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Skaga E, Skaga IØ, Grieg Z, Sandberg CJ, Langmoen IA, Vik-Mo EO. The efficacy of a coordinated pharmacological blockade in glioblastoma stem cells with nine repurposed drugs using the CUSP9 strategy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1495-1507. [PMID: 31028540 PMCID: PMC6527541 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Constructed from a theoretical framework, the coordinated undermining of survival paths in glioblastoma (GBM) is a combination of nine drugs approved for non-oncological indications (CUSP9; aprepitant, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, minocycline, quetiapine, and sertraline) combined with temozolomide (TMZ). The availability of these drugs outside of specialized treatment centers has led patients to embark on combination treatments without systematic follow-up. However, no experimental data on efficacy using the CUSP9 strategy in GBM have been reported. METHODS Using patient-derived glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) cultures from 15 GBM patients, we described stem cell properties of individual cultures, determined the dose-response relationships of the drugs in the CUSP9, and assessed the efficacy the CUSP9 combination with TMZ in concentrations clinically achievable. The efficacy was evaluated by cell viability, cytotoxicity, and sphere-forming assays in both primary and recurrent GSC cultures. RESULTS We found that CUSP9 with TMZ induced a combination effect compared to the drugs individually (p < 0.0001). Evaluated by cell viability and cytotoxicity, 50% of the GSC cultures displayed a high sensitivity to the drug combination. In clinical plasma concentrations, the effect of the CUSP9 with TMZ was superior to TMZ monotherapy (p < 0.001). The Wnt-signaling pathway has been shown important in GSC, and CUSP9 significantly reduces Wnt-activity. CONCLUSIONS Adding experimental data to the theoretical rationale of CUSP9, our results demonstrate that the CUSP9 treatment strategy can induce a combination effect in both treatment-naïve and pretreated GSC cultures; however, predicting response in individual cultures will require further profiling of GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlend Skaga
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ida Ø Skaga
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zanina Grieg
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie J Sandberg
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iver A Langmoen
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar O Vik-Mo
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
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Zhang X, Selvaraju K, Saei AA, D'Arcy P, Zubarev RA, Arnér ES, Linder S. Repurposing of auranofin: Thioredoxin reductase remains a primary target of the drug. Biochimie 2019; 162:46-54. [PMID: 30946948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Auranofin is a gold (I)-containing compound used for the treatment of rheumatic arthritis. Auranofin has anticancer activity in animal models and is approved for clinical trials for lung and ovarian carcinomas. Both the cytosolic and mitochondrial forms of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are well documented targets of auranofin. Auranofin was recently reported to also inhibit proteasome activity at the level of the proteasome-associated deubiquitinases (DUBs) UCHL5 and USP14. We here set out to re-examine the molecular mechanism underlying auranofin cytotoxicity towards cultured cancer cells. The effects of auranofin on the proteasome were examined in cells and in vitro, effects on DUB activity were assessed using different substrates. The cellular response to auranofin was compared to that of the 20S proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and the 19S DUB inhibitor b-AP15 using proteomics. Auranofin was found to inhibit mitochondrial activity and to an induce oxidative stress response at IC50 doses. At 2-3-fold higher doses, auranofin inhibits proteasome processing in cells. At such supra-pharmacological concentrations USP14 activity was inhibited. Analysis of protein expression profiles in drug-exposed tumor cells showed that auranofin induces a response distinct from that of the 20S proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and the DUB inhibitor b-AP15, both of which induced similar responses. Our results support the notion that the primary mechanism of action of auranofin is TrxR inhibition and suggest that proteasome DUB inhibition is an off-target effect. Whether proteasome inhibition will contribute to the antineoplastic effect of auranofin in treated patients is unclear but remains a possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karthik Selvaraju
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Padraig D'Arcy
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias Sj Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
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Tomasello MF, Nardon C, Lanza V, Di Natale G, Pettenuzzo N, Salmaso S, Milardi D, Caliceti P, Pappalardo G, Fregona D. New comprehensive studies of a gold(III) Dithiocarbamate complex with proven anticancer properties: Aqueous dissolution with cyclodextrins, pharmacokinetics and upstream inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28651154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The gold(III)-dithiocarbamate complex AuL12 (dibromo [ethyl-N-(dithiocarboxy-kS,kS')-N-methylglycinate] gold(III)), is endowed with promising in vitro/in vivo antitumor activity and toxicological profile. Here, we report our recent strategies to improve its water solubility and stability under physiological conditions along with our efforts for unravelling its tangled mechanism of action. We used three types of α-cyclodextrins (CDs), namely β-CD, Me-β-CD and HP-β-CD to prepare aqueous solutions of AuL12. The ability of these natural oligosaccharide carriers to enhance water solubility of hydrophobic compounds, allowed drug stability of AuL12 to be investigated. Moreover, pharmacokinetic experiments were first carried out for a gold(III) coordination compound, after i.v. injection of the nanoformulation AuL12/HP-β-CD to female mice. The gold content in the blood samples was detected at scheduled times by AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry) analysis, highlighting a fast biodistribution with a tβ1/2 of few minutes and a slow escretion (tα1/2 of 14.3 h). The in vitro cytotoxic activity of AuL12 was compared with the AuL12/HP-β-CD mixture against a panel of three human tumor cell lines (i.e., HeLa, KB and MCF7). Concerning the mechanism of action, we previously reported the proteasome-inhibitory activity of some our gold(III)-based compounds. In this work, we moved from the proteasome target to upstream of the important ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, testing the effects of AuL12 on the polyubiquitination reactions involving the Ub-activating (E1) and -conjugating (E2) enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna F Tomasello
- IBB-CNR, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Nardon
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Lanza
- IBB-CNR, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Natale
- IBB-CNR, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolò Pettenuzzo
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Salmaso
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- IBB-CNR, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Caliceti
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pappalardo
- IBB-CNR, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy.
| | - Dolores Fregona
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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Fathy N, Furst DE. Combination therapy for autoimmune diseases: the rheumatoid arthritis model. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 2001; 23:5-26. [PMID: 11455861 DOI: 10.1007/s002810100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Fathy
- Assiut University Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Christodoulou J, Sadler PJ, Tucker A. 1H NMR of albumin in human blood plasma: drug binding and redox reactions at Cys34. FEBS Lett 1995; 376:1-5. [PMID: 8521951 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)01231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1H NMR methods are described which allow direct studies of the Cys34 binding site of albumin in intact human blood plasma in vitro. Antiarthritic gold drugs and the alcohol-aversive drug disulfiram induce a structural transition detectable via H epsilon 1 and H delta 2 resonances of His3 of albumin, and reactions of cystine, glutathione and captopril in plasma have also been investigated. Contrary to most assumptions, little of the albumin in normal plasma appears to be blocked at Cys34 as a cystine disulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christodoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
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