC transcription factor subclade that is exclusively expressed in the grains of the Poaceae family of grasses. These notably comprise a number of cereal crops other than barley, such as wheat, rice, maize or millet, which are all cultivated for their starchy edible grains. Apparently, the grain specific subclade emerged from a well described subgroup of NAC transcription factors associated with the senescence process. A promoter exchange subsequently resulted in grain specific expression. We propose to designate this transcription factor subclade Grain-NACs and we discuss their involvement in programmed cell death as well as their potential role in the evolution of the Poaceae grain, which doubtlessly is of central importance for human nutrition.
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Tao F, Wang J, Guo Z, Hu J, Xu X, Yang J, Chen X, Hu X. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveal the Molecular Mechanisms of Wheat Higher-Temperature Seedling-Plant Resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:240. [PMID: 29541084 PMCID: PMC5835723 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a destructive disease of wheat worldwide. The disease is preferably controlled by growing resistant cultivars. Wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 6 (XY 6) has been resistant to stripe rust since its release. In the previous studies, XY 6 was found to have higher-temperature seedling-plant (HTSP) resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms of HTSP resistance were not clear. To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in HTSP resistance, we sequenced 30 cDNA libraries constructed from XY 6 seedlings exposed to several temperature treatments. Compared to the constant normal (15°C) and higher (20°C) temperature treatments, 1395 DEGs were identified in seedlings exposed to 20°C for 24 h (to activate HTSP resistance) and then kept at 15°C. These DEGs were located on all 21 chromosomes, with 29.2% on A, 41.1% on B and 29.7% on D genomes, by mapping to the Chinese Spring wheat genome. The 1395 DEGs were enriched in ribosome, plant-pathogen interaction and glycerolipid metabolism pathways, and some of them were identified as hub proteins (phosphatase 2C10), resistance protein homologs, WRKY transcription factors and protein kinases. The majority of these genes were up-regulated in HTSP resistance. Based on the differential expression, we found that phosphatase 2C10 and LRR receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinases are particularly interesting as they may be important for HTSP resistance through interacting with different resistance proteins, leading to a hypersensitive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhongfeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Wuhan UnigueGene Bioinformatics Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangming Xu
- NIAB East Malling Research (EMR), East Malling, United Kingdom
| | - Jiarong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Jiarong Yang
| | - Xianming Chen
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture and Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Xiaoping Hu
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Rangan P, Furtado A, Henry RJ. The transcriptome of the developing grain: a resource for understanding seed development and the molecular control of the functional and nutritional properties of wheat. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:766. [PMID: 29020946 PMCID: PMC5637334 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat is one of the three major cereals that have been domesticated to feed human populations. The composition of the wheat grain determines the functional properties of wheat including milling efficiency, bread making, and nutritional value. Transcriptome analysis of the developing wheat grain provides key insights into the molecular basis for grain development and quality. RESULTS The transcriptome of 35 genotypes was analysed by RNA-Seq at two development stages (14 and 30 days-post-anthesis, dpa) corresponding to the mid stage of development (stage Z75) and the almost mature seed (stage Z85). At 14dpa, most of the transcripts were associated with the synthesis of the major seed components including storage proteins and starch. At 30dpa, a diverse range of genes were expressed at low levels with a predominance of genes associated with seed defence and stress tolerance. RNA-Seq analysis of changes in expression between 14dpa and 30dpa stages revealed 26,477 transcripts that were significantly differentially expressed at a FDR corrected p-value cut-off at ≤0.01. Functional annotation and gene ontology mapping was performed and KEGG pathway mapping allowed grouping based upon biochemical linkages. This analysis demonstrated that photosynthesis associated with the pericarp was very active at 14dpa but had ceased by 30dpa. Recently reported genes for flour yield in milling and bread quality were found to influence wheat quality largely due to expression patterns at the earlier seed development stage. CONCLUSIONS This study serves as a resource providing an overview of gene expression during wheat grain development at the early (14dpa) and late (30dpa) grain filling stages for use in studies of grain quality and nutritional value and in understanding seed biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimalan Rangan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Muñiz LM, Gómez E, Guyon V, López M, Khbaya B, Sellam O, Peréz P, Hueros G. A PCR-based forward genetics screening, using expression domain-specific markers, identifies mutants in endosperm transfer cell development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:158. [PMID: 24808899 PMCID: PMC4009440 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutant collections are an invaluable source of material on which forward genetic approaches allow the identification of genes affecting a wide variety of biological processes. However, some particular developmental stages and morphological structures may resist analysis due to their physical inaccessibility or to deleterious effects associated to their modification. Furthermore, lethal mutations acting early in development may escape detection. We have approached the characterization of 101 maize seed mutants, selected from a collection of 27,500 visually screened Mu-insertion lines, using a molecular marker approach based on a set of genes previously ascribed to different tissue compartments within the early developing kernel. A streamlined combination of qRT-PCR assays has allowed us to preliminary pinpoint the affected compartment, establish developmental comparisons to WT siblings and select mutant lines with alterations in the different compartments. Furthermore, clusters of markers co-affected by the underlying mutation were identified. We have analyzed more extensively a set of lines presenting significant variation in transfer cell-associated expression markers, and have performed morphological observations, and immunolocalization experiments to confirm the results, validating this approach as an efficient mutant description tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Muñiz
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de AlcaláAlcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Elisa Gómez
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de AlcaláAlcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Virginie Guyon
- GM Trait Discovery, Biogemma, Centre de Recherche de ChappesChappes, France
| | - Maribel López
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de AlcaláAlcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Bouchaib Khbaya
- GM Trait Discovery, Biogemma, Centre de Recherche de ChappesChappes, France
| | - Olivier Sellam
- GM Trait Discovery, Biogemma, Centre de Recherche de ChappesChappes, France
| | - Pascual Peréz
- GM Trait Discovery, Biogemma, Centre de Recherche de ChappesChappes, France
| | - Gregorio Hueros
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de AlcaláAlcalá de Henares, Spain
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Capron D, Mouzeyar S, Boulaflous A, Girousse C, Rustenholz C, Laugier C, Paux E, Bouzidi MF. Transcriptional profile analysis of E3 ligase and hormone-related genes expressed during wheat grain development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:35. [PMID: 22416807 PMCID: PMC3405487 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat grains are an important source of food, stock feed and raw materials for industry, but current production levels cannot meet world needs. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat grain development will contribute valuable information to improving wheat cultivation. One of the most important mechanisms implicated in plant developmental processes is the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Among the different roles of the UPS, it is clear that it is essential to hormone signaling. In particular, E3 ubiquitin ligases of the UPS have been shown to play critical roles in hormone perception and signal transduction. RESULTS A NimbleGen microarray containing 39,179 UniGenes was used to study the kinetics of gene expression during wheat grain development from the early stages of cell division to the mid-grain filling stage. By comparing 11 consecutive time-points, 9284 differentially expressed genes were identified and annotated during this study. A comparison of the temporal profiles of these genes revealed dynamic transcript accumulation profiles with major reprogramming events that occurred during the time intervals of 80-120 and 220-240°Cdays. The list of the genes expressed differentially during these transitions were identified and annotated. Emphasis was placed on E3 ligase and hormone-related genes. In total, 173 E3 ligase coding genes and 126 hormone-related genes were differentially expressed during the cell division and grain filling stages, with each family displaying a different expression profile. CONCLUSIONS The differential expression of genes involved in the UPS and plant hormone pathways suggests that phytohormones and UPS crosstalk might play a critical role in the wheat grain developmental process. Some E3 ligase and hormone-related genes seem to be up- or down-regulated during the early and late stages of the grain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Capron
- Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 1095 GDEC, 24 avenue des Landais, F-63177 Aubière, France
| | - Said Mouzeyar
- Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 1095 GDEC, 24 avenue des Landais, F-63177 Aubière, France
| | - Aurélia Boulaflous
- Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 1095 GDEC, 24 avenue des Landais, F-63177 Aubière, France
| | - Christine Girousse
- INRA, UMR 1095 GDEC, 234 avenue du Brézet, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Camille Rustenholz
- INRA, UMR 1095 GDEC, 234 avenue du Brézet, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christel Laugier
- INRA, UMR 1095 GDEC, 234 avenue du Brézet, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Etienne Paux
- INRA, UMR 1095 GDEC, 234 avenue du Brézet, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mohamed Fouad Bouzidi
- Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 1095 GDEC, 24 avenue des Landais, F-63177 Aubière, France
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In silico identification and analysis of the protein disulphide isomerases in wheat and rice. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Szucs A, Jäger K, Jurca ME, Fábián A, Bottka S, Zvara A, Barnabás B, Fehér A. Histological and microarray analysis of the direct effect of water shortage alone or combined with heat on early grain development in wheat (Triticum aestivum). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2010; 140:174-88. [PMID: 20573045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Based on the in silico analysis of the representation of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in wheat grain-related cDNA libraries, a specific 15k oligonucleotide microarray has been developed in order to monitor environmental stress-dependent gene expression changes in the wheat caryopses. Using this array, the effect of water withdrawal, with and without additional heat stress, has been investigated during the first five days of kernel development on two wheat cultivars differing in their drought sensitivity. Water shortage affected (more than twofold change) the expression of only 0.5% of the investigated genes. A parallel heat treatment increased the ratio of responding genes to 5-7% because of the temperature stress and/or the increased water deficit because of enhanced evaporation. It could be established that the two cultivars, differing in their long-term adaptation capabilities to drought, responded to the short and direct stress treatments on the same way. In response to the combined drought and heat treatment, the coordinately altered expression of genes coding for storage proteins, enzymes involved in sugar/starch metabolism, histone proteins, heat shock proteins, proteases, tonoplast aquaporins as well as several transcription factors has been observed. These gene expression changes were in agreement with histological data that demonstrated the accelerated development of the embryo as well as the endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szucs
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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LANG GH, OHBA M, KAWAMOTO S, YOZA K, MORIYAMA T, KITTA K. Immunological Characterization of Polyclonal Antisera Prepared Against Recombinant Rice RAG2 and Its Application in Detection of 14-16kDa .ALPHA.-amylase/trypsin Inhibitors from Processed Foods. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.16.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Huang Y, Chen L, Wang L, Vijayan K, Phan S, Liu Z, Wan L, Ross A, Xiang D, Datla R, Pan Y, Zou J. Probing the endosperm gene expression landscape in Brassica napus. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:256. [PMID: 19490642 PMCID: PMC2702316 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In species with exalbuminous seeds, the endosperm is eventually consumed and its space occupied by the embryo during seed development. However, the main constituent of the early developing seed is the liquid endosperm, and a significant portion of the carbon resources for the ensuing stages of seed development arrive at the embryo through the endosperm. In contrast to the extensive study of species with persistent endosperm, little is known about the global gene expression pattern in the endosperm of exalbuminous seed species such as crucifer oilseeds. Results We took a multiparallel approach that combines ESTs, protein profiling and microarray analyses to look into the gene expression landscape in the endosperm of the oilseed crop Brassica napus. An EST collection of over 30,000 entries allowed us to detect close to 10,000 unisequences expressed in the endosperm. A protein profile analysis of more than 800 proteins corroborated several signature pathways uncovered by abundant ESTs. Using microarray analyses, we identified genes that are differentially or highly expressed across all developmental stages. These complementary analyses provided insight on several prominent metabolic pathways in the endosperm. We also discovered that a transcription factor LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC1) was highly expressed in the endosperm and that the regulatory cascade downstream of LEC1 operates in the endosperm. Conclusion The endosperm EST collection and the microarray dataset provide a basic genomic resource for dissecting metabolic and developmental events important for oilseed improvement. Our findings on the featured metabolic processes and the LEC1 regulatory cascade offer new angles for investigation on the integration of endosperm gene expression with embryo development and storage product deposition in seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada.
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de Gregorio M, Armentia A, Díaz-Perales A, Palacín A, Dueñas-Laita A, Martín B, Salcedo G, Sánchez-Monge R. Salt-soluble proteins from wheat-derived foodstuffs show lower allergenic potency than those from raw flour. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3325-3330. [PMID: 19275238 DOI: 10.1021/jf803475v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Salt-soluble proteins from wheat flour have been described as main allergens associated with both baker's asthma and food allergy. However, most studies have used raw flour as starting material, thus not considering potential changes in allergenic properties induced by the heat treatment and other industrial processing to produce wheat-derived foodstuffs. Salt extracts from different commercial wheat-derived products were obtained and their allergenic properties investigated by IgE-immunodetection, ELISA assays, and skin prick test. The IgE-binding capacity of salt-soluble proteins from commercial breads and cooked pastas was reduced around 50% compared with that of raw flour, the reduction being less dramatic in noncooked pastas and biscuits. Several wheat-derived foodstuffs showed major IgE-binding components of 20 and 35 kDa, identified as avenin-like and globulin proteins, respectively. These proteins, as well as most flour and bread salt-soluble proteins, were hydrolyzed when subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. However, the digested products still exhibited a residual IgE-binding capacity. Therefore, processing of wheat flour to obtain derived foodstuffs decreases the IgE binding-capacity of the major salt-soluble wheat proteins. Moreover, simulated gastric fluid digestion further inactivates some heat-resistant IgE-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta de Gregorio
- Departamento de Biotecnología, ETS Ingenieros Agronomos, Madrid, Spain
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Storlie EW, Ihry RJ, Baehr LM, Tieszen KA, Engbers JH, Anderson-Daniels JM, Davis EM, Gilbertson AG, Harden NR, Harris KA, Johnson AJ, Kerkvleit AM, Moldan MM, Bell ME, Wanous MK. Genomic regions influencing gene expression of the HMW glutenins in wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2009; 118:295-303. [PMID: 18839129 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) produces glutenin storage proteins in the endosperm. The HMW glutenins confer distinct viscoelastic properties to bread dough. The genetics of HMW glutenin proteins have been extensively studied, and information has accumulated about individual subunits, chromosomal locations and DNA sequences, but little is known about the regulators of the HMW glutenins. This investigation addressed the question of glutenin regulators. Expression of the glutenins was analyzed using QRT-PCR in ditelosomic (dt) Chinese Spring (CS) lines. Primers were designed for each of 4 CS glutenin genes and a control, non-storage protein endosperm-specific gene Agp-L (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase). Each line represents CS wheat, lacking one chromosome arm. The effect of a missing arm could feasibly cause an increase, decrease or no change in expression. For each HMW glutenin, results indicated there were, on average, 8 chromosome arms with an up-regulatory effect and only one instance of a down-regulatory effect. There were significant correlations between orthologous and paralogous HMW glutenins for effects of chromosome groups B and D. Some or all the glutenin alleles shared regulatory loci on chromosome arms 2BS, 7BS, 4DS, 5DS and 6DS, and Agp-L shared regulatory loci with glutenins on arms 7AS, 7BS, 2DS, 3DS, 4DS and 5DS. These results suggest a few chromosome arms contain putative regulatory genes affecting the expression of conserved cis elements of 4 HMW glutenin and Agp-L genes in CS. Regulation by common genes implies the regulators have diverged little from the common wheat ancestor, and furthermore, some regulation may be shared by endosperm-specific-genes. Significant common regulators have practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Storlie
- Department of Biology, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD, 57197, USA
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Scossa F, Laudencia-Chingcuanco D, Anderson OD, Vensel WH, Lafiandra D, D'Ovidio R, Masci S. Comparative proteomic and transcriptional profiling of a bread wheat cultivar and its derived transgenic line overexpressing a low molecular weight glutenin subunit gene in the endosperm. Proteomics 2008; 8:2948-66. [PMID: 18655071 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a parallel transcriptional and proteomic comparison of seeds from a transformed bread wheat line that overexpresses a transgenic low molecular weight glutenin subunit gene relative to the corresponding nontransformed genotype. Proteomic analyses showed that, during seed development, several classes of endosperm proteins were differentially accumulated in the transformed endosperm. As a result of the strong increase in the amount of the transgenic protein, the endogenous glutenin subunit, all subclasses of gliadins, and metabolic as well as chloroform/methanol soluble proteins were diminished in the transgenic genotype. The differential accumulation detected by proteomic analyses, both in mature and developing seeds, was paralleled by the corresponding changes in transcript levels detected by microarray experiments. Our results suggest that the most evident effect of the strong overexpression of the transgenic glutenin gene consists in a global compensatory response involving a significant decrease in the amounts of polypeptides belonging to the prolamin superfamily. It is likely that such compensation is a consequence of the diversion of amino acid reserves and translation machinery to the synthesis of the transgenic glutenin subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Scossa
- Department of Agrobiology and Agrochemistry, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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