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Kovács K, Kéringer J, Rácz J, Gyömbér N, Németh K. In the pitfall of expectations: An exploratory analysis of stressors in elite rhythmic gymnastics. Front Psychol 2022; 13:955232. [PMID: 36033062 PMCID: PMC9406821 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.955232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explored the types of stressors faced by rhythmic gymnastics athletes, their parents, and coaches. Semi-structured interviews with 12 participants—four gymnasts, five coaches, and three parents—were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis in a theory-driven framework. The categorizations of sport-related stressors for the parents, coaches, and gymnasts were based on existing theories. The results showed that both the gymnasts and the coaches predominantly noted mastery-avoidance goals in terms of performance, while the interviews with parents mostly indicated performance-avoidance goals. All three groups of participants consistently reported a detrimental atmosphere in rhythmic gymnastics. For instance, they emphasized the stress related to inadequate communication between the concerned parties. Moreover, all parties believed that having a lean body was linked to success in the competitive world of rhythmic gymnastics. The present study provides insight into some of the potential major stressors and the related subjective experiences affecting athletes socializing in the same sporting environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Kovács
- Department of Psychology and Sport Psychology, Economics and Social Science Institute, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary
- Budapest Honvéd Basketball Academy, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Krisztina Kovács,
| | - Johanna Kéringer
- Department of Psychology and Sport Psychology, Economics and Social Science Institute, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Rácz
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Addictology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noémi Gyömbér
- Department of Psychology and Sport Psychology, Economics and Social Science Institute, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Németh
- School of Health and Social Care, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
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Amato A, Proia P, Caldara GF, Alongi A, Ferrantelli V, Baldassano S. Analysis of Body Perception, Preworkout Meal Habits and Bone Resorption in Child Gymnasts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042184. [PMID: 33672264 PMCID: PMC7926894 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of physical activity on body image perception and bone are debated among artistic gymnasts. Gymnasts seem to be at greater risk of developing body dissatisfaction, eating disorders and osteoporosis due to inadequate nutrition and attention to the appearance of the body. The objective of this work was to investigate the association between the artistic gymnast and a more favorable body image compared to their sedentary peers and if a preworkout high-carbohydrate meal (HCM; 300 kcal, 88% carbohydrates, 9% protein, 3% fat) or high-protein meal (HPM; 300 kcal, 55% carbohydrates, 31% protein, 13% fat) is able to attenuate bone resorption in young rhythmic gymnasts. Twenty-eight preadolescent female gymnasts were examined. Self-esteem tests were used to analyze body image perception. Preworkout eating habits were examined by short food frequency questions (FFQ) validated for children. The biomarker of the bone resorption C-terminal telopeptide region of collagen type 1 (CTX) was measured in the urine (fasting, postmeal and postworkout). Gymnasts reported higher satisfaction with their body appearance compared to sedentary peers. Of the gymnasts, 30% did not have a preworkout meal regularly, and the timing of the consumption was variable. Bone resorption was decreased by the HCM, consumed 90 min before the training, with respect to the HPM. The study suggests that playing artistic gymnastics is associated with a positive body self-perception in a child. The variability in preworkout meal frequency and timing need attention to prevent inadequate eating habits in light of the ability of the HCM to reduce acute bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Amato
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Gaetano Felice Caldara
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.C.); (A.A.); (V.F.)
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelina Alongi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.C.); (A.A.); (V.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.C.); (A.A.); (V.F.)
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Mayolas-Pi C, Sitko S, Oviedo-Caro MA, Bueno-Antequera J, Reverter-Masià J, Francín-Gallego M, Sarasa-Oliván FJ, Legaz-Arrese A. Influence of organised sports practice during adolescence on health of adult women with special emphasis on participation in aesthetic sports. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 21:107-117. [PMID: 32101509 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1736180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the differences in psychosocial health and cardiometabolic risk during adulthood in women based on previously organised sport (OS) participation during adolescence and current activity levels, with emphasis on participation in aesthetic sports. The study included 1947 women aged 18-55 years who were categorised into four groups: 355 aesthetic athletes during adolescence, 494 non- aesthetic athletes during adolescence, 791 non-athletes during adolescence with similar current levels of physical activity (PA) to OS groups and 307 currently inactive non-athletes during adolescence. Participants answered questionnaires regarding sport participation, psychosocial health and cardiometabolic risk. The results show that non-athletes during adolescence who are currently inactive reported significantly lower psychosocial health and higher cardiometabolic risk scores. Women with currently homogenous PA levels (χ² = 0.514) reported similar physical quality of life (QoL), exercise addiction, anxiety and depression symptoms regardless of participation in OS during adolescence (P > .05), except aesthetic athletes who reported the worst sleep and mental QoL. Very high training volumes in aesthetic athletes did not influence psychological outcomes and cardiometabolic risk in adulthood compared to lower training volumes. In conclusion, the effects of PA during adulthood appear to be powerful enough to induce beneficial adaptations in health outcomes that match those observed in women who participate in OS during adolescence, except for aesthetic sports participants, who show a high risk of lower quality of sleep in adulthood. PA should be promoted in adults and especially women who have not participated in OS during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mayolas-Pi
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Sitko
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M A Oviedo-Caro
- Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - J Bueno-Antequera
- Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - J Reverter-Masià
- Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Social Work, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - M Francín-Gallego
- Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitaro Villanueva de Gállego, Villanueva de Gállego, Spain
| | - F J Sarasa-Oliván
- Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Podium, Medical Center of Sports Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Legaz-Arrese
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Research group Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Anthropometric Indicators of Body Image Dissatisfaction and Perception Inconsistency in Young Rhythmic Gymnastics. Asian J Sports Med 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.87871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Olvera N, Matthews-Ewald MR, Kim M, Posada A, Rancine M, Arbona C. The moderating effects of acculturation on the relation of parenting strategies to unhealthy weight control behaviors in Hispanic daughters. Appetite 2017; 120:557-564. [PMID: 29032185 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a dearth of research regarding the association of child and parent traits to the use of unhealthy weight control behaviors among minority girls with obesity. This study examined the moderating effects of mothers' and daughters' acculturation in the relation of parenting strategies (setting limits, monitoring and discipline) to unhealthy weight control behaviors in Hispanic girls with obesity. Participants included 148 Hispanic mother-daughter dyads (Mage = 39.1, SD = 6.4 years; Mage = 11.3, SD = 1.5 years, respectively). Two-thirds of the mothers were born in Mexico and 46% of them reported low levels of acculturation. In contrast, almost all daughters (90%) were born in the United States and reported high levels of acculturation. Participants were recruited through school nurses and social agencies community coordinators. Mothers and daughters completed surveys on demographic, acculturation, unhealthy weight control behaviors (daughters only) and parenting strategies (mothers only), and had their height, weight, and adiposity assessed. Results from a hierarchical regression analysis revealed that daughters' acculturation, but not mothers' acculturation, moderated the relation of parenting limit setting to daughters' reported engagement in unhealthy weight control behaviors (β = 1.12, p = 0.007). That is, mothers who used more limit setting were less likely to have daughters engaging in unhealthy weight control behavior and this association was stronger among low acculturated girls than among their highly acculturated counterparts. Future research should assess cultural influences and parenting practices in a sample of Hispanic mothers and their adolescent daughters of varied weight statuses and acculturation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Olvera
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, 3657 Cullen Boulevard Room 491, Houston, TX 77204-5029, USA.
| | | | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, 3657 Cullen Boulevard Room 491, Houston, TX 77204-5021, USA.
| | - Alexandria Posada
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, 3657 Cullen Boulevard Room 491, Houston, TX 77204-5029, USA.
| | - Madeline Rancine
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, 3657 Cullen Boulevard Room 491, Houston, TX 77204-5029, USA.
| | - Consuelo Arbona
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, 3657 Cullen Boulevard Room 491, Houston, TX 77204-5029, USA.
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Olvera N, Matthews-Ewald MR, McCarley K, Scherer R, Posada A. Hispanic maternal influences on daughters' unhealthy weight control behaviors: The role of maternal acculturation, adiposity, and body image disturbances. Body Image 2016; 19:208-215. [PMID: 27816033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether maternal adiposity, acculturation, and perceived-ideal body size discrepancy for daughters were associated with daughters' engagement in unhealthy weight control behaviors. A total of 97 Hispanic mother-daughter dyads completed surveys, rated a figure scale, and had their height, weight, and adiposity assessed. Mothers (Mage=39.00, SD=6.20 years) selected larger ideal body sizes for their daughters (Mage=11.12, SD=1.53 years) than their daughters selected for themselves. Mothers had a smaller difference between their perception of their daughters' body size and ideal body size compared to the difference between their daughters' selection of their perceived and ideal body size. More acculturated mothers and those mothers with larger waist-to-hip ratios were more likely to have daughters who engaged in unhealthy weight control behaviors. These findings highlight the relevant role that maternal acculturation and adiposity may have in influencing daughters' unhealthy weight control behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Olvera
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5029, United States.
| | | | - Kendall McCarley
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5029, United States.
| | - Rhonda Scherer
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5029, United States.
| | - Alexandria Posada
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5029, United States.
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Suzuki K, Sato M, Zheng W, Shinohara R, Yokomichi H, Yamagata Z. Childhood growth trajectories according to combinations of pregestational weight status and maternal smoking during pregnancy: a multilevel analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118538. [PMID: 25680116 PMCID: PMC4332663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregestational weight status and maternal smoking during pregnancy are significantly associated with fetal and childhood growth. However, few studies have examined associations between childhood growth and combinations of these factors using multilevel analysis. This study aimed to describe differences in childhood growth trajectories according to these combinations, using data from a prospective cohort study in Japan. The study participants were 1,973 women and their singletons, who were born between April 1, 1991 and March 31, 2003. Children were categorized according to whether they were born to normal-weight, nonsmoking mothers (NN); normal-weight, smoking mothers (NS); underweight, nonsmoking mothers (UN); underweight, smoking mothers (US); overweight, nonsmoking mothers (ON); or overweight, smoking mothers (OS). Birth weight and anthropometric data were collected from 1,965 children at birth (99.6%), 1,655 aged 3 (83.9%), 1,527 aged 5 (77.4%), 1,497 aged 7–8 (75.9%), and 1,501 aged 9–10 (76.1%). Multilevel analysis examining both individual and age as different level variables according to sex was used to describe the trajectories of body mass index z scores for statistical analyses. Although children of the OS group were the leanest at birth, their body mass indices had increased rapidly by 3 years of age. Moreover, body mass index was also likely to increase in boys in the NS and ON groups. A different trend was observed in girls. Body mass index decreased from 5 years of age in girls in the US group. There were no remarkable differences in body mass index trajectories between children in the other groups. In conclusion, childhood growth trajectories differed according to combinations of pregestational weight status and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Further, there were sex-related differences in the associations between childhood growth and factor combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta Suzuki
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Miri Sato
- Center for Birth Cohort Studies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Ryoji Shinohara
- Center for Birth Cohort Studies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokomichi
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Zentaro Yamagata
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
- Center for Birth Cohort Studies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Hoffman ER, Hodges EA, Propper C, Postage PL, Zipkin EC, Bentley ME, Ward DS, Hamer RM, Bulik CM. Behavioral and Psychophysiological Responsiveness During Child Feeding in Mothers with Histories of Eating Disorders: A Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2013; 35:578-591. [PMID: 24511180 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-013-9357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this pilot project was to describe maternal responsiveness during child feeding in mothers with eating disorder histories through the combined use of observational, self-report, and physiologic methods. For this non-randomized cohort pilot study, 25 mothers with histories of eating disorders and 25 mothers with no history of an eating disorder with children ages 6-36 months were selected such that the groups were similar based on child age group (within 6 months) and child sex. Maternal behavioral responsiveness to child cues was assessed by video-recording and behavioral coding of both a free-play and feeding episode. Physiologic engagement was assessed through measurement of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity during free-play and feeding episodes. No differences were detected in observed behavioral responsiveness during feeding or free-play in mothers with eating disorder histories compared with controls. Mothers with eating disorder histories did report more parenting stress, increased anxiety, and exhibited a blunted physiologic stress response (less RSA reactivity) during both feeding and free-play interactions with their children. These results support future larger-scale investigations of RSA reactivity in mothers with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Hoffman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 2200 McGavran-Greenberg Hall CB#7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eric A Hodges
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Nursing, Carrington Hall CB#7460, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cathi Propper
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Center for Developmental Science, 100 East Franklin Street, Suite 200 CB# 8115, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pamela L Postage
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Drive CB#7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elana C Zipkin
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Drive CB#7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Margaret E Bentley
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 2200 McGavran-Greenberg Hall CB#7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dianne S Ward
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 2200 McGavran-Greenberg Hall CB#7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. CB#7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert M Hamer
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Drive CB#7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall CB#7420, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 2200 McGavran-Greenberg Hall CB#7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Drive CB#7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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