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Schäfer R, Trompeter K, Fett D, Heinrich K, Funken J, Willwacher S, Brüggemann GP, Platen P. The mechanical loading of the spine in physical activities. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 32:2991-3001. [PMID: 37166549 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize the mechanical loading of the spine in different activities of daily living and sports. METHODS Since the direct measurement is not feasible in sports activities, a mathematical model was applied to quantify spinal loading of more than 600 physical tasks in more than 200 athletes from several sports disciplines. The outcome is compression and torque (normalized to body weight/mass) at L4/L5. RESULTS The data demonstrate high compressive forces on the lumbar spine in sport-related activities, which are much higher than forces reported in normal daily activities and work tasks. Especially ballistic jumping and landing skills yield high estimated compression at L4/L5 of more than ten times body weight. Jumping, landing, heavy lifting and weight training in sports demonstrate compression forces significantly higher than guideline recommendations for working tasks. CONCLUSION These results may help to identify acute and long-term risks of low back pain and, thus, may guide the development of preventive interventions for low back pain or injury in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schäfer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Applied Health Sciences, Hochschule für Gesundheit (University of Applied Sciences), Bochum, Germany.
| | - Katharina Trompeter
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Applied Health Sciences, Hochschule für Gesundheit (University of Applied Sciences), Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniela Fett
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kai Heinrich
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Johannes Funken
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Gert-Peter Brüggemann
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Platen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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de Sire A, Lippi L, Marotta N, Folli A, Calafiore D, Moalli S, Turco A, Ammendolia A, Fusco N, Invernizzi M. Impact of Physical Rehabilitation on Bone Biomarkers in Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:921. [PMID: 36674436 PMCID: PMC9863706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rehabilitation might improve bone health in breast cancer (BC) patients, but the effects on bone biomarkers are still debated. Thus, this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aims at characterizing the impact of rehabilitation on bone health biomarkers in BC survivors. On 2 May 2022, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and PEDro were systematically searched for RCTs assessing bone biomarker modifications induced by physical exercise in BC survivors. The quality assessment was performed with the Jadad scale and the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoBv.2). Trial registration number: CRD42022329766. Ten studies were included for a total of 873 patients. The meta-analysis showed overall significant mean difference percentage decrease in collagen type 1 cross-linked N-telopeptide (NTX) serum level [ES: -11.65 (-21.13, -2.17), p = 0.02)] and an increase in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) levels [ES: +6.09 (1.56, 10.62). According to the Jadad scale, eight RCTs were considered high-quality studies. Four studies showed a low overall risk of bias, according to RoBv.2. The significant effects of rehabilitation on bone biomarkers suggested a possible implication for a precision medicine approach targeting bone remodeling. Future research might clarify the role of bone biomarkers monitoring in rehabilitation management of cancer treatment induced bone-loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro de Sire
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lippi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Translational Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Nicola Marotta
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arianna Folli
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Dario Calafiore
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Neurosciences, ASST Carlo Poma, 46100 Mantova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moalli
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alessio Turco
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Antonio Ammendolia
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Invernizzi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Translational Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Lippi L, Folli A, Turco A, Moalli S, Curci C, Ammendolia A, de Sire A, Invernizzi M. The impact of rehabilitation in bone loss management of patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2023; 36:1219-1235. [PMID: 37482985 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-230006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling condition characterized by multilevel skeletal muscle impairment and rapid cortical and trabecular bone loss. Rehabilitation is a cornerstone of the long-term management of patients with SCI; however, the optimal rehabilitation strategy for improving bone health has not been fully characterized. OBJECTIVE To characterize the current evidence supporting different rehabilitation interventions improving bone health in patients with SCI. METHODS On November 17th, 2022, five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and PEDro) were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing SCI patients undergoing rehabilitation interventions. The primary outcomes were bone macroscopical effects. Secondary outcomes were changes in bone metabolisms and functional outcomes. RESULTS Out of 499 records, 11 RCTs met the eligibility criteria and were included. Electrical stimulation combined with physical exercise was assessed by 5 studies, standing intervention was assessed by 3 studies, vibration was assessed by 1 study, ultrasound therapy was assessed by 1 study, and electroacupuncture combined with a pulsed magnetic field was assessed by 1 study. The rehabilitation intervention was administered combined with pharmacological treatment (3 studies) or alone (8 studies). Positive effects in terms of BMD were reported by 3 studies. The quality assessment revealed some concerns in 9 out of 11 studies, in accordance with the Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment - version 2. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that multicomponent interventions including rehabilitation might be considered a suitable option to improve bone health management in SCI patients. Further studies are mandatory to characterize the optimal combination of non-pharmacological interventions reducing bone loss and improving the risk of fractures in patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lippi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
- Translational Medicine, Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Arianna Folli
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Alessio Turco
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Stefano Moalli
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Claudio Curci
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Neurosciences, ASST Carlo Poma, Mantova, Italy
| | - Antonio Ammendolia
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro de Sire
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Invernizzi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
- Translational Medicine, Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
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Molecular mechanisms of exercise contributing to tissue regeneration. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:383. [PMID: 36446784 PMCID: PMC9709153 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has been known as an essential element to promote human health for centuries. Thus, exercise intervention is encouraged to battle against sedentary lifestyle. Recent rapid advances in molecular biotechnology have demonstrated that both endurance and resistance exercise training, two traditional types of exercise, trigger a series of physiological responses, unraveling the mechanisms of exercise regulating on the human body. Therefore, exercise has been expected as a candidate approach of alleviating a wide range of diseases, such as metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, tumors, and cardiovascular diseases. In particular, the capacity of exercise to promote tissue regeneration has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades. Since most adult human organs have a weak regenerative capacity, it is currently a key challenge in regenerative medicine to improve the efficiency of tissue regeneration. As research progresses, exercise-induced tissue regeneration seems to provide a novel approach for fighting against injury or senescence, establishing strong theoretical basis for more and more "exercise mimetics." These drugs are acting as the pharmaceutical alternatives of those individuals who cannot experience the benefits of exercise. Here, we comprehensively provide a description of the benefits of exercise on tissue regeneration in diverse organs, mainly focusing on musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. We also discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the regenerative effects of exercise and emerging therapeutic exercise mimetics for regeneration, as well as the associated opportunities and challenges. We aim to describe an integrated perspective on the current advances of distinct physiological mechanisms associated with exercise-induced tissue regeneration on various organs and facilitate the development of drugs that mimics the benefits of exercise.
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Borgia B, Dufek JS, Radzak KN, Freedman Silvernail J. The effect of exercise modality on age-related changes observed during running. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2022; 19:21. [PMID: 36115944 PMCID: PMC9482262 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-022-00302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the increase in participation by older adults in endurance events, research is needed to evaluate how exercising throughout the lifespan can affect the aging process regarding gait and mobility. The purpose of this study was to determine how the type of exercise modality one participates in will affect age-related declines observed during running. METHODS Fifty-six individuals between the ages of 18-65 who considered running, resistance training or cycling/swimming as their primary form of activity participated in this study. Kinematics were captured using a 10-camera motion capture system while participants ran at a controlled pace of 3.5 m/s (± 5%) over a 10-m runway with force platforms collecting kinetic data. Eight successful trials were chosen for analysis. A one-way ANOVA assessed differences in mean kinematic and kinetic variables of interest between physical activity groups (α = 0.05). RESULTS Older resistance trainers exhibited greater maximal knee power compared to older runners. No other group differences were observed. CONCLUSION Despite type of exercise modality, regularly participating in exercise has positive effects. This is evident through the preservation of the function of the lower extremity with age, specifically function of the ankle, and its contribution to healthy movement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Borgia
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - Janet S. Dufek
- grid.272362.00000 0001 0806 6926Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV USA
| | - Kara N. Radzak
- grid.272362.00000 0001 0806 6926Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV USA
| | - Julia Freedman Silvernail
- grid.272362.00000 0001 0806 6926Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV USA
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Rothschild CE. Exercise Considerations for the Masters Female Athlete. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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McClelland SC, Reynolds M, Cordall M, Hauber ME, Goymann W, McClean LA, Hamama S, Lund J, Dixit T, Louder MIM, Safari I, Honza M, Spottiswoode CN, Portugal SJ. Embryo movement is more frequent in avian brood parasites than birds with parental reproductive strategies. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211137. [PMID: 34702076 PMCID: PMC8548802 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement of the embryo is essential for musculoskeletal development in vertebrates, yet little is known about whether, and why, species vary. Avian brood parasites exhibit feats of strength in early life as adaptations to exploit the hosts that rear them. We hypothesized that an increase in embryonic movement could allow brood parasites to develop the required musculature for these demands. We measured embryo movement across incubation for multiple brood-parasitic and non-parasitic bird species. Using a phylogenetically controlled analysis, we found that brood parasites exhibited significantly increased muscular movement during incubation compared to non-parasites. This suggests that increased embryo movement may facilitate the development of the stronger musculoskeletal system required for the demanding tasks undertaken by young brood parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. McClelland
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Miranda Reynolds
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Molly Cordall
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Mark E. Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Wolfgang Goymann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, Abteilung für Verhaltensneurobiologie, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 6a, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany
- Coucal Project, PO Box 26, Chimala, Tanzania
| | - Luke A. McClean
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Silky Hamama
- c/o Musumanene Farm, PO Box 630038, Choma, Zambia
| | - Jess Lund
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tanmay Dixit
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Matthew I. M. Louder
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ignas Safari
- Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, Abteilung für Verhaltensneurobiologie, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 6a, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany
- Coucal Project, PO Box 26, Chimala, Tanzania
- Department of Biology, University of Dodoma, PO Box 338, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Marcel Honza
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Claire N. Spottiswoode
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Steven J. Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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De Oliveira RM, Neves EB, Da Rosa SE, Marson RA, de Souza Vale RG, Morgado JJM, de Assis Lacerda Junior W, Soeiro RSP, de Alkmim Moreira Nunes R. Effect of 6 Months of Physical Training on the Physical Fitness of Young Brazilian Army Cadets. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9111439. [PMID: 34828486 PMCID: PMC8623716 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the increase in the employment of women in conflicts around the world, the federal government of Brazil enacted a law which determines the participation of women in the military. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of six months of physical training (PT) on the physical fitness of young Brazilian Army cadets to carry out the physical assessments provided in military training. Sixty-eight members of the (19.4 ± 1.0 years) military from the Brazilian Army (BA), with BMI of (23.61 ± 2.17/21.81 ± 2.26) respectively and divided in two groups (men/women) participated in the study. PT was conducted by Manual EB20-MC10.350. Anthropometric measurements and assessment of body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry were performed. The Student’s t test, percentage evolution equation, and Levene test were used. Results showedasignificant increase in anthropometric variables and cardiorespiratory fitness in both groups. Bone health variables and visceral fat presented a significant increase in the malegroup. In terms of muscle fitness handgrip and isometric strength there was no significant variation between the groups and push-up and pull-up there was significant variation between the groups. Percentage evolution was greater in female group. The conclusion shows PT was able to cause beneficial changes, promoting positive improvement in bone health, especially in women. Also, PT was shown to enhance cardiorespiratory capacity, and muscle fitness of the upper limbs in all participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Melo De Oliveira
- Brazilian Army Physical Fitness Research Institute, Brazilian Army (IPCFEx/EB), Rio de Janeiro 22291-090, Brazil; (S.E.D.R.); (R.A.M.); (J.J.M.M.); (W.d.A.L.J.); (R.S.P.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná (PPGEB/UTFPR), Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil;
| | - Samir Ezequiel Da Rosa
- Brazilian Army Physical Fitness Research Institute, Brazilian Army (IPCFEx/EB), Rio de Janeiro 22291-090, Brazil; (S.E.D.R.); (R.A.M.); (J.J.M.M.); (W.d.A.L.J.); (R.S.P.S.)
| | - Runer Augusto Marson
- Brazilian Army Physical Fitness Research Institute, Brazilian Army (IPCFEx/EB), Rio de Janeiro 22291-090, Brazil; (S.E.D.R.); (R.A.M.); (J.J.M.M.); (W.d.A.L.J.); (R.S.P.S.)
| | - Rodrigo Gomes de Souza Vale
- Graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (PPCEE/UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil; (R.G.d.S.V.); (R.d.A.M.N.)
| | - Jairo José Monteiro Morgado
- Brazilian Army Physical Fitness Research Institute, Brazilian Army (IPCFEx/EB), Rio de Janeiro 22291-090, Brazil; (S.E.D.R.); (R.A.M.); (J.J.M.M.); (W.d.A.L.J.); (R.S.P.S.)
| | - Wilson de Assis Lacerda Junior
- Brazilian Army Physical Fitness Research Institute, Brazilian Army (IPCFEx/EB), Rio de Janeiro 22291-090, Brazil; (S.E.D.R.); (R.A.M.); (J.J.M.M.); (W.d.A.L.J.); (R.S.P.S.)
| | - Renato Souza Pinto Soeiro
- Brazilian Army Physical Fitness Research Institute, Brazilian Army (IPCFEx/EB), Rio de Janeiro 22291-090, Brazil; (S.E.D.R.); (R.A.M.); (J.J.M.M.); (W.d.A.L.J.); (R.S.P.S.)
| | - Rodolfo de Alkmim Moreira Nunes
- Graduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (PPCEE/UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil; (R.G.d.S.V.); (R.d.A.M.N.)
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Hu Y, Zhao X. Role of m6A in osteoporosis, arthritis and osteosarcoma (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:926. [PMID: 34306195 PMCID: PMC8281110 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA modification is a type of post-transcriptional modification that regulates important cellular pathways, such as the processing and metabolism of RNA. The most abundant form of methylation modification is RNA N6-methyladenine (m6A), which plays various post-transcriptional regulatory roles in cellular biological functions, including cell differentiation, embryonic development and disease occurrence. Bones play a pivotal role in the skeletal system as they support and protect muscles and other organs, facilitate movement and ensure haematopoiesis. The development and remodelling of bones require a delicate and accurate regulation of gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms that involve modifications of histone, DNA and RNA. The present review discusses the enzymes and proteins involved in mRNA m6A methylation modification and summarises current research progress and the mechanisms of mRNA m6A methylation in common orthopaedic diseases, including osteoporosis, arthritis and osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China
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Schwarz I, Houck DA, Shah V, Jolly AJ, Lindsay A, Bravman JT, Frank RM. Bone and body characteristics of freestyle and nonfreestyle skiers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:74-80. [PMID: 33555668 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freestyle skiers must optimize their aerial performance by maintaining the strength and coordination to propel themselves in the air and adapt to landings and take-offs on uneven surfaces. The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and body composition in freestyle skiers and nonfreestyle skiing controls. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that the unique demands and summation of forces experienced by freestyle athletes would manifest as greater femoral neck aBMD, lower percent body fat, and lower BMI than nonfreestyle skiing controls. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3, Retrospective Cohort Study. METHODS 18 freestyle skiers (14M 4F, [27.56 ± 5.22 years]) and 15 controls (7M 8F, [26.93 ± 3.54 years]) were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to determine total body composition, hip and lumbar spine aBMD, and bone mineral composition (BMC). Height and weight were measured with an in-office stadiometer and scale. Questionnaires were used to determine physical activity and pertinent medical history. Between-group variations were analyzed with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and stratified by sex. RESULTS Percent body fat, hip and lumbar spine aBMD, BMC, and area were all similar between freeski and nonfreeski athletes (p<0.05 for all). BMI was significantly lower in male freeski athletes (23.97kg/m2, 95% CI [22.75-25.18]) compared to nonfreestyle skiing controls (26.64kg/m2, 95% CI [24.43-28.86]) (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Freestyle skiers have a lower BMI than nonfreestyle skiers. All skiers in this study has similar percent body fat, aBMD, and BMC. This pilot study supports that there are unique musculoskeletal adaptations based on type of skiing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Skiers endure a variety of intense physical forces yet remain understudied despite high orthopedic injury rates. This study serves to broaden the current sports health literature and explore the physical demands and subsequent physiology of freestyle skiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Schwarz
- Division of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA -
| | - Darby A Houck
- Division of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Viral Shah
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Austin J Jolly
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adam Lindsay
- Division of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan T Bravman
- Division of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rachel M Frank
- Division of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Bone Control of Muscle Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041178. [PMID: 32053970 PMCID: PMC7072735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone and muscle represent a single functional system and are tightly connected to each other. Indeed, diseases characterized by alterations of muscle physiology have effects on bone remodeling and structure and vice versa. Muscle influence on bone has been deeply studied, and recent studies identified irisin as new molecule involved in this crosstalk. Muscle regulation by bone needs to be extensively investigated since in the last few years osteocalcin was recognized as a key molecule in the bone–muscle interaction. Osteocalcin can exist in two forms with different degrees of carboxylation. The undercarboxylated form of osteocalcin is a hormone released by the bone matrix during the osteoclast bone resorption and can bind its G-protein coupled receptor GPRC6A expressed in the muscle, thus regulating its function. Recently, this hormone was described as an antiaging molecule for its ability to regulate bone, muscle and cognitive functions. Indeed, the features of this bone-related hormone were used to test a new therapeutic approach for sarcopenia, since injection of osteocalcin in older mice induces the acquirement of physical abilities of younger animals. Even if this approach should be tested in humans, osteocalcin represents the most surprising molecule in endocrine regulation by the skeleton.
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Leisure-time physical activity and sports in the Brazilian population: A social disparity analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225940. [PMID: 31794582 PMCID: PMC6890238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To estimate the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) or sports in the Brazilian population according to demographic and income variables. Methods Data from 60,202 Brazilian individuals (18 years and over) were analyzed, belonging to the National Health Survey 2013 sample. The prevalence of different modalities of LTPA and sports was estimated according to age, sex, skin color and income. The adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated by Poisson regression. Results Of every thousand Brazilians, 695 do not practice LTPA or sports. Walking is the most practiced LTPA (98/1000), followed by soccer (68/1000) and weight training (45/1000). For poor and black men, the most frequent LTPA was soccer, and, for women, gymnastics and walking. The prevalence of weight training and gymnastics was higher for white people compared with black people. All LTPA practices were more prevalent in individuals with higher income, except for soccer. Running on a treadmill and weight training had, respectively, 24.7 and 6.4 times higher prevalence in the richer quartile. Conclusions The study allowed identifying the type of LTPA and sport reported as the most frequent by the Brazilian population according to age, sex, skin color, and income, detecting strong social disparities in these practices.
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The Effect of Exercise on the Prevention of Osteoporosis and Bone Angiogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8171897. [PMID: 31139653 PMCID: PMC6500645 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8171897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity or appropriate exercise prevents the development of osteoporosis. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear although it is well accepted that exercise or mechanical loading regulates the hormones, cytokines, signaling pathways, and noncoding RNAs in bone. Accumulating evidence has shown that bone is a highly vascularized tissue, and dysregulation of vasculature is associated with many bone diseases such as osteoporosis or osteoarthritis. In addition, exercise or mechanical loading regulates bone vascularization in bone microenvironment via the modulation of angiogenic mediators, which play a crucial role in maintaining skeletal health. This review discusses the effects of exercise and its underlying mechanisms for osteoporosis prevention, as well as an angiogenic and osteogenic coupling in response to exercise.
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Sagarra-Romero L, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Pedrero-Chamizo R, Vila-Maldonado S, Gusi N, Villa-Vicente JG, Espino L, González-Gross M, Casajús JA, Ara I, Gómez-Cabello A. Is Sitting Time Related with Physical Fitness in Spanishelderly Population? The EXERNET Multicenter Study. J Nutr Health Aging 2019; 23:401-407. [PMID: 31021356 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-019-1193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults spend most of their waking hours performing sedentary activities. The influence of these lifestyle patterns on the physical fitness (PF) levels of this population has not yet been sufficiently investigated. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine whether sedentary behavior (SB) (h•d-1sitting) is associated with PF, and specifically to analyze whether sitting >4 h•d-1 is associated with higher risk of having lower levels of fitness in seniors. DESIGN EXERNET multi-center study. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS A representative sample of 3136 non-institutionalized elderly (aged 72.2±5.3 years), from 6 Regions of Spain were included in the study. MEASUREMENTS PF was assessed using 8 different tests from the EXERNET battery. Lifestyle patterns were collected using a validated questionnaire. ANOVA was used to compare the groups according to the hours of sitting. Binary logistic regression was used to calculate the association between the SB and low levels of fitness. RESULTS For both genders, those who spent sitting >4 h•d-1 had lower levels of balance, agility, walking speed and aerobic endurance (p<0.001). Sedentary men also had less strength of lower extremities (p<0.05), whereas, sedentary women were less flexible in the lower extremities (p<0.001). More than 4 h•d-1 sitting was associated, in men, to higher odds for having low strength (lower extremities), agility, flexibility (lower extremities) and aerobic endurance (p<0.05); and in women, to higher risk of low balance, strength (lower and upper extremities), flexibility (lower extremities), agility, walking speed and aerobic endurance (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Seniors that sit >4 h•d-1 have lower levels of fitness and this behavior is related with an increased risk of having low levels of PF in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sagarra-Romero
- Dr. Alba Gómez-Cabello, Centro Universitario de la Defensa de Zaragoza, Carretera de Huesca s/n 50090. Zaragoza, Teléfono: 976739794,
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Age and sex effects on the relationship between body composition and hip geometric structure in males and females from East China. Arch Osteoporos 2018; 13:79. [PMID: 30019139 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-018-0488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The study finds bone mineral density is the principal determinant of hip geometry and lean mass is a better determinant than fat mass in Chinese. Moreover, the impact of fat on skeleton differs with age, with a negative effect in young people but a more positive effect in elderly. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine whether the correlation between body composition including bone mineral density (BMD), lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM), and hip geometric structure change with aging in males and females from East China. METHODS It was a cross-section study. A total of 1168 healthy male and 1066 healthy females in Shanghai were divided into six groups based on their age and sex. All participants were evaluated by assessing the BMD of lumber spine and proximal hip, total LM, total FM, and geometric parameters of the hip such as the cross-sectional area (CSA), average cortical thickness (ACT), and the buckling ratio (BR) at the narrow neck (NN), the intertrochanter (IT), and the shaft (FS). RESULTS Among the three body composition, the correlation between hip BMD and hip geometric structure was strongest. LM showed significantly positive correlations with CSA. FM showed negative or little positive correlation with hip geometry in the young group. However, the degree of the contribution of FM to hip geometric structure became substantially positive with aging. Limb LM produced the largest positive contribution to CSA and ACT at all three regions in young males. However, in older males the trunk LM produced the largest positive contribution to CSA and ACT. CONCLUSIONS Among all body composition parameters, hip BMD showed the largest correlation with hip geometric structure, with LM showing the second largest. The impact of FM and LM on hip geometry changed with aging and with different distributions of lean mass and fat mass.
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Krupski W, Tatara MR, Charuta A, Brodzki A, Szpetnar M, Jóźwik A, Strzałkowska N, Poławska E, Łuszczewska-Sierakowska I. Sex-related differences of bone properties of pelvic limb and bone metabolism indices in 14-month-old ostriches (Struthio camelus). Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:301-307. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1454587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Krupski
- II Department of Radiology, Medical University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - M. R. Tatara
- II Department of Radiology, Medical University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - A. Charuta
- Institute of Health, Faculty of Natural Science, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
| | - A. Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - M. Szpetnar
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - A. Jóźwik
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - N. Strzałkowska
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - E. Poławska
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Magdalenka, Poland
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Kim IJ, Kang KY. Low Skeletal Muscle Mass is Associated with the Risk of Low Bone Mineral Density in Urban Dwelling Premenopausal Women. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 101:581-592. [PMID: 28828511 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral density (BMD) and to determine the association between low skeletal muscle mass and low BMD in urban dwelling young adults. This study was based on data from the 2008-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The subjects were 1702 20-49-year-old men and 2192 premenopausal women (age 20-55 years). BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip and the appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was defined as weight-adjusted ASM. Mildly and severely low muscle skeletal mass were defined as SMI that was 1-2 and >2 standard deviations below the sex-specific mean ASM of young adults, respectively. Low BMD was defined as T score of less than -1.0 at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and/or total hip. After adjusting for confounders, skeletal muscle mass was positively associated with BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip in both men and women. Mildly and severely low skeletal muscle mass increased the risk of low BMD in premenopausal women [OR (95% CI) = 1.4 (1.1-1.9) and 2.4 (1.2-4.6), respectively] but not men. In women, low skeletal muscle mass independently was associated with the risk of low BMD at the femoral neck and total hip but not the lumbar spine. Skeletal muscle mass was independently associated with BMD in urban dwelling young men and women, but low skeletal muscle mass was associated with the risk of low BMD in premenopausal women only.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Je Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwi Young Kang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, #56, Dongsu-Ro, Bupyung-Gu, Incheon, South Korea.
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Suominen TH, Korhonen MT, Alén M, Heinonen A, Mero A, Törmäkangas T, Suominen H. Effects of a 20-week high-intensity strength and sprint training program on tibial bone structure and strength in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 2017. [PMID: 28623425 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This randomized, controlled, high-intensity strength and sprint training trial in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes showed significant improvements in mid-tibial structure and strength. The study reveals the adaptability of aging bone, suggesting that through a novel, intensive training stimulus it is possible to strengthen bones during aging. INTRODUCTION High-load, high-speed and impact-type exercise may be an efficient way of improving bone strength even in old age. We evaluated the effects of combined strength and sprint training on indices of bone health in competitive masters athletes, who serve as a group of older people who are likely to be able to participate in vigorous exercise of this kind. METHODS Seventy-two men (age 40-85) were randomized into an experimental (EX, n = 40) and a control (CTRL, n = 32) group. EX participated in a 20-week program combining heavy and explosive strength exercises with sprint training. CTRL maintained their usual, run-based sprint training schedules. Bone structural, strength and densitometric parameters were assessed by peripheral QCT at the distal tibia and tibial midshaft. RESULTS The intervention had no effects on distal tibia bone traits. At the mid-tibia, the mean difference in the change in cortical thickness (ThCO) in EX compared to CTRL was 2.0% (p = 0.007). The changes in structure and strength were more pronounced in the most compliant athletes (training adherence >75%). Compared to CTRL, total and cortical cross-sectional area, ThCO, and the area and density-weighted moments of inertia for the direction of the smallest flexural rigidity (I minA , I minD ) increased in EX by 1.6-3.2% (p = 0.023-0.006). Polar mass distribution analysis revealed increased BMC at the anteromedial site, whereas vBMD decreased (p = 0.035-0.043). CONCLUSIONS Intensive strength and sprint training improves mid-tibia structure and strength in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes, suggesting that in the presence of high-intensity loading exercise, the adaptability of the bone structure is maintained during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Suominen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - M T Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - M Alén
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital and Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - A Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A Mero
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - T Törmäkangas
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - H Suominen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Ng JL, Kersh ME, Kilbreath S, Knothe Tate M. Establishing the Basis for Mechanobiology-Based Physical Therapy Protocols to Potentiate Cellular Healing and Tissue Regeneration. Front Physiol 2017; 8:303. [PMID: 28634452 PMCID: PMC5460618 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Life is mechanobiological: mechanical stimuli play a pivotal role in the formation of structurally and functionally appropriate body templates through mechanobiologically-driven cellular and tissue re/modeling. The body responds to mechanical stimuli engendered through physical movement in an integrated fashion, internalizing and transferring forces from organ, through tissue and cellular length scales. In the context of rehabilitation and therapeutic outcomes, such mechanical stimuli are referred to as mechanotherapy. Physical therapists use mechanotherapy and mechanical interventions, e.g., exercise therapy and manual mobilizations, to restore function and treat disease and/or injury. While the effect of directed movement, such as in physical therapy, is well documented at the length scale of the body and its organs, a number of recent studies implicate its integral effect in modulating cellular behavior and subsequent tissue adaptation. Yet the link between movement biomechanics, physical therapy, and subsequent cellular and tissue mechanoadaptation is not well established in the literature. Here we review mechanoadaptation in the context of physical therapy, from organ to cell scale mechanotransduction and cell to organ scale extracellular matrix genesis and re/modeling. We suggest that physical therapy can be developed to harness the mechanosensitivity of cells and tissues, enabling prescriptive definition of physical and mechanical interventions to enhance tissue genesis, healing, and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L. Ng
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mariana E. Kersh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaign, IL, United States
| | - Sharon Kilbreath
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M. Knothe Tate
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Loudon JK. The master female triathlete. Phys Ther Sport 2016; 22:123-128. [PMID: 27511062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The world of triathlon has expanded to include all ages and both sexes. One of the largest growing age groups is the master female athlete. It is important for the physical therapist to understand the special needs of this population in order to adequately care for master female athletes so they can participate at a high level and injury-free. Biology of aging, injury prevention and a suggested training program are presented in this Masterclass article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice K Loudon
- Rockhurst University, 1100 Rockhurst Rd, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States.
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Volaklis KA, Halle M, Thorand B, Peters A, Ladwig KH, Schulz H, Koenig W, Meisinger C. Handgrip strength is inversely and independently associated with multimorbidity among older women: Results from the KORA-Age study. Eur J Intern Med 2016; 31:35-40. [PMID: 27108239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the association between handgrip strength and multimorbidity (MMB) are missing. AIM The purpose of this study was to examine if handgrip strength is related to MMB in a large population-based sample of older persons. METHODS The cross-sectional analysis was based on 1079 older people (aged 65-94years), who participated in the KORA-Age study in the Augsburg region, southern Germany. Participants underwent an interview and extensive examinations, including anthropometric measurements, registration of chronic diseases, determination of health-related behaviors (smoking, alcohol intake and physical activity), collection of blood samples, and muscle strength measurement using hand-grip dynamometry. RESULTS In men, handgrip strength correlated strongly with the number of co-existing diseases (r=-0.176, p<0.001), and the same pattern was observed for women (r=-0.287, p<0.001). Among women, handgrip strength in the lower tertile compared to the upper tertile was significantly associated with an increased odds of having MMB (OR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.30-5.07, p=0.007) after controlling for age, BMI, education, alcohol intake, smoking habits, medications number, inflammatory markers, telomere length and levels of physical activity. Contrary, no significant association between handgrip strength and MMB was found among men (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 0.73-2.40, p=0.362) after multivariable adjustment. CONCLUSION Lower levels of handgrip strength are associated with a higher odd of MMB among older women even after adjusting for traditional and novel confounders. Increasing the levels of muscular strength in older women seems to be important in order to reduce the risk for the co-occurrence of multiple chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Volaklis
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; 7FIT Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - M Halle
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Else-Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Munich, Germany
| | - B Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - K H Ladwig
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research,Germany
| | - W Koenig
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany; Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich,Germany
| | - C Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and aortic wave reflection characteristics in aerobic- and resistance-trained subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2609-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Public health strategies designed to accomodate the ever-increasing human lifespan are urgently required. A good clinical understanding of frailty, as well as knowledge regarding how to prevent it, will therefore be required in order to overcome this challenge. Sarcopenia is an important component of the frailty syndrome, and its association with osteoporosis can lead to fractures and incident disability. Therefore, this review examined the literatuire pertaining to the association of sarcopenia with osteoporosis in order to assess preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Min Ji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ye-Yeon Won
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Volaklis KA, Halle M, Meisinger C. Muscular strength as a strong predictor of mortality: A narrative review. Eur J Intern Med 2015; 26:303-10. [PMID: 25921473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Muscular strength, an important component of physical fitness, has an independent role in the prevention of chronic diseases whereas muscular weakness is strongly related to functional limitations and physical disability. Our purpose was to investigate the role of muscular strength as a predictor of mortality in health and disease. We conducted a systematic search in EMBASE and MEDLINE (1980-2014) looking for the association between muscular strength and mortality risk (all-cause and cause-specific mortality). Selected publications included 23 papers (15 epidemiological and 8 clinical studies). Muscular strength was inversely and independently associated with all-cause mortality even after adjusting for several confounders including the levels of physical activity or even cardiorespiratory fitness. The same pattern was observed for cardiovascular mortality; however more research is needed due to the few available data. The existed studies failed to show that low muscular strength is predictive of cancer mortality. Furthermore, a strong and inverse association of muscular strength with all-cause mortality has also been confirmed in several clinical populations such as cardiovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, cancer, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis and patients with critical illness. However, future studies are needed to further establish the current evidence and to explore the exact independent mechanisms of muscular strength in relation to mortality. Muscular strength as a modifiable risk factor would be of great interest from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A Volaklis
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; 7FIT, Ambulantes Herz-Rehazentrum, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Halle
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Tomlinson PB, Joseph C, Angioi M. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on upper and lower body muscle strength levels in healthy individuals. A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2014; 18:575-80. [PMID: 25156880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength in healthy individuals. DESIGN A systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS In October 2013 a computerised literature search of three databases (PubMed, Web of Knowledge and Scopus) was performed. Included in the review were controlled and randomised controlled trials, published in English, which measured muscle strength and serum vitamin D concentration in participants 18-40 years old. References of identified articles were then cross-checked and citations scanned for additional articles. Quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Muscle strength and vitamin D levels were extracted for a meta-analysis on upper and lower limb strength with standardised mean differences calculated to analyse effect. RESULTS Six randomised controlled trials and one controlled trial were identified and quality assessment showed all seven trials were of 'good quality'. Data was extracted from 310 adults, 67% female, with mean ages ranging from 21.5 to 31.5 years. Trials lasted from 4 weeks to 6 months and dosages differed from 4000 IU per day to 60,000 IU per week. Upper and lower limb muscle strength had a standardised mean difference of 0.32 (95% CI=0.10, 0.54) and 0.32 (95% CI=0.01, 0.63) respectively, suggesting vitamin D supplementation significantly increased muscle strength in the experimental group for upper (P=0.005) and lower limbs (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D supplementation increases upper and lower limb strength. Further research should focus on its effect on muscle power, endurance and maximal strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Tomlinson
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Corey Joseph
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Manuela Angioi
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Underlying mechanisms of Tai-Chi-Chuan training for improving balance ability in the elders. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 20:409-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-013-1533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Musculoskeletal disorders in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:965764. [PMID: 24783225 PMCID: PMC3982416 DOI: 10.1155/2014/965764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation but also accompanied by several extrapulmonary consequences, such as skeletal muscle weakness and osteoporosis. Skeletal muscle weakness is of major concern, since it leads to poor functional capacity, impaired health status, increased healthcare utilization, and even mortality, independently of lung function. Osteoporosis leads to fractures and is associated with increased mortality, functional decline, loss of quality of life, and need for institutionalization. Therefore, the presence of the combination of these comorbidities will have a negative impact on daily life in patients with COPD. In this review, we will focus on these two comorbidities, their prevalence in COPD, combined risk factors, and pathogenesis. We will try to prove the clustering of these comorbidities and discuss possible preventive or therapeutic strategies.
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Zribi A, Zouch M, Chaari H, Bouajina E, Zaouali M, Nebigh A, Tabka Z. Enhanced bone mass and physical fitness in prepubescent basketball players. J Clin Densitom 2014; 17:156-62. [PMID: 24485050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of basketball practice on bone acquisition in the prepubertal age. In total, 48 prepubescent male basketball players aged 11.1 ± 0.8 yr, Tanner stage 1, were compared with 50 controls matched for age and pubertal stage. Areal bone mineral density, bone mineral content (BMC), and bone area (BA) in deferent sites associated with anthropometric parameters were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Running and jumping tests were performed. Analysis of Student's impaired t-test revealed that basketball players attained better results in all physical fitness tests (p < 0.05). They also exhibited significantly greater BMC and BA in whole body, upper and lower extremities, trochanter, total hip, and whole right and left radius (p < 0.001) compared with the controls. No significant differences were observed between groups in right and left ultradistal and third distal radius and spinal regions, BMC, and BA, whereas a significant positive correlation was reported between lean mass, BMC, and BA of lower limbs. In summary, basketball practice in prepubertal age is associated with improved physical fitness and enhanced lean and bone mass in loaded sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Zribi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Eljazzar, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Zouch
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Eljazzar, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hamada Chaari
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Eljazzar, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Elyes Bouajina
- Service de Rhumatologie, CHU Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Monia Zaouali
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Eljazzar, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ammar Nebigh
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Eljazzar, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Zouhair Tabka
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Université de Sousse, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Eljazzar, Sousse, Tunisia
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Hutchinson D, Sutherland-Smith J, Watson AL, Freeman LM. Assessment of methods of evaluating sarcopenia in old dogs. Am J Vet Res 2013; 73:1794-800. [PMID: 23106466 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinically applicable methods of assessing lean body mass in dogs and compare muscle mass and inflammatory markers in healthy young and old dogs. ANIMALS 9 healthy young (1 to 5 years old) and 10 old (> 8 years old) Labrador Retrievers with a body condition score of 5 to 6 of 9. PROCEDURES Radiography of the thoracolumbar region was performed for measurement of epaxial muscle height at the level of T13-L1. Computed tomographic images were obtained for the measurement of the epaxial and temporal muscles. Ultrasonography also was performed for regional muscle measurements at these same sites and the quadriceps muscle. Serum C-reactive protein, insulin-like growth factor-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations also were measured, and dogs' activity for 14 days was assessed with an activity monitor. RESULTS Mean epaxial muscle area measured by ultrasonography was significantly lower in the old group, compared with the young group, whereas epaxial muscle area measured by CT was only significantly lower in the old group after normalization for vertebral height. Neither temporal and quadriceps muscle measurements nor serum C-reactive protein or insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations were significantly different between age groups. Tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations were undetectable in all dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study documented reduced epaxial muscle area in healthy old Labrador Retrievers, consistent with the syndrome of sarcopenia. Ultrasonography and CT were feasible methods of measuring epaxial muscle area, but much additional research is required to assess this method. A better understanding of underlying mechanisms of sarcopenia as well as methods for slowing progression is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hutchinson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Contribution of taking part in sport to the association between physical activity and quality of life. Qual Life Res 2013; 22:2021-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11136-013-0355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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AHLES CAMMIEP, SINGH HARPREET, JOO WOOJIN, LEE YVONNE, Lee LUCYC, COLAZAS WILLIAM, PIERCE RANDER, PRAKASH ANURADHA, JAQUE SVICTORIA, SUMIDA KEND. High Volumes of Resistance Exercise Are Not Required for Greater Bone Mineral Density during Growth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:36-42. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31826a5710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Peixinho-Pena LF, Fernandes J, de Almeida AA, Novaes Gomes FG, Cassilhas R, Venancio DP, de Mello MT, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, Arida RM. A strength exercise program in rats with epilepsy is protective against seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 25:323-8. [PMID: 23103304 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of physical exercise on epilepsy, such as a decreased seizure frequency, have been observed following aerobic exercise programs in both clinical and experimental studies. However, it is not well clarified whether other types of exercise, including strength exercise, can provide similar benefits for epilepsy. Forty four animals with epilepsy were continuously monitored 24 h a day for 60 days and divided into two periods of 30 days. The first period was used to determine the number of seizures before beginning the physical exercise program, and the second period was utilized to determine the number of seizures during the strength training. The mean frequency of seizures in the control and SHAM groups increased significantly from period 1 to period 2. Although the frequency of seizures did not change significantly between the two periods of 30 days of observation in the strength exercise group, a significant reduction in the seizure frequency was observed compared with the control and SHAM groups in period 2. Our study demonstrated that a strength exercise program exerted a significant influence on the seizure frequency in animals with epilepsy and strengthens the observed beneficial effect of exercise on epilepsy that has been demonstrated in animal studies. The finding of this nonclinical study can open a new window to verify the beneficial contribution of strength exercise in epilepsy. Further experimental and clinical investigations are necessary to explore the extent to which strength exercise interferes with the epileptic condition.
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Rianon NJ, Lang TF, Sigurdsson G, Eiriksdottir G, Sigurdsson S, Garcia M, Pajala S, Koster A, Yu B, Selwyn BJ, Taylor WC, Kapadia AS, Gudnason V, Launer LJ, Harris TB. Lifelong physical activity in maintaining bone strength in older men and women of the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23:2303-12. [PMID: 22234811 PMCID: PMC4940059 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-011-1874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We examined if lifelong physical activity is important for maintaining bone strength in the elderly. Associations of quantitative computerized tomography-acquired bone measures (vertebral and femoral) and self-reported physical activity in mid-life (mean age, 50 years), in old age (≥65 years), and throughout life (recalled during old age) were investigated in 2,110 men and 2,682 women in the AGES-Reykjavik Study. Results conclude lifelong physical activity with continuation into old age (≥65 years) best maintains better bone health later in life. INTRODUCTION Skeletal loading is thought to modulate the loss of bone in later life, and physical activity is a chief means of affecting bone strength by skeletal loading. Despite much discussion regarding lifelong versus early adulthood physical activity for preventing bone loss later in life, inconsistency still exists regarding how to maintain bone mass later in life (≥65 years). METHODS We examined if lifelong physical activity is important for maintaining bone strength in the elderly. RESULTS The associations of quantitative computerized tomography-acquired vertebral and femoral bone measures and self-reported physical activity in mid-life (mean age, 50 years), in old age (≥65 years), and throughout life (recalled during old age) were investigated in 2,110 men and 2,682 women in the AGES-Reykjavik Study. CONCLUSION Our findings conclude that lifelong physical activity with continuation into old age (≥65 years) best maintains better bone health in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Rianon
- Family and Community Medicine, UTHSC Medical School, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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AST-induced bone loss in men with prostate cancer: exercise as a potential countermeasure. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2012; 15:329-38. [PMID: 22733158 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2012.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Androgen suppression treatment (AST) for men with prostate cancer is associated with a number of treatment-related side effects including an accelerated rate of bone loss. This loss of bone is greatest within the first year of AST and increases the risk for fracture. Pharmaceutical treatment in the form of bisphosphonates is currently used to counter the effects of hormone suppression on bone but is costly and associated with potential adverse effects. Recently, exercise has been shown to be an important adjuvant therapy to manage a range of treatment-related toxicities and enhance aspects of quality of life for men receiving AST. We propose that physical exercise may also have an important role in not only attenuating the bone loss associated with AST but in improving bone health and reducing fracture risk. In this review, the rationale underlying exercise as a countermeasure to AST-induced bone loss is provided.
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Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, Nieman DC, Swain DP. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:1334-59. [PMID: 21694556 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318213fefb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5482] [Impact Index Per Article: 421.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this Position Stand is to provide guidance to professionals who counsel and prescribe individualized exercise to apparently healthy adults of all ages. These recommendations also may apply to adults with certain chronic diseases or disabilities, when appropriately evaluated and advised by a health professional. This document supersedes the 1998 American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) Position Stand, "The Recommended Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility in Healthy Adults." The scientific evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of exercise is indisputable, and the benefits of exercise far outweigh the risks in most adults. A program of regular exercise that includes cardiorespiratory, resistance, flexibility, and neuromotor exercise training beyond activities of daily living to improve and maintain physical fitness and health is essential for most adults. The ACSM recommends that most adults engage in moderate-intensity cardiorespiratory exercise training for ≥30 min·d on ≥5 d·wk for a total of ≥150 min·wk, vigorous-intensity cardiorespiratory exercise training for ≥20 min·d on ≥3 d·wk (≥75 min·wk), or a combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise to achieve a total energy expenditure of ≥500-1000 MET·min·wk. On 2-3 d·wk, adults should also perform resistance exercises for each of the major muscle groups, and neuromotor exercise involving balance, agility, and coordination. Crucial to maintaining joint range of movement, completing a series of flexibility exercises for each the major muscle-tendon groups (a total of 60 s per exercise) on ≥2 d·wk is recommended. The exercise program should be modified according to an individual's habitual physical activity, physical function, health status, exercise responses, and stated goals. Adults who are unable or unwilling to meet the exercise targets outlined here still can benefit from engaging in amounts of exercise less than recommended. In addition to exercising regularly, there are health benefits in concurrently reducing total time engaged in sedentary pursuits and also by interspersing frequent, short bouts of standing and physical activity between periods of sedentary activity, even in physically active adults. Behaviorally based exercise interventions, the use of behavior change strategies, supervision by an experienced fitness instructor, and exercise that is pleasant and enjoyable can improve adoption and adherence to prescribed exercise programs. Educating adults about and screening for signs and symptoms of CHD and gradual progression of exercise intensity and volume may reduce the risks of exercise. Consultations with a medical professional and diagnostic exercise testing for CHD are useful when clinically indicated but are not recommended for universal screening to enhance the safety of exercise.
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Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, Nieman DC, Swain DP. Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory, Musculoskeletal, and Neuromotor Fitness in Apparently Healthy Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: '10.1249/mss.0b013e318213fefb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Granacher U, Muehlbauer T, Zahner L, Gollhofer A, Kressig RW. Comparison of Traditional and Recent Approaches in the Promotion of Balance and Strength in Older Adults. Sports Med 2011; 41:377-400. [DOI: 10.2165/11539920-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Souza PMLD, Jacob-Filho W, Santarém JM, Zomignan AA, Burattini MN. Effect of progressive resistance exercise on strength evolution of elderly patients living with HIV compared to healthy controls. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:261-6. [PMID: 21484044 PMCID: PMC3059853 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection worsens the frailty of elderly people, compromising their quality of life. In this study we prospectively evaluated eleven patients living with HIV and 21 controls older than 60 years and without prior regular physical activity, who engaged in a one-year progressive resistance exercise program to compare its effects on muscular strength, physical fitness and body composition. METHODS Exercises for major muscular groups were performed 2 times/week, under professional supervision. Strength increase was evaluated bimonthly, while body composition, lipid and glycaemic profiles (only of those living with HIV) and physical fitness were evaluated before and after the one-year training. RESULTS The participants living with HIV were lighter, had smaller Body Mass Index and were initially much weaker than controls. However, their strength increased more (1.52-2.33 times the baseline values for those living with HIV x 1.21-1.48 times for controls, p<0.01), nullifying the differences initially seen. These effects were seen independently of gender, age or baseline physical activity. In addition, those living with HIV improved their fasting glucose levels and showed a tendency to improve their lipids after the one year training program. These effects were slightly more pronounced among those not using protease inhibitors, although not significantly. CONCLUSIONS Resistance exercise safely increased the strength of older patients living with HIV adults, allowing them to achieve performance levels observed among otherwise healthy controls. These findings favor the recommendation of resistance exercise for elderly adults living with HIV adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Maria Loiola de Souza
- Department of Pathology, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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da Silva FF, de Souza RA, Pacheco MTT, Ribeiro W, da Silva MASR, Miranda H, Salgado MAC, de Melo Castilho JC, Silveira L. Effects of different swimming exercise intensities on bone tissue composition in mice: a Raman spectroscopy study. Photomed Laser Surg 2010; 29:217-25. [PMID: 21182452 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2010.2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Raman spectroscopy was employed to evaluate the effect of different swimming intensities on femoral bone composition in an animal model. BACKGROUND DATA Intense swimming exercise may affect bone mineralization, and Raman technique has been shown to be effective in evaluating tissue composition (phosphate minerals and carbonate apatites - bands at 960 and 1170 cm(-1), as well as collagen matrix - amide I band at 1660 cm(-1)). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen female Swiss Webster mice were separated into three groups (n = 6 per group) of sedentary (SED), and swimming with an intensity of 40% (PT-40) and 80% (PT-80) of the maximum load, with 6 weeks of training. Near-infrared Raman spectra (830 nm wavelength and 80 mW laser power) were obtained with a dispersive Raman spectrometer using a CCD camera and imaging spectrograph with 30-s integration time. Spectra were collected in the medial and lateral diaphysis of the femur and principal components analysis (PCA) was employed to extract features of the Raman bands of bone and to perform quantitative analysis. RESULTS PC1 vector resembles Raman spectra and carries information about apatite minerals and some contribution from organic matrix. A statistically significant difference was found in the PC1 scores (ANOVA, p < 0.05), indicating lower mineral concentrations in the femur in both the PT-40 and PT-80 groups compared to the SED group. These results corroborated with the radiographic assessment of bone density. CONCLUSION Raman technique associated with PCA statistics showed that intense swimming exercise may affect bone mineralization and remodeling in a mouse model of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Fernandes da Silva
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Ciência da Saúde, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas-Campus Muzambinho, Bairro Morro Preto, Muzambinho, MG, Brazil
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Sherk VD, Bemben MG, Bemben DA. Comparisons of bone mineral density and bone quality in adult rock climbers, resistance-trained men, and untrained men. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:2468-74. [PMID: 20093970 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b60407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The nature of muscular contractions and episodes of impact loading during technical rock climbing are often varied and complex, and the resulting effects on bone health are unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare total body, lumbar spine, proximal femur, and forearm areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and tibia and forearm bone quality in male rock climbers (RC) (n = 15), resistance trained men (RT) (n = 16), and untrained male controls (CTR) (n = 16). Total body, anteroposterior (AP) lumbar spine, proximal femur, and forearm aBMD and body composition were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Lunar Prodigy, v. 10.50.086; GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin, U.S.A.). Volumetric BMD (vBMD), bone content, bone area, and muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA) of the tibia and forearm were measured using pQCT (peripheral quantitative computed tomography; Stratec XCT 3000, Pforzheim, Germany). No significant group differences were seen in bone-free lean body mass. CTR had significantly (p < 0.05) greater body fat % than RC and RT and significantly (p < 0.05) greater fat mass than RC. Lumbar spine and femoral neck aBMD were significantly (p < 0.05) greater in RT compared to both RC and CTR. RC had significantly (p < 0.05) lower aBMD at the 33% radius site than CTR. Forearm MCSA was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in CTR than in the other groups. No significant differences were seen between groups for vBMD or bone area of the tibia and forearm. In conclusion, resistance-trained men had higher bone density at the central skeletal sites than rock climbers; however, bone quality variables of the peripheral limbs were similar in rock climber and resistance-trained groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Sherk
- Bone Density Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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Iwamoto J, Sato Y, Takeda T, Matsumoto H. Effectiveness of exercise in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis, knee osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. Aging Clin Exp Res 2010; 22:116-22. [PMID: 19920410 DOI: 10.1007/bf03324783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, and osteoporosis are major locomotive diseases in the elderly population. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of exercise in these three diseases. METHODS We reviewed the relevant literature, i.e., systematic reviews and meta-analyses searched with PubMed. RESULTS There is not sufficient evidence to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of exercise for LSS. However, muscle strengthening and aerobic exercises are effective in reducing pain and improving physical function in patients with mild to moderate OA of the knee. On the other hand, aerobics, weight bearing and resistance exercises are effective in increasing the bone mineral density of the spine in postmenopausal women, and walking is effective for the hips. Muscle strengthening, balance training and traditional Chinese Tai Chi reduce the risk of falls in the elderly. CONCLUSIONS Based on a review of the literature, appropriate exercises should be emphasized for elderly patients, especially for those with mild to moderate OA of the knee or osteoporosis.
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Lang T, Streeper T, Cawthon P, Baldwin K, Taaffe DR, Harris TB. Sarcopenia: etiology, clinical consequences, intervention, and assessment. Osteoporos Int 2010; 21:543-59. [PMID: 19779761 PMCID: PMC2832869 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-009-1059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aging process is associated with loss of muscle mass and strength and decline in physical functioning. The term sarcopenia is primarily defined as low level of muscle mass resulting from age-related muscle loss, but its definition is often broadened to include the underlying cellular processes involved in skeletal muscle loss as well as their clinical manifestations. The underlying cellular changes involve weakening of factors promoting muscle anabolism and increased expression of inflammatory factors and other agents which contribute to skeletal muscle catabolism. At the cellular level, these molecular processes are manifested in a loss of muscle fiber cross-sectional area, loss of innervation, and adaptive changes in the proportions of slow and fast motor units in muscle tissue. Ultimately, these alterations translate to bulk changes in muscle mass, strength, and function which lead to reduced physical performance, disability, increased risk of fall-related injury, and, often, frailty. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the mechanisms underlying sarcopenia and age-related changes in muscle tissue morphology and function. We also discuss the resulting long-term outcomes in terms of loss of function, which causes increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries and other morbidities, leading to frailty and loss of independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143-0946, USA.
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Rantalainen T, Linnamo V, Komi PV, Selänne H, Heinonen A. Seventy-year-old habitual volleyball players have larger tibial cross-sectional area and may be differentiated from their age-matched peers by the osteogenic index in dynamic performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:651-8. [PMID: 20195627 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The osteogenicity of a given exercise may be estimated by calculating an osteogenic index (OI) consisting of magnitude and rate of strain. Volleyball involves repetitive jumping and requires high power output and thus may be expected to be beneficial to bone and performance. The purpose of the present study was to examine if habitual volleyball playing is reflected in OI. Ten elderly habitual volleyball players [age 69.9 (SD 4.4) years] and ten matched controls volunteered [age 69.7 (4.2) years] as subjects. Distal tibia (d), tibial mid-shaft (50) and femoral neck (FN) bone characteristics were measured using pQCT and DXA. To estimate skeletal rigidity, cross-sectional area (ToA(50)), and compressive (BSI(d)) and bending strength indices (SSImax(50)) were calculated. Maximal performance was assessed with eccentric ankle plantar flexion, isometric leg press and countermovement jump (CMJ). A fast Fourier transform (FFT) was calculated from the acceleration of the center of mass during the CMJ. Maximal acceleration (MAG) and mean magnitude frequency (MMF) were selected to represent the constituents of OI. OI was calculated as the sum of the products of magnitudes and corresponding frequencies. Volleyball players had 7% larger ToA(50) and 37% higher power in CMJ, 15% higher MAG and 36% higher OI (P <or= 0.047) than the matched controls. No difference was observed in leg press, plantar flexion or the MMF (P >or= 0.646). In conclusion, habitual volleyball players may be differentiated from their matched peers by their dynamic jumping performance, and the differences are reflected in the magnitude but not rate of loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rantalainen
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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McCrory JL, Salacinski AJ, Hunt SE, Greenspan SL. Thigh muscle strength in senior athletes and healthy controls. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:2430-6. [PMID: 19972628 PMCID: PMC4876434 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bab46d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is commonly recommended to counteract aging-related muscle weakness. While numerous exercise intervention studies on the elderly have been performed, few have included elite senior athletes, such as those who participate in the National Senior Games. The extent to which participation in highly competitive exercise affects muscle strength is unknown, as well as the extent to which such participation mitigates any aging-related strength losses. The purpose of this study was to examine isometric thigh muscle strength in selected athletes of the National Senior Games and healthy noncompetitive controls of similar age, as well as to investigate strength changes with aging in both groups. In all, 95 athletes of the Games and 72 healthy controls participated. Of the senior athletes, 43 were runners, 12 cyclists, and 40 swimmers. Three trials of isometric knee flexion and extension strength were collected using a load cell affixed to a custom-designed chair. Strength data were normalized to dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-obtained lean mass of the leg. A 3-factor multivariate analysis of variance (group x gender x age group) was performed, which included both the extension and flexion variables (alpha = 0.05). Athletes exhibited 38% more extension strength and 66% more flexion strength than the controls (p < 0.001). Strength did not decrease with advancing age in either the athletes or the controls (p = 0.345). In conclusion, senior athletes who participate in highly competitive exercise have greater strength than healthy aged-matched individuals who do not. Neither group displayed the expected strength losses with aging. Our subject cohorts, however, were not typical of those over age 65 years because individuals with existing health conditions were excluded from the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean L McCrory
- Department of Health and Physical Activity, School of Education, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Rantalainen T, Sievänen H, Linnamo V, Hoffrén M, Ishikawa M, Kyröläinen H, Avela J, Selänne H, Komi PV, Heinonen A. Bone rigidity to neuromuscular performance ratio in young and elderly men. Bone 2009; 45:956-63. [PMID: 19631780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Given the adaptation of bone to prevalent loading, bone loss should follow, but lag behind, the decline in physical performance during aging. Furthermore, bone responsiveness to load-induced strains is believed to decrease with aging. However, the relationship between bone and lean body ( approximately muscle) mass appears to remain rather constant throughout adulthood. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between age and bone to neuromuscular performance ratio. Young (N=20, age 24 SD+/-2 years, body mass 77+/-11 kg, height 178+/-6 cm) and elderly (N=25, 72+/-4 years, 75+/-9 kg, 172+/-5 cm) men served as subjects. Bone structural traits were measured at the right distal tibia and tibial mid-shaft with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Maximal section modulus (Z(max50)), total area (ToA(d)), cortical area (CoA(50)), total density (ToD(d)) and cortical density (CoD(50)) were determined from the pQCT images. Neuromuscular performance was measured by recording vertical ground reaction force (GRF) in maximal bilateral hopping. Load-induced strains were estimated by calculating appropriate indices for compressive and tensile loading that took into account both the bone structure and apparent biomechanics of the given bone site. Young subjects had significantly higher maximal GRF compared to older men (4260+/-800 N vs. 3080+/-600 N, P<0.001). They also had smaller ToA(d) (1100+/-170 mm(2) vs. 1200+/-100 mm(2), P=0.028) while their ToD(d) was higher (370+/-46 g/cm(3) vs. 330+/-22 g/cm(3), P=0.002). The Z(max50) did not differ significantly between young (1660+/-320 mm(3)) and elderly men (1750+/-320 mm(3)) (P=0.224). Compressive (0.484+/-0.102 vs. 0.399+/-0.078, P=0.016) and tensile (0.107+/-0.016 vs. 0.071+/-0.018, P<0.001) strain indices were significantly higher in the younger group. In conclusion, the difference in bone to loading ratio at the tibial mid-shaft is bigger than expected from the delay in bone adaptation alone. Potential candidates to explain this phenomenon include a decrease in mechanosensitivity with aging, inability of maximal physical performance to adequately represent the bone loading environment, or the need to maintain constant safety factors to functional strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rantalainen
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Wu S, Lei SF, Chen XD, Tan LJ, Jian WX, Deng FY, Sun X, Xiao SM, Jiang C, Guo YF, Zhu XZ, Deng HW. The contributions of lean tissue mass and fat mass to bone geometric adaptation at the femoral neck in Chinese overweight adults. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 34:344-53. [PMID: 17612864 DOI: 10.1080/03014460701275749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight or obese populations may have lower risk of osteoporotic fractures and higher bone mineral density (BMD), while bone strength is determined not only by bone material but also by bone structural parameters. Thus, the influence of body weight on bone geometry was examined in Chinese overweight adults. AIM The purpose of this study was to explore how total body lean mass (TBLM) and total body fat mass (TBFM) contribute to the variation of bone geometry at the femoral neck in Chinese overweight adults. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Bone geometric parameters including section modulus (Z), cross-sectional area (CSA), subperiosteal width (W), cortical thickness (CT) and buckling ratio (BR) were compared in 100 overweight (body mass index, BMI >/= 23) vs. 100 underweight subjects (BMI </= 18.5) in Chinese female and male adults aged 20-44 years by multiple regression analyses. RESULTS Multiple regression analysis revealed that both TBLM and TBFM were significantly higher in overweight subjects than in underweight subjects. Meanwhile, significant differences in bone geometric parameters (except W) were also detected between the overweight and underweight groups after adjustment for age and height in both sexes (p </= 0.001). Bone bending strength Z and axial strength CSA were 14% and 13% higher in females, as well as 18% and 20% higher in males in the overweight group than in the underweight group, respectively. The significant differences mentioned above were not observed when adjusted for TBLM, age, and height. TBLM seemed to be the strongest significant positive predictor of bone geometric parameters (p < 0.001), with the exception of W in both sexes and BR in females, while TBFM did not contribute significantly to the bone geometric parameters (p > 0.055 for both sexes). CONCLUSION Bone geometry may adapt primarily to mechanical load as represented by TBLM, but TBFM seemed to have no independent effect on bone geometry in Chinese overweight subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wu
- Hunan Normal University. Changsha, Hunan. P. R. China
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Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, Skinner JS, Skinner JS. Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1510-30. [PMID: 19516148 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a0c95c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2362] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Sherk VD, Palmer IJ, Bemben MG, Bemben DA. Relationships between body composition, muscular strength, and bone mineral density in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. J Clin Densitom 2009; 12:292-8. [PMID: 19155180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between muscular strength, body composition, and bone mineral density (BMD) in untrained postmenopausal women who are not on hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Fifty-five women (age: 63.3+/-0.6yr) completed menstrual history, physical activity, and calcium intake questionnaires. Total and regional body composition and total body, anteroposterior lumbar spine, nondominant forearm, and right proximal femur BMD were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (GE Lunar Prodigy, Prodigy enCORE software version 10.50.086, Madison, WI). Participants performed strength tests for 3 upper body and 5 lower body resistance exercises. Women with a relative skeletal muscle mass index (RSMI) value less than 5.45 kg/m(2) were defined as a sarcopenia group (SAR). SAR had significantly (p < 0.05) lower total body and forearm BMD compared with those who were not sarcopenic. BMD sites were significantly correlated with upper body strength (UBS) and lower body strength (LBS) (r = 0.28-0.50, p < 0.01), with the strength of relationship being site specific. Strength and fat mass (FM) significantly predicted total body BMD (R(2) = 0.232-0.241, p < 0.05), FM variables predicted spine BMD (R(2) = 0.109-0.140, p < 0.05), and LBS and RSMI predicted hip BMD sites (R(2) = 0.073-0.237, p < 0.05). Body composition variables failed to significantly predict LBS. In conclusion, the contribution of body composition and strength variables to BMD varied by site as FM was more important for total body, forearm and spine BMD, and LBS exerted greater influence on the hip sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Sherk
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, 1401 Asp Avenue, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major public health problem. Mechanical strain, imparted by muscle action and ground reaction forces, regulates bone size, shape, mineral mass, and density and subsequently bone strength. Thus, physical activity is critical for bone development, bone health, and fracture risk reduction. Animal studies, in which strain can be manipulated and measured directly, consistently show bone responds to high-strain magnitudes and rates, and only a few repetitions are needed to elicit a response. Extrapolation to humans suggests resistance exercise may be effective for osteoporosis prevention. Indeed, strength-trained athletes have significantly higher bone mass and density than athletes and nonathletes who do not engage in similar training. Prospective studies also support the benefits of resistance exercise demonstrating slowed bone loss and often an increase of 1% to 3% in regional bone mineral density, especially in women. Although more work is needed to define the optimal dose and the effects of nonmechanical factors (eg, nutritional, endocrine, body composition) on the response, the effects of resistance exercise on muscle mass and strength, balance, and agility, in addition to direct skeletal benefits, underscore its importance for osteoporosis, falls, and fracture prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. Going
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Arizona, Tucson,
| | - Monica Laudermilk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Arizona, Tucson
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