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Thorsen SF, Gromova I, Christensen IJ, Fredriksson S, Andersen CL, Nielsen HJ, Stenvang J, Moreira JM. Gel-Based Proteomics of Clinical Samples Identifies Potential Serological Biomarkers for Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236082. [PMID: 31810358 PMCID: PMC6929140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) is considerable-approximately 1.8 million people are diagnosed each year with CRC and of these about half will succumb to the disease. In the case of CRC, there is strong evidence that an early diagnosis leads to a better prognosis, with metastatic CRC having a 5-year survival that is only slightly greater than 10% compared with up to 90% for stage I CRC. Clearly, biomarkers for the early detection of CRC would have a major clinical impact. We implemented a coherent gel-based proteomics biomarker discovery platform for the identification of clinically useful biomarkers for the early detection of CRC. Potential protein biomarkers were identified by a 2D gel-based analysis of a cohort composed of 128 CRC and site-matched normal tissue biopsies. Potential biomarkers were prioritized and assays to quantitatively measure plasma expression of the candidate biomarkers were developed. Those biomarkers that fulfilled the preset criteria for technical validity were validated in a case-control set of plasma samples, including 70 patients with CRC, adenomas, or non-cancer diseases and healthy individuals in each group. We identified 63 consistently upregulated polypeptides (factor of four-fold or more) in our proteomics analysis. We selected 10 out of these 63 upregulated polypeptides, and established assays to measure the concentration of each one of the ten biomarkers in plasma samples. Biomarker levels were analyzed in plasma samples from healthy individuals, individuals with adenomas, CRC patients, and patients with non-cancer diseases and we identified one protein, tropomyosin 3 (Tpm3) that could discriminate CRC at a significant level (p = 0.0146). Our results suggest that at least one of the identified proteins, Tpm3, could be used as a biomarker in the early detection of CRC, and further studies should provide unequivocal evidence for the real-life clinical validity and usefulness of Tpm3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine F. Thorsen
- Institute of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Irina Gromova
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Ib J. Christensen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (I.J.C.); (H.J.N.)
| | | | - Claus L. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Hans J. Nielsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (I.J.C.); (H.J.N.)
| | - Jan Stenvang
- Institute of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (J.M.A.M.)
| | - José M.A. Moreira
- Institute of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (J.M.A.M.)
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2
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Alnabulsi A, Murray GI. Proteomics for early detection of colorectal cancer: recent updates. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 15:55-63. [PMID: 29064727 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1396893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common type of cancer with a relatively poor survival rate. The survival rate of patients could be improved if CRC is detected early. Biomarkers associated with early stages of tumor development might provide useful tools for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Areas covered: Online searches using PubMed and Google Scholar were performed using keywords and with a focus on recent proteomic studies. The aim of this review is to highlight the need for biomarkers to improve the detection rate of early CRC and provide an overview of proteomic technologies used for biomarker discovery and validation. This review will also discuss recent proteomic studies which focus on identifying biomarkers associated with the early stages of CRC development. Expert commentary: A large number of CRC biomarkers are increasingly being identified by proteomics using diverse approaches. However, the clinical relevance and introduction of these markers into clinical practice cannot be determined without a robust validation process. The size of validation cohorts remains a major limitation in many biomarker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo Alnabulsi
- a Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Graeme I Murray
- a Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
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3
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Chen H, Lou R, Chen Y, Chen L, Lu J, Dong Q. Photonic crystal materials and their application in biomedicine. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:775-780. [PMID: 28475387 PMCID: PMC8241077 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1321059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Photonic crystal (PC) materials exhibit unique structural colors that originate from their intrinsic photonic band gap. Because of their highly ordered structure and distinct optical characteristics, PC-based biomaterials have advantages in the multiplex detection, biomolecular screening and real-time monitoring of biomolecules. In addition, PCs provide good platforms for drug loading and biomolecule modification, which could be applied to biosensors and biological carriers. A number of methods are now available to fabricate PC materials with variable structure colors, which could be applied in biomedicine. Emphasis is given to the description of various applications of PC materials in biomedicine, including drug delivery, biodetection and tumor screening. We believe that this article will promote greater communication among researchers in the fields of chemistry, material science, biology, medicine and pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yanxiao Chen
- Center of Evidence Based Medicine, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang 322100, China
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4
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Alnabulsi A, Murray GI. Integrative analysis of the colorectal cancer proteome: potential clinical impact. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:917-927. [PMID: 27598033 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1233062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the common types of cancer that affects a significant proportion of the population and is a major contributor to cancer related mortality. The relatively poor survival rate of CRC could be improved through the identification of clinically useful biomarkers. Areas covered: This review highlights the need for biomarkers and discusses recent proteomics discoveries in the aspects of CRC clinical practice including diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, screening and molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE). Studies have been evaluated in relation to biomarker target, methodology, sample selection, limitations, and potential impact. Finally, the progress in proteomic approaches is briefly discussed and the main difficulties facing the translation of proteomics biomarkers into the clinical practice are highlighted. Expert commentary: The establishment of specific guidelines, best practice recommendations and the improvement in proteomic strategies will significantly improve the prospects for developing clinically useful biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdo Alnabulsi
- a Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK.,b Zoology Building , Vertebrate Antibodies , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Graeme I Murray
- a Pathology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
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5
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Evaluation of serum nucleoside diphosphate kinase A for the detection of colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26703. [PMID: 27222072 PMCID: PMC4879623 DOI: 10.1038/srep26703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously described the over-expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (NDKA) in tumours and serum from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, suggesting its use as biomarker. In this study we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of serum NDKA to detect advanced neoplasia (CRC or advanced adenomas). Furthermore, the performance of NDKA was compared with the faecal immunochemical test (FIT). The study population included a case-control cohort and a screening cohort (511 asymptomatic first-degree relatives of CRC patients that underwent a colonoscopy and a FIT). Serum NDKA was elevated in CRC patients in the case-control cohort (p = 0.002). In the screening cohort, NDKA levels were higher for advanced adenomas (p = 0.010) and advanced neoplasia (p = 0.006) compared to no neoplasia. Moreover, elevated NDKA was associated with severe characteristics of adenomas (≥3 lesions, size ≥ 1 cm or villous component). Setting specificity to 85%, NDKA showed a sensitivity of 30.19% and 29.82% for advanced adenomas and advanced neoplasia, respectively. NDKA combined with FIT (100 ng/mL cut-off) detected advanced adenomas and advanced neoplasia with 45.28% and 49.12% sensitivity, with specificity close to 90%. The combination of serum NDKA and FIT can improve the detection of advanced neoplasia, mainly for lesions located on the proximal colon, in asymptomatic individuals with CRC family-risk.
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Zajac IT, Duncan A, Turnbull D, Wilson C, Flight I. Blood-based screening for bowel cancer may not resolve suboptimal screening participation in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2016; 40:337-41. [PMID: 27197629 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging blood-based screening technologies for bowel cancer may improve screening participation compared to at-home stool sampling. This study assessed the impact of different screening delivery scenarios with increasing health system interactions on sampling preferences and likelihood of screening participation. METHODS N=1,561 persons aged 45 to 74 years completed a behavioural survey measuring demographics, readiness to screen, overall collection method preference, and proposed participation in stool and blood methods across four screening scenarios differing in terms of the number of required health system interactions. RESULTS Overall, respondents preferred a blood test (79.6%) compared to a stool test (20.4%). However, increasing health system interactions had a strong impact on the likelihood of participating in either sampling method (p<0.001). Moreover, likelihood of participating in each of the four blood-screening scenarios was significantly lower than the current at-home stool sampling approach (all p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Blood-based screening methods require increased contact with the health system but these interactions have negative impact on screening likelihood. All blood-based scenarios showed lower screening likelihood ratings than the current at-home FIT approach. Thus, blood-based screening may not resolve suboptimal screening participation rates in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Zajac
- Nutrition and Health Research Program, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation, South Australia
| | - Amy Duncan
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, South Australia.,Discipline of General Practice, Flinders University, South Australia
| | | | - Carlene Wilson
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, South Australia.,Cancer Council South Australia
| | - Ingrid Flight
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, South Australia
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Lin PC, Lin JK, Lin CH, Lin HH, Yang SH, Jiang JK, Chen WS, Chou CC, Tsai SF, Chang SC. Clinical Relevance of Plasma DNA Methylation in Colorectal Cancer Patients Identified by Using a Genome-Wide High-Resolution Array. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 22 Suppl 3:S1419-27. [PMID: 25472652 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation is a potential tumor marker for several cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), because of its heritable and stable characteristics. METHODS Using a high-resolution, genome-wide approach, we epigenotyped >450,000 CpG sites in tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues from 23 microsatellite instability (MSI)/microsatellite stability (MSS) CRC cases. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, the methylation status of five frequently hypermethylated genes were confirmed in 75 independent CRC series and 353 CRC patients with available plasma. RESULTS Compared with non-tumor tissues, 13 MSI tumors had 34,836 (7 %) aberrant methylation sites, 87 % of which were hypermethylated. In contrast, only 9,806 (2 %) differentially methylated sites were identified in ten MSS cases (62 % hypermethylated). In both MSI and MSS, 228 promoter-associated CpG islands were hypermethylated, with AGBL4, ZNF625, MDFI, TWIST1, and FLI1 being most frequently hypermethylated. In an independent set of 35 MSI and 40 MSS cases, the methylation status of these five genes significantly differed between tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues. Of 353 CRC patients, 230 (65.2 %), 232 (65.7 %), and 247 (70.0 %) had AGBL4, FLI1, and TWIST1 promoter hypermethylation in circulating cell-free DNA, respectively. In patients without metastasis, the sensitivity of any two or three hypermethylation markers was 52.8-57.8 and 27.9-38.9 %, respectively. The sensitivity of any two or three markers was significantly high in patients with stage IV disease (73.0 and 55.6 %, respectively). The prognostic value of these epimarkers was inconclusive. CONCLUSION DNA methylation patterns differed in CRC subtypes. The identified hypermethylation markers in CRC patients may have good sensitivity in different CRC stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ching Lin
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Yang-Ming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Kou Lin
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lin
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsin Lin
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Haur Yang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Kai Jiang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shone Chen
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chi Chou
- Department of Life Sciences and Genome Research Center and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Tsai
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Sciences and Genome Research Center and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Ching Chang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Potter NT, Hurban P, White MN, Whitlock KD, Lofton-Day CE, Tetzner R, Koenig T, Quigley NB, Weiss G. Validation of a real-time PCR-based qualitative assay for the detection of methylated SEPT9 DNA in human plasma. Clin Chem 2014; 60:1183-91. [PMID: 24938752 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.221044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epi proColon® is a new blood-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening test designed to determine the methylation status of a promoter region of the SEPT9 (septin 9) gene in cell-free DNA isolated from plasma. We describe the analytical and clinical performance of the test. METHODS Analytical performance at 4 testing laboratories included determination of limit of detection, precision, and reproducibility of the SEPT9 test. Clinical performance was evaluated in a prospective study by use of samples (n = 1544) from subjects enrolled in the PRESEPT clinical trial. Results were analyzed by comparison with colonoscopy, the reference standard. RESULTS The limit of detection for methylated SEPT9 DNA was 7.8 pg/mL (95% CI 6-11 pg/mL) corresponding to <2 genome copies of methylated SEPT9 per milliliter of plasma. In the prospective clinical trial, sensitivity for all stages of CRC was 68% (95% CI 53%-80%) and for stage I-III CRC, 64% (48%-77%). Adjusted specificity, on the basis of negative colonoscopy findings, was 80.0% (78%-82%). SIGNIFICANCE The Epi proColon test is a simple, real-time PCR-based assay for the detection of methylated SEPT9 DNA in blood that may provide a noninvasive CRC screening alternative for people noncompliant with current CRC screening guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary N White
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory Network, Maryville TN
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9
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Ladabaum U, Alvarez-Osorio L, Rösch T, Brueggenjuergen B. Cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening in Germany: current endoscopic and fecal testing strategies versus plasma methylated Septin 9 DNA. Endosc Int Open 2014; 2:E96-E104. [PMID: 26135268 PMCID: PMC4440365 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1377182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening strategies in Germany include guaiac-based fecal occult blood testing (gFOBT) starting at age 50 and a switch to colonoscopy at age 55 or continued gFOBT testing, but screening utilization is limited. Blood-based biomarkers, such as methylated Septin 9 DNA ( (m) SEPT9), may improve screening rates. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of current and emerging CRC screening strategies in Germany. METHODS Using a validated Markov model, we compared annual gFOBT for ages 50 through 54 followed by biennial testing until age 75 (FOBT) or by colonoscopy at ages 55 and 65 (FOBT/COLO 55,65), substitution of fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) for gFOBT (FIT, FIT/COLO 55,65), and annual or biennial plasma (m) SEPT9 testing. We also considered persons who utilize only colonoscopy and varied age at colonoscopy utilization. RESULTS The current strategies were more effective and less costly than no screening. FIT was more effective and less costly than (m) SEPT9 testing. FIT/COLO 55,65 cost €12 200 per quality-adjusted life-years gained in comparison with FIT. (m) SEPT9-based screening was cost-effective in comparison with no screening but was dominated by other cost-saving strategies. Differential screening utilization and adherence greatly affected incremental results between strategies. In probabilistic analyses, FIT was preferred in 49 % and FIT/COLO 55,65 in 47 % of iterations. CONCLUSION Currently available CRC screening strategies in Germany, including hybrid fecal testing/colonoscopy, are likely to be cost-saving. Current strategies appear superior to (m) SEPT9-based screening. The impact of blood-based biomarkers is likely to depend on utilization and adherence as much as on test performance characteristics and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Ladabaum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Corresponding author Uri Ladabaum, MD, MS Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of MedicineStanford University School of Medicine300 Pasteur Drive, Always Bldg Room M211Stanford, CA, USA 94305-5187+1-650-723-5488
| | | | - Thomas Rösch
- Charité Medical University of Berlin, Virchow Clinic Campus, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Brueggenjuergen
- Boston Healthcare Associates International GmbH, Berlin, Germany ,Steinbeis University, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Zoratto F, Rossi L, Verrico M, Papa A, Basso E, Zullo A, Tomao L, Romiti A, Lo Russo G, Tomao S. Focus on genetic and epigenetic events of colorectal cancer pathogenesis: implications for molecular diagnosis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6195-206. [PMID: 25051912 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally, colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis was understood as a multistep process that involved accumulation of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes mutations, such as APC, TP53 and KRAS. However, this assumption proposed a relatively limited repertoire of genetic alterations. In the last decade, there have been major advances in knowledge of multiple molecular pathways involved in CRC pathogenesis, particularly regarding cytogenetic and epigenetic events. Microsatellite instability, chromosomal instability and CpG island methylator phenotype are the most analyzed cytogenetic changes, while DNA methylation, modifications in histone proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) were analyzed in the field of epigenetic alterations. Therefore, CRC development results from interactions at many levels between genetic and epigenetic amendments. Furthermore, hereditary cancer syndrome and individual or environmental risk factors should not be ignored. The difficulties in this setting are addressed to understand the molecular basis of individual susceptibility to CRC and to determine the roles of genetic and epigenetic alterations, in order to yield more effective prevention strategies in CRC patients and directing their treatment. This review summarizes the most investigated biomolecular pathways involved in CRC pathogenesis, their role as biomarkers for early CRC diagnosis and their possible use to stratify susceptible patients into appropriate screening or surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zoratto
- Oncology Unit 2, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Pisana, Ospedale Santa Chiara, Pisa, 56126, Italy,
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11
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Liu AY, Liu DG, Du YJ, Pei FH, Yang G, Liu BR, Zhang HT, Wang XH, Fan YJ, Chen YZ, Jiang Y, Chen J. Relationship between tumor and peripheral blood NPRL2 mRNA levels in patients with colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:489-95. [PMID: 24521741 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NPRL2 is a tumor suppressor gene involved in the progression of human cancer. The present study investigated whether NPRL2 expression correlates with colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. Colorectal tissue and peripheral blood samples were obtained from 62 patients with CRC, 38 patients with colorectal adenomas and 51 normal controls. NPRL2 mRNA levels in tissue samples and blood were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. NPRL2 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. NPRL2 protein expression in CRCs was significantly lower than in the adenomas or normal colorectal tissue. NPRL2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in adenomas compared with normal controls (P<0.0001) and it was further decreased in colorectal tumors compared with adenomas (P<0.0001). NPRL2 mRNA levels expression correlated with tumor stage. In addition, NPRL2 mRNA levels in the blood correlated with the levels detected in tumors. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that NPRL2 expression in blood could distinguish colorectal adenomas and CRCs from normal controls. NPRL2 mRNA expression in CRC tumor tissues and peripheral blood correlated with colorectal tumor progression. Based on our findings, we can conclude that NPRL2 mRNA blood levels could be a potentially useful marker for the detection of early stage adenomas and CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-yun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China
| | - Dian-Ggang Liu
- Department of General Surgery; Xuan Wu Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing, PR China
| | - Ya-ju Du
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China
| | - Feng-hua Pei
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology; First Hospital of Harbin; Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China
| | - Bing-rong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China
| | - Hui-tao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China
| | - Xin-hong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China
| | - Yu-jing Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China
| | - Ying-zhun Chen
- Department of Pathology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University; Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin, Heilongjiang PR China
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12
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Luo Y, Wang L, Wang J. Developing proteomics-based biomarkers for colorectal neoplasms for clinical practice: opportunities and challenges. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 7:30-41. [PMID: 23255431 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) arises from the normal colon epithelium through the accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations that are associated with progression along the histological adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence. Elucidating the molecular alterations underlying disease progression will not only provide insight into the behavior of the tumors, but also could lead to the discovery of useful biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring treatment responsiveness, or predicting disease outcomes. In the past a few years, there have been several evaluating differentially expressed protein biomarkers by employing proteomics technologies coupled with mass spectrometry. In the current review, we will briefly summarize the results from selected recent studies using tissue or serum samples from CRC patients in the past 5 years and discuss the opportunities and challenges in translating these findings from the research setting to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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13
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Wang J, Kang QS, Lv XG, Song J, Zhan N, Dong WG, Huang WH. Simple patterned nanofiber scaffolds and its enhanced performance in immunoassay. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82888. [PMID: 24340065 PMCID: PMC3858307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become the leading cause of death worldwide; early diagnosis and treatment of cancers is critical for the survival of the patients. The concentration of cancer markers in easy-to-access biological fluids can provide great assistance in screening for occult primary cancers, distinguishing malignant from benign findings, determining prognosis and prediction for cancer patients. The multiplex detection technology of a panel of cancer markers can greatly increase the accuracy of disease diagnosis. Herein, we briefly fabricate a high-throughput micro-immunoassay based on the electrospun polystyrene (PS) substrates to improve detection sensitivity. The immunoassay was evaluated by analyzing three different cancer biomarkers (AFP, CEA, VEGF). For AFP, CEA, VEGF immunofluorescence assay, the LOD of assay conducted on electrospun PS substrates before or after plasma and the conventional PS substrates were 0.42, 0.10, 1.12 ng/mL, 0.57, 0.09, 1.24 ng/mL, and 159.75, 26.19, 385.59 pg/mL, respectively (P < 0.05). Due to the high porosity and large surface area-to-volume ratio which is the foremost merit of nanostructures, and the plasma treatment which make the hydrophobic PS nanofibers hydropholic, the nanofibers substrates showed sufficient retention of immunoassay functionality and high potential for capture molecules immobilization. Consequently, the immunofluorescence assay conducted on electrospun PS substrates could significantly enhance the sensitivity and limits of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin-shu Kang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-guang Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-guo Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (WD); (WH)
| | - Wei-hua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (WD); (WH)
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Ostendorff HP, Awad A, Braunschweiger KI, Liu Z, Wan Z, Rothschild KJ, Lim MJ. Multiplexed VeraCode bead-based serological immunoassay for colorectal cancer. J Immunol Methods 2013; 400-401:58-69. [PMID: 24161315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the US and Western world. Despite increased screening and advances in treatment, the mortality rate (ca. 50,000/year) and high national health-care burden for CRC are likely to remain high unless an effective non-invasive screening test for CRC is instituted for a large segment of the population. Blood-based protein biomarkers hold great promise for early disease diagnosis and personalized medicine; yet robust and reproducible multiplexing platforms and methodologies have lagged behind their genomic counterparts. Here, we report the development of a novel, multiplexed, hybrid immunoassay for CRC that is formatted on barcoded VeraCode™ micro-beads, which have until now only been used for genomic assays. The method combines a sandwich immunoassay format for detection of serum protein biomarkers with an antigen assay for autoantibody detection. The serum protein biomarkers CEA and GDF15 as well as autoantibodies to the p53 tumor associated antigen (TAA) were used to exemplify the method. This multiplex biomarker panel was configured to run on Illumina's holographically barcoded VeraCode™ micro-bead platform, which is capable of measuring hundreds of analytes simultaneously in a single well from small volumes of blood (<50 μL) using a 96-well industry standard microtiter plate. This novel use of the VeraCode™ micro-bead platform translates into a potentially low volume, high throughput, multiplexed assay for CRC, for the purposes of biomarker validation, as well as patient screening, diagnostics and prognostics. In an evaluation of a 186 patient sera training set (CRC and normal), we obtained a diagnostic sensitivity of 54% and a specificity of 98%. We anticipate that by expanding and refining the biomarkers in this initial panel, and performing more extensive clinical validations, such an assay could ultimately provide a basis for CRC population screening to complement the more invasive, expensive and low throughput (but highly sensitive and specific) colonoscopy.
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15
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Yang ZX, Chen BA, Wang H, Xia GH, Cheng J, Pei XP, Wang F, Bao W. Handy, rapid and multiplex detection of tumor markers based on encoded silica–hydrogel hybrid beads array chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 48:153-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Ladabaum U, Allen J, Wandell M, Ramsey S. Colorectal cancer screening with blood-based biomarkers: cost-effectiveness of methylated septin 9 DNA versus current strategies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1567-76. [PMID: 23796793 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening reduces colorectal cancer mortality, but many persons remain unscreened. Screening with a blood test could improve screening rates. We estimated the comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening with emerging biomarkers, illustrated by a methylated Septin 9 DNA plasma assay ((m)SEPT9), versus established strategies. METHODS We conducted a cost-utility analysis using a validated decision analytic model comparing (m)SEPT9, fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), fecal immunochemical testing (FIT), sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy, projecting lifetime benefits and costs. RESULTS In the base case, (m)SEPT9 decreased colorectal cancer incidence by 35% to 41% and colorectal cancer mortality by 53% to 61% at costs of $8,400 to $11,500/quality-adjusted life year gained versus no screening. All established screening strategies were more effective than (m)SEPT9. FIT was cost saving, dominated (m)SEPT9, and was preferred among all the alternatives. Screening uptake and longitudinal adherence rates over time strongly influenced the comparisons between strategies. At the population level, (m)SEPT9 yielded incremental benefit at acceptable costs when it increased the fraction of the population screened more than it was substituted for other strategies. CONCLUSIONS (m)SEPT9 seems to be effective and cost-effective compared with no screening. To be cost-effective compared with established strategies, (m)SEPT9 or blood-based biomarkers with similar test performance characteristics would need to achieve substantially higher uptake and adherence rates than the alternatives. It remains to be proven whether colorectal cancer screening with a blood test can improve screening uptake or long-term adherence compared with established strategies. IMPACT Our study offers insights into the potential role of colorectal cancer screening with blood-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Ladabaum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5187, USA.
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17
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Liu J, Di G, Wu CT, Hu X, Duan H. Development and evaluation of a novel anti-colorectal cancer monoclonal antibody, WL5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:370-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Kanthan R, Senger JL, Kanthan SC. Molecular events in primary and metastatic colorectal carcinoma: a review. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2012:597497. [PMID: 22997602 PMCID: PMC3357597 DOI: 10.1155/2012/597497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease, developing through a multipathway sequence of events guided by clonal selections. Pathways included in the development of CRC may be broadly categorized into (a) genomic instability, including chromosomal instability (CIN), microsatellite instability (MSI), and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), (b) genomic mutations including suppression of tumour suppressor genes and activation of tumour oncogenes, (c) microRNA, and (d) epigenetic changes. As cancer becomes more advanced, invasion and metastases are facilitated through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), with additional genetic alterations. Despite ongoing identification of genetic and epigenetic markers and the understanding of alternative pathways involved in the development and progression of this disease, CRC remains the second highest cause of malignancy-related mortality in Canada. The molecular events that underlie the tumorigenesis of primary and metastatic colorectal carcinoma are detailed in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Kanthan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0W8
- Royal University Hospital, Room 2868 G-Wing, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0W8
| | - Jenna-Lynn Senger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 0W8
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