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Liao F, Wang L, Wu Z, Luo G, Qian Y, He X, Ding S, Pu J. Disulfiram protects against abdominal aortic aneurysm by ameliorating vascular smooth muscle cells pyroptosis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023; 37:1-14. [PMID: 35723784 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-022-07352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies demonstrated that pyroptosis is involved in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression, suggesting a potential target for AAA treatment. This study aimed to identify if disulfiram could inhibit angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) damage, thereby exerting protective effects on AAA. METHODS The AAA mouse model was established by continuous subcutaneous Ang II infusion for 28 days. Then aortic tissue of the mice was isolated and subjected to RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. To explore the therapeutic effect of disulfiram, mice were orally administered disulfiram (50 mg/kg/day) or vehicle for 28 days accompanied with Ang II infusion. Pathological changes in aortic tissues were measured using microultrasound imaging analysis and histopathological analysis. In addition, inflammatory response, pyroptosis, and oxidative stress damage were examined in mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle (MOVAS) cells stimulated with Ang II in vitro. RESULTS The RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis results suggested that pyroptosis- and inflammation-related genes were significantly upregulated in AAA, consistent with the results of qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Most importantly, the therapeutic effect of disulfiram on AAA was identified in our study. First, disulfiram administration significantly attenuated Ang II-induced inflammation, pyroptosis, and oxidative stress in VSMCs, which is associated with the inhibition of the NF-κB-NLRP3 pathway. Second, in-vivo studies revealed that disulfiram treatment reduced AAA formation and significantly ameliorated collagen deposition and elastin degradation in the aortic wall. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that disulfiram has a novel protective effect against AAA by inhibiting Ang II-induced VSMCs pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhinan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guqing Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxuan Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjie He
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Koufos O, Mailloux RJ. Protein S-glutathionylation and sex dimorphic effects on hydrogen peroxide production by dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in liver mitochondria. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194:123-130. [PMID: 36462627 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) oxidizes dihydroorotate to orotate for pyrimidine biosynthesis, donating electrons to the ubiquinone (UQ) pool of mitochondria. DHODH has a measurable rate for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and thus contributes to cellular changes in redox tone. Protein S-glutathionylation serves as a negative feedback loop for the inhibition of H2O2 by several α-keto acid dehydrogenases and respiratory complexes in mitochondria, as well as ROS sources in liver cytoplasm. Here, we report this redox signaling mechanism also inhibits H2O2 production by DHODH in liver mitochondria isolated from male and female C57BL6N mice. We discovered that low amounts of the glutathionylation catalyst, disulfiram (50-500 nM), almost abolished H2O2 production by DHODH in mitochondria from male mice. Similar results were collected with diamide, however, higher doses (1000-5000 μM) were required to elicit this effect. Disulfiram and diamide also significantly suppressed H2O2 production by DHODH in female liver mitochondria. However, liver mitochondria from female mice were more resistant to disulfiram or diamide-mediated inhibition of H2O2 genesis when compared to samples from males. Analysis of the impact of disulfiram and diamide on DHODH activity revealed that both compounds inhibited the dehydrogenase directly, however the effect was less in female mice. Additionally, disulfiram and diamide impeded the use of dihydroorotate fueled oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from males and females, although samples collected from female rodents displayed more resistance to this inhibition. Taken together, our findings demonstrate H2O2 production by DHODH can be inhibited by glutathionylation and sex can impact this redox modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Koufos
- The School of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ryan J Mailloux
- The School of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
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Wang X, Yang S, Ye H, Chen J, Shi L, Feng L, Wang X, Zhang T, Chen R, Xiao W, Yang H. Disulfiram Exerts Antiadipogenic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antifibrotic Therapeutic Effects in an In Vitro Model of Graves' Orbitopathy. Thyroid 2022; 32:294-305. [PMID: 34605662 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Adipogenesis, glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) production, inflammation, and fibrosis are the main pathogenic mechanisms responsible for Graves' orbitopathy (GO). We hypothesized that disulfiram (DSF), an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitor used to treat alcoholism, would have therapeutic effects on orbital fibroblasts (OFs) in GO. This study aimed at determining the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of DSF on these parameters. Methods: Primary cultures of OFs from six GO patients and six control subjects were established. The OFs were allowed to differentiate into adipocytes and treated with various concentrations of DSF. Lipid accumulation within the cells was evaluated by Oil Red O staining. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to measure the expression of key adipogenic transcription factors, ALDH1A1, ALDH2, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling proteins. Apoptosis assays and reactive oxygen species levels were evaluated by flow cytometry. HA production was measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The mRNA levels of proinflammatory molecules were measured by using RT-PCR after interleukin (IL)-1β stimulation with or without DSF. The mRNA expression of markers associated with fibrosis was examined by using RT-PCR after transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 stimulation with or without DSF. The wound-healing assay was assessed by phase-contrast microscopy. Results: Under identical adipogenesis conditions, GO OFs effectively differentiated, while normal control (NC) OFs did not. DSF dose dependently suppressed lipid accumulation during adipogenesis in GO OFs. The expression of key adipogenic transcription factors, such as perilipin-1 (PLIN1), PPARγ (PPARG), FABP4, and c/EBPα (CEBPA), was downregulated. Further, DSF inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK by inhibiting ALDH1A1. In addition, DSF attenuated HA production and suppressed inflammatory molecule expression induced by IL-1β in GO OFs and NC OFs. The antifibrotic effects of DSF on TGF-β1 were also observed in GO OFs. Conclusions: In the current study, we provide evidence of the inhibitory effect of DSF on GO OFs adipogenesis, HA production, inflammation, and fibrosis in vitro. The results of this study are noteworthy and indicate the potential use of DSF as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenglan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingqiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lujia Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiandai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Te Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huasheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Li W, Zhou X, Liu S, Zhou J, Ding H, Gai S, Li R, Zhong L, Jiang H, Yang P. Biodegradable Nanocatalyst with Self-Supplying Fenton-like Ions and H 2O 2 for Catalytic Cascade-Amplified Tumor Therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:50760-50773. [PMID: 34672620 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic nanosystems triggered by a specific tumor microenvironment (TME) offer excellent safety and selectivity in the treatment of cancer by in situ conversion of a less toxic substance into effective anticarcinogens. However, the inherent antioxidant systems, hypoxic environment, and insufficient hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in tumor cells severely limit their efficacy. Herein, a new strategy has been developed by loading the chemotherapy prodrug disulfiram (DSF) and coating glucose oxidase (GOD) on the surface of Cu/ZIF-8 nanospheres and finally encapsulating manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoshells to achieve efficient DSF-based cancer chemotherapy and dual-enhanced chemodynamic therapy (CDT). In an acidic TME, the nanocatalyst can biodegrade rapidly and accelerate the release of internal active substances. The outer layer of MnO2 depletes glutathione (GSH) to destroy the reactive oxygen defensive mechanisms and achieves continuous oxygen generation, thus enhancing the catalytic efficiency of GOD to burst H2O2. Benefiting from the chelation reaction between the released Cu2+ and DSF, a large amount of cytotoxic CuET products is generated, and the Cu+ are concurrently released, thereby achieving efficient chemotherapy and satisfactory CDT efficacy. Furthermore, the release of Mn2+ can initiate magnetic resonance imaging signals for the tracking of the nanocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Xinglu Zhou
- Department of PET/CT Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jialing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - He Ding
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Shili Gai
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Rumin Li
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Huijie Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Piaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
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Hirschenson J, Mailloux RJ. The glutathionylation agent disulfiram augments superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production when liver mitochondria are oxidizing ubiquinone pool-linked and branched chain amino acid substrates. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:1-8. [PMID: 34052343 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Our group has previously observed that protein S-glutathionylation serves as an integral feedback inhibitor for the production of superoxide (O2●-)/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), and complex I in muscle and liver mitochondria, respectively. In the present study, we hypothesized that glutathionylation would fulfill a similar role for the O2●-/H2O2 sources sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), and branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH). Surprisingly, we found that inducing glutathionylation with disulfiram increased the production of O2●-/H2O2 by mitochondria oxidizing glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), proline (Pro), or α-keto-β-methylvaleric acid (KMV). Treatment of mitochondria oxidizing G3P or Pro with rotenone or myxothiazol increased the rate of ROS production after incubating in 1000 nM disulfiram. Incubating mitochondria treated with disulfiram in both rotenone and myxothiazol prevented this increase in O2●-/H2O2 production. In addition, when adminstered together, ROS production decreased below control levels. Disulfiram-treated mitochondria displayed higher rates of ROS production when oxidizing succinate, which was inhibited by rotenone, myxothiazol, and malonate, respectively. Disulfiram also increased ROS production by mitocondria oxidizing KMV. Treatment of mitochondria oxidizing KMV with disulfiram and rotenone or myxothiazol did not alter the rate O2●-/H2O2 production further when compared to mitochondria treated with disulfiram only. Analysis of BCKDH activity following disulfiram treatment revealed that glutathionylation does not inhibit the enzyme complex, indicating this α-keto acid dehydrogenase is not a target for glutathione modification. However, treatment of mitochondria with rotenone and myxothiazol without disulfiram also augmented ROS production. Overall, we were able to demonstrate for the first time that glutathionylation augments ROS production by the respiratory chain during forward electron transfer (FET) and reverse electron transfer (RET) from the UQ pool. Additionally, we were able to show that BCKDH is not a target for glutathione modification and that glutathionylation can also increase ROS production in mitochondria oxidizing branched chain amino acids following the modification of enzymes upstream of BCKDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hirschenson
- The School of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ryan J Mailloux
- The School of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
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Pan M, Zheng Q, Yu Y, Ai H, Xie Y, Zeng X, Wang C, Liu L, Zhao M. Seesaw conformations of Npl4 in the human p97 complex and the inhibitory mechanism of a disulfiram derivative. Nat Commun 2021; 12:121. [PMID: 33402676 PMCID: PMC7785736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP) or Cdc48, plays a central role in cellular protein homeostasis. Human p97 mutations are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting p97 and its cofactors is a strategy for cancer drug development. Despite significant structural insights into the fungal homolog Cdc48, little is known about how human p97 interacts with its cofactors. Recently, the anti-alcohol abuse drug disulfiram was found to target cancer through Npl4, a cofactor of p97, but the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we uncovered three Npl4 conformational states in complex with human p97 before ATP hydrolysis. The motion of Npl4 results from its zinc finger motifs interacting with the N domain of p97, which is essential for the unfolding activity of p97. In vitro and cell-based assays showed that the disulfiram derivative bis-(diethyldithiocarbamate)-copper (CuET) can bypass the copper transporter system and inhibit the function of p97 in the cytoplasm by releasing cupric ions under oxidative conditions, which disrupt the zinc finger motifs of Npl4, locking the essential conformational switch of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Qingyun Zheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Huasong Ai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xin Zeng
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Chu Wang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Minglei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Segher K, Huys L, Desmet T, Steen E, Chys S, Buylaert W, De Paepe P. Recognition of a disulfiram ethanol reaction in the emergency department is not always straightforward. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243222. [PMID: 33270785 PMCID: PMC7714420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Disulfiram is an adjunct in the treatment of alcohol use disorders, but case reports indicate that disulfiram ethanol reactions are not always recognized in the emergency department. Our first aim is to remind of this risk with two case reports of life-threatening reactions not immediately considered by the emergency physician. The second aim is to estimate the probability that a disulfiram reaction goes unrecognized with the use of a retrospective study of patients admitted to the emergency department. METHODS Clinical files of patients admitted between October 1, 2010 and September 30, 2014 to the emergency department were retrospectively screened for the key words "ethanol use" and "disulfiram". Their diagnoses were then scored by a panel regarding the probability of an interaction. RESULTS Seventy-nine patients were included, and a disulfiram-ethanol reaction was scored as either 'highly likely', 'likely' or 'possible' in 54.4% and as 'doubtful' or 'certainly not present' in 45.6% of the patients. The interrater agreement was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.64-0.79). The diagnosis was not considered or only after a delay in 44.2% of the patients with a 'possible' to 'highly likely' disulfiram interaction. One patient with a disulfiram overdose died and was considered as a 'possible' interaction. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS A disulfiram ethanol interaction can be life threatening and failure to consider the diagnosis in the emergency department seems frequent. Prospective studies with documentation of the intake of disulfiram and evaluation of the value of acetaldehyde as a biomarker are needed to determine the precise incidence. Improving knowledge of disulfiram interactions and adequate history taking of disulfiram intake may improve the care for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Segher
- Department of Emergency Medicine, AZ Alma, Eeklo, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Huys
- Department of Pharmacy, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tania Desmet
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evi Steen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, AZ Sint-Jan, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Chys
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis (ASZ), Aalst, Belgium
| | - Walter Buylaert
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter De Paepe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Nan J, Zhang S, Zhan P, Jiang L. Evaluation of Bronopol and Disulfiram as Potential Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Inosine 5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors by Using Molecular Docking and Enzyme Kinetic. Molecules 2020; 25:E2313. [PMID: 32423116 PMCID: PMC7287799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease that causes significant damage to many citrus producing areas worldwide. To date, no strategy against this disease has been established. Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) plays crucial roles in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. This enzyme is used as a potential target to treat bacterial infection. In this study, the crystal structure of a deletion mutant of CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 in the apo form was determined. Eight known bioactive compounds were used as ligands for molecular docking. The results showed that bronopol and disulfiram bound to CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 with high affinity. These compounds were tested for their inhibition against CLas IMPDHΔ98-201 activity. Bronopol and disulfiram showed high inhibition at nanomolar concentrations, and bronopol was found to be the most potent molecule (Ki = 234 nM). The Ki value of disulfiram was 616 nM. These results suggest that bronopol and disulfiram can be considered potential candidate agents for the development of CLas inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.N.); (P.Z.)
| | - Shaoran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Ping Zhan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.N.); (P.Z.)
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.N.); (P.Z.)
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Wu W, Yu L, Pu Y, Yao H, Chen Y, Shi J. Copper-Enriched Prussian Blue Nanomedicine for In Situ Disulfiram Toxification and Photothermal Antitumor Amplification. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2000542. [PMID: 32162734 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In situ toxification of less toxic substance for the generation of effective anticarcinogens at the specific tumor tissue has been a novel paradigm for combating cancer. Significant efforts have been recently dedicated to turning clinical-approved drugs into anticancer agents in specific tumor microenvironment by chemical reactions. Herein, a hollow mesoporous Prussian blue (HMPB)-based therapeutic nanoplatform, denoted as DSF@PVP/Cu-HMPB, is constructed by encapsulating alcohol-abuse drug disulfiram (DSF) into the copper-enriched and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-decorated HMPB nanoparticles to achieve in situ chemical reaction-activated and hyperthermia-amplified chemotherapy of DSF. Upon tumor accumulation of DSF@PVP/Cu-HMPB, the endogenous mild acidity in tumor condition triggers the biodegradation of the HMPB nanoparticle and the concurrent co-releases of DSF and Cu2+ , thus forming cytotoxic bis(N,N-diethyl dithiocarbamato)copper(II) complexes (CuL2 ) via DSF-Cu2+ chelating reaction. Moreover, by the intrinsic photothermal-conversion effect of PVP/Cu-HMPBs, the anticancer effect of DSF is augmented by the hyperthermia generated upon near-infrared irradiation, thus inducing remarkable cell apoptosis in vitro and tumor elimination in vivo on both subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor-bearing models. This strategy of in situ drug transition by chemical chelation reaction and photothermal-augmentation provides a promising paradigm for designing novel cancer-therapeutic nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Wu
- The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Luodan Yu
- The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Yinying Pu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University Cancer Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Heliang Yao
- The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
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Ishii H, Yamasaki T, Yui J, Zhang Y, Hanyu M, Ogawa M, Nengaki N, Tsuji AB, Terashima Y, Matsushima K, Zhang MR. Radiosynthesis of [thiocarbonyl- 11C]disulfiram and its first PET study in mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126998. [PMID: 32014383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.126998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[Thiocarbonyl-11C]disulfiram ([11C]DSF) was synthesized via iodine oxidation of [11C]diethylcarbamodithioic acid ([11C]DETC), which was prepared from [11C]carbon disulfide and diethylamine. The decay-corrected isolated radiochemical yield (RCY) of [11C]DSF was greatly affected by the addition of unlabeled carbon disulfide. In the presence of carbon disulfide, the RCY was increased up to 22% with low molar activity (Am, 0.27 GBq/μmol). On the other hand, [11C]DSF was obtained in 0.4% RCY with a high Am value (95 GBq/μmol) in the absence of carbon disulfide. The radiochemical purity of [11C]DSF was always >98%. The first PET study on [11C]DSF was performed in mice. A high uptake of radioactivity was observed in the liver, kidneys, and gallbladder. The uptake level and distribution pattern in mice were not significantly affected by the Am value of the [11C]DSF sample used. In vivo metabolite analysis showed the rapid decomposition of [11C]DSF in mouse plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ishii
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Joji Yui
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hanyu
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masanao Ogawa
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuki Nengaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi B Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yuya Terashima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Science (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Science (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Xie C, Ding R, Wang X, Hu C, Yan J, Zhang W, Wang Y, Qu Y, Zhang S, He P, Wang Z. A disulfiram-loaded electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibrous scaffold for cancer treatment. Nanotechnology 2020; 31:115101. [PMID: 31766038 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab5b35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Disulfiram (DSF), an FDA approved drug for the treatment of alcoholism, has shown its effectiveness against diverse cancer types. Thus, we developed a disulfiram-loaded scaffold using the electrospinning method to enhance the stability of DSF and to facilitate its appropriate distribution to tumor tissues. The drug release profile of the disulfiram-loaded scaffold was examined by high-performance liquid chromatography. We obtained mechanical and morphological characterizations of A549 cells treated with different scaffolds by various techniques to evaluate its antitumor properties. This work revealed that the cells after the treatment with the disulfiram-loaded scaffold exhibited a lower height and a larger elastic modulus compared with the untreated cells and those treated with the neat electrospun fibers. The changes were the indicators of cell apoptosis. Taken collectively, the results indicate that DSF was successfully incorporated into the electrospun fibers, and the disulfiram-loaded scaffold has great potential for inhibiting the regional recurrence of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Xie
- International Research Centre for Nano Handing and Manufacturing of China (CNM), Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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12
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Libeu CAP, Descamps O, Zhang Q, John V, Bredesen DE. Altering APP proteolysis: increasing sAPPalpha production by targeting dimerization of the APP ectodomain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40027. [PMID: 22768208 PMCID: PMC3386930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the events associated with Alzheimer's disease is the dysregulation of α- versus β-cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). The product of α-cleavage (sAPPα) has neuroprotective properties, while Aβ1-42 peptide, a product of β-cleavage, is neurotoxic. Dimerization of APP has been shown to influence the relative rate of α- and β- cleavage of APP. Thus finding compounds that interfere with dimerization of the APP ectodomain and increase the α-cleavage of APP could lead to the development of new therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Examining the intrinsic fluorescence of a fragment of the ectodomain of APP, which dimerizes through the E2 and Aβ-cognate domains, revealed significant changes in the fluorescence of the fragment upon binding of Aβ oligomers--which bind to dimers of the ectodomain--and Aβ fragments--which destabilize dimers of the ectodomain. This technique was extended to show that RERMS-containing peptides (APP(695) 328-332), disulfiram, and sulfiram also inhibit dimerization of the ectodomain fragment. This activity was confirmed with small angle x-ray scattering. Analysis of the activity of disulfiram and sulfiram in an AlphaLISA assay indicated that both compounds significantly enhance the production of sAPPα by 7W-CHO and B103 neuroblastoma cells. These observations demonstrate that there is a class of compounds that modulates the conformation of the APP ectodomain and influences the ratio of α- to β-cleavage of APP. These compounds provide a rationale for the development of a new class of therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare A Peters Libeu
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America.
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13
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Hochreiter J, McCance-Katz EF, Lapham J, Ma Q, Morse GD. Disulfiram metabolite S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamate quantitation in human plasma with reverse phase ultra performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 897:80-4. [PMID: 22534656 PMCID: PMC3348964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Disulfiram has been used extensively for alcohol abuse and may have a role in treatment for cocaine addiction. Recent data suggest that disulfiram may also reactivate latent HIV in reservoirs. Disulfiram has complex pharmacokinetics with rapid metabolism to active metabolites, including S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamate (DET-Me) which is formed from cytochrome P450 (CYP450). Assessing disulfiram in HIV-infected individuals with a CYP450 inducing drug (e.g., efavirenz) or a CYP450 inhibiting drug (e.g., HIV-1 protease inhibitors) requires an assay that can measure a metabolite that is formed directly via CYP450 oxidation. Therefore, an assay to measure concentrations of DET-Me in human plasma was validated. DET-Me and the internal standard, S-ethyldipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) were separated by isocratic ultra performance liquid chromatography using a Waters Acquity HSS T3 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) and detection via electrospray coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Multiple reaction monitoring in positive mode was used with DET-Me at 148/100 and the internal standard at 190/128 with a linear range of 0.500-50.0 ng/mL with a 5 min run time. Human plasma (500 μL) was extracted using a solid phase procedure. The interassay variation ranged from 1.86 to 7.74% while the intra assay variation ranged from 3.38 to 5.94% over three days. Representative results are provided from samples collected from subjects receiving daily doses of disulfiram 62.5mg or 250 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Hochreiter
- Translational Pharmacology Research Core, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo
| | | | - Jill Lapham
- Translational Pharmacology Research Core, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo
| | - Qing Ma
- Translational Pharmacology Research Core, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo
| | - Gene D. Morse
- Translational Pharmacology Research Core, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo
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Kaul S, Williams TD, Lunte CE, Faiman MD. LC-MS/MS determination of carbamathione in microdialysis samples from rat brain and plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 51:186-91. [PMID: 19709836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of S-(N, N-diethylcarbamoyl) glutathione (carbamathione) in microdialysis samples from rat brain and plasma. S-(N, N-Diethylcarbamoyl) glutathione (carbamathione) is a metabolite of disulfiram. This metabolite may be responsible for disulfiram's effectiveness in the treatment of cocaine dependence. Chromatographic separations were carried out on an Alltech Altima C-18 (50 mm long x 2.1 mm i.d., 3 microm particles) analytical column at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. Solvent A consisted of 10 mM ammonium formate, methanol, and formic acid (99:1:0.06, v/v/v). Solvent B consisted of methanol, 10 mM ammonium formate and formic acid (99:1:0.06, v/v/v). A 20 min linear gradient from 95% aqueous to 95% organic was used. Tandem mass spectra were acquired on a Micromass Quattro Ultima "triple" quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an ESI interface. Quantitative mass spectrometric analysis was conducted in positive ion mode selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode looking at the transition of m/z 407-100 and 175 for carbamathione and m/z 392-263 for the internal standard S-hexyl glutathione. The simultaneous collection of microdialysate from blood and brain was used to monitor carbamathione concentrations centrally and peripherally. Good linearity was obtained over a concentration range of 0.25-10,000 nM. The lowest limit of quantification (LLOQ) was determined to be 1 nM and the lowest limit of detection (LLOD) was calculated to be 0.25 nM. Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were determined and for all the samples evaluated, the variability was less that 10% (R.S.D.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Kaul
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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15
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Morales-Molina JA, Mateu-de Antonio J, Grau S, Ferrández O. Alcohol Ingestion and Topical Tacrolimus: A Disulfiram-Like Interaction? Ann Pharmacother 2005; 39:772-3. [PMID: 15755786 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1e529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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16
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Cen D, Brayton D, Shahandeh B, Meyskens FL, Farmer PJ. Disulfiram Facilitates Intracellular Cu Uptake and Induces Apoptosis in Human Melanoma Cells. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6914-20. [PMID: 15615540 DOI: 10.1021/jm049568z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The alcohol-abuse deterrent disulfiram (DSF) is shown to have a highly selective toxicity against melanoma in culture, inducing a largely apoptotic response, with much lower toxicity against several other cell lines. Melanoma cell lines derived from different stages (radial, vertical, and metastatic phase) were all sensitive to DSF treatment in vitro; melanocytes were only slightly affected. A required role of extracellular Cu is demonstrated for DSF toxicity. Low concentrations of DSF alone decreased the number of viable cells, and the addition of CuCl(2) significantly enhanced the DSF-induced cell death to less than 10% of control. Significantly, the intracellular Cu concentration of melanoma cells increased rapidly upon DSF treatment. Both the intracellular Cu uptake and the toxicity induced by DSF were blocked by co-incubation with bathocuproine disulfonic acid (BCPD, 100 muM), a non-membrane-permeable Cu chelator. Chemical studies demonstrated a complicated, extracellular redox reaction between Cu(II) and DSF, which forms the complex Cu(deDTC)(2) in high yield, accompanied by oxidative decomposition of small amounts of disulfiram. The Cu complex has somewhat higher activity against melanoma and is suggested to be the active agent in DSF-induced toxicity. The redox conversion of DSF was unique to Cu(II) and not engendered by the other common biological metal ions Fe(II or III), Mn(III), and Zn(II). The implications of this work are significant both in the possible treatment of melanoma as well as in limiting the known side-effects of DSF, which we propose may be diminished by cotreatment to decrease adventitious Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Cen
- Department of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
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17
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Elliott BM, Ashby J. Ethylene dibromide and disulfiram: studies in vivo and in vitro on the mechanism of the observed synergistic carcinogenic response. Carcinogenesis 2001; 1:1049-57. [PMID: 11272109 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/1.12.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two possible mechanisms for the reported carcinogenic synergism between ethylene dibromide (EDB) and disulfiram have been investigated in vivo and in vitro, the first involving increased production of an EDB-derived glutathione mustard and the second increased production of bromoacetaldehyde. Consistent with both of these suggested mechanisms, repeated administrations of disulfiram to rats inreased liver glutathione-S-transferase activity and decreased liver low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. However, when added to a rat liver S-9 fraction in vitro, disulfiram decreased transferase activity and only depressed the dehydrogenase activity after a period of preincubation. Although the mutagenic potency of EDB to Salmonella typhimurium was slightly enhanced in vitro by the addition of a rat liver S-9 fraction, the further addition of disulfiram to the assay medium produced no additional change. Similarly, the addition of a range of S-9 and S-0.5 liver fractions derived from disulfiram-treated rats also failed to enhance significantly its mutagenic potency over the normal S-9 fraction. The general implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Elliott
- Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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18
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Abstract
Disulfiram (DSF) has found extensive use in the aversion therapy treatment of recovering alcoholics. Although it is known to irreversibly inhibit hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), the specific mechanism of in vivo inhibition of the enzyme by the drug has not yet been determined. In this report, we demonstrate a novel, but simple and rapid method for structurally characterizing in vivo derived protein-drug adducts by linking on-line sample processing to HPLC-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Employing this approach, rats were administered DSF, and their liver mitochondria were isolated and solubilized. Both native and in vivo DSF-treated mitochondrial ALDH (rmALDH) were purified in one-step with an affinity cartridge. The in vivo DSF-treated rmALDH showed 77% inhibition in enzyme activity as compared to that of the control. Subsequently, the control and DSF-inhibited rmALDH were both subjected to HPLC-MS analyses. We were able to detect two adducts on DSF-inhibited rmALDH as indicated by the mass increases of approximately 71 and approximately 100 Da. To unequivocally determine the site and structure of these adducts, on-line pepsin digestion-HPLC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS were performed. We observed two new peptides at MH(+)=973.7 and 1001.8 in the pepsin digestion of DSF-inhibited enzyme. These two peptides were subsequently subjected to HPLC-MS/MS for sequence determination. Both peptides possessed the sequence FNQGQC(301)C(302)C(303), derived from the enzyme active site region, and were modified at Cys(302) by N-ethylcarbamoyl (+71 Da) and N-diethylcarbamoyl (+99 Da) adducts. These findings indicated that N-dealkylation may be an important step in DSF metabolism, and that the inhibition of ALDH occurred by carbamoylation caused by one of the DSF metabolites, most likely S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamoyl sulfoxide (MeDTC-SO).
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Lipsky
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, 200 First Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA
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19
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Abstract
Disulfiram (DSF) has found extensive use in the aversion therapy treatment of recovering alcoholics. It is known that DSF or a metabolite irreversibly inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). However, the actual mechanism of inhibition is still not known. In this work we describe the in vitro interactions of DSF, as well as a principal metabolite S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamoyl sulfoxide (MeDTC-SO), with both recombinant rat liver mitochondrial monomeric ALDH (rmALDH) and homotetrameric rmALDH. We show that DSF directly inhibits rmALDH (IC(50)=36.4 microM) by inducing the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond. We also demonstrate by HPLC-MS analysis of a Glu-C digest of DSF-treated rmALDH that the intramolecular disulfide bridge formed involves two of the three cysteines located at the active site of the enzyme. Using a combination of HPLC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS, we further show that the electrophilic metabolite MeDTC-SO also inhibits rmALDH (IC(50)=4.62 microM). We isolate and identify a carbamoylated peptide at Cys(302) with the sequence FNQGQC(301)C(302)C(303). Hence we show that MeDTC-SO exhibits its inhibitory effect by covalently modifying the -SH side-chain of Cys(302), present at the active site rmALDH. Finally we show using SEC-MS that both DSF and MeDTC-SO do not prevent formation of the homotetramer of rmALDH, but inhibit the enzyme by acting directly at the active site of specific monomers of rmALDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Lipsky
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Guggenheim, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, 200 First Street, SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA
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20
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Abstract
Disulfiram, a dimer of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) which is a strong radical scavenger, is known to prevent cataract development. However, disulfiram is hardly absorbed from the cornea and its bioavailability is extremely low. In this study, we attempted to prepare disulfiram solid dispersion for the improvement of ocular bioavailability. Solid dispersions of disulfiram were prepared by either an evaporation method or a spray-drying method, using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a carrier. Preparations were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry, and confirmed to be a solid dispersion. The particle size of the solid dispersion prepared by the spray-drying method was smaller than the preparation by the evaporation method (spray-drying: 3.3+/-0.04 microm, evaporation: 34.3+/-18.0 microm). An in vivo ocular absorption experiment was conducted by instilling solid dispersions to rabbit eye and measuring the DDC in the aqueous humor. After instillation of disulfiram and PVP physical mixture, DDC was not detected in the aqueous humor. On the other hand, DDC appeared in the aqueous humor after the instillation of a solid dispersion. Maximal concentration and the area under the aqueous humor concentration-time curve were greater in the solid dispersion prepared by the spray-drying method than the preparation by the evaporation method. Disulfiram solid dispersion, especially prepared by the spray-drying method, improved ocular bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nabekura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan.
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21
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Erve JC, Jensen ON, Valentine HS, Amarnath V, Valentine WM. Disulfiram generates a stable N,N-diethylcarbamoyl adduct on Cys-125 of rat hemoglobin beta-chains in vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2000; 13:237-44. [PMID: 10775322 DOI: 10.1021/tx990191n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Disulfiram (DSF) is a drug used in aversion therapy to treat alcoholics and acts by inhibiting mitochondrial low-K(m) aldehyde dehydrogenase. Investigations into the mechanisms for in vivo inactivation suggest that the DSF metabolite S-methyl-N, N-diethylthiocarbamate sulfoxide reacts irreversibly with an active site Cys. This work aimed to determine if DSF generates monothiocarbamate adducts on cysteine residues in vivo by examining hemoglobin. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with DSF po for 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Rats have four different globin beta-chains, of which three (beta-1-3) contain two cysteine residues each. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of two new globin species from DSF-treated rats collected by HPLC revealed increments of 99 Da above the mass of the unmodified chains (beta-2 and beta-3). In a separate experiment, the globin mixture was digested for 2 h with Glu-C and reanalyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. Results showed a peptide at m/z 2716.3 having a mass 99 Da higher than a known Cys-containing peptide. Subsequently, the Glu-C digest was analyzed using Q-TOF tandem MS, enabling observation of the +4 charge state of the peptide with m/z 2716.3. This peptide was fragmented to produce y-sequence ions that located the modification to Cys-125 (present on both beta-2 and beta-3). Cys-125 is the most reactive of two cysteine residues on these beta-chains. To confirm the structure of the modification, globin was hydrolyzed with 6 N HCl at 110 degrees C for 18 h. The adduct survived these conditions so that S-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl)cysteine was detected in the hydrolysates of treated rats on the basis of comparison with the tandem MS spectrum of a standard. These results extend the findings of others obtained using glutathione conjugates and demonstrate the ability of DSF to covalently modify Cys residues of proteins in a manner consistent with the production of S-methyl-N, N-diethylthiocarbamate sulfoxide, or sulfone, intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Erve
- Department of Pathology and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561, USA
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22
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Pike MG, Martin YN, Mays DC, Benson LM, Naylor S, Lipsky JJ. Roles of FMO and CYP450 in the metabolism in human liver microsomes of S-methyl-N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate, a disulfiram metabolite. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999; 23:1173-9. [PMID: 10443982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversion of S-methyl-N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (MeDDC) to MeDDC sulfine is the first step after methylation in the metabolic pathway of disulfiram, an alcohol deterrent, to its ultimate active metabolite. Various isoforms of CYP450 have recently been shown to catalyze this reaction, but the involvement of flavin monooxygenase (FMO) in this metabolism in humans has not been evaluated. In this study we examined the ability of recombinant human FMO3 in insect microsomes to metabolize MeDDC, and investigated the relative roles of FMO and CYP450 in the metabolism of MeDDC in human liver microsomes. METHODS HPLC-mass spectrometry was used to identify the products of MeDDC formed by human liver microsomes and by recombinant human FMO3. MeDDC metabolism in human liver microsomes was studied by using either heat inactivation to inhibit FMO, or N-benzylimidazole (NBI) or antibodies to the CYP450 NADPH reductase to inhibit CYP450. RESULTS We confirmed by HPLC-mass spectrometry that MeDDC sulfine was the major product of MeDDC formed by human liver microsomes and by FMO3. Recombinant FMO3 was an efficient catalyst for the formation of MeDDC sulfine (5.3+/-0.2 nmol/min/mg, mean+/-SEM, n = 6). Inhibition studies showed MeDDC was metabolized primarily by CYP450 in human liver microsomes at pH 7.4, with a 10% contribution from FMO (total microsomal activity 3.1+/-0.2, n = 17). In the course of this work, methyl p-tolyl sulfide (MTS), sulfoxidation of which is used by some investigators as a specific probe for FMO activity, was found to be a substrate for both FMO and CYP450 in human liver microsomes. CONCLUSIONS Our results prove that MeDDC sulfine is the major product of MeDDC oxidation in human liver microsomes, MeDDC is a good substrate for human FMO3, and MeDDC is metabolized in human liver microsomes primarily by CYP450. We also showed that use of MTS sulfoxidation as an indicator of FMO activity in microsomes is valid only in the presence of a CYP450 inhibitor, such as NBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Pike
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Blythe TJ, Grimes ML, Kitson KE. The role of retinoid metabolism by alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases in differentiation of cultured neuronal cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 463:199-204. [PMID: 10352686 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4735-8_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Blythe
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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24
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Mays DC, Tomlinson AJ, Johnson KL, Lam J, Lipsky JJ, Naylor S. Inhibition of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase by metabolites of disulfiram and structural characterization of the enzyme adduct by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 463:61-70. [PMID: 10352670 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4735-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D C Mays
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Tomlinson AJ, Johnson KL, Lam-Holt J, Mays DC, Lipsky JJ, Naylor S. Inhibition of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase by the disulfiram metabolite S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamoyl sulfoxide: structural characterization of the enzyme adduct by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 54:1253-60. [PMID: 9416976 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
S-Methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamoyl sulfoxide (MeDTC-SO) is a known metabolite of the aversion therapy drug disulfiram (DSF). MeDTC-SO is also a potent inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (hmALDH) with an IC50 of 1.5 microM. Inhibition of the enzyme by MeDTC-SO resulted in the addition of approximately 100 Da to the molecular mass of the intact protein, as determined by on-line HPLC-electrospray ionization MS (LC-MS). Dialysis of the inhibited protein did not reverse the inhibition, and the molecular mass of 54,533 Da (+/- 0.01%) remained unchanged, indicating that a covalent modification of the protein had occurred. Proteolytic digestion of hmALDH under basic conditions using trypsin at pH 7.8 revealed that the adduct was base labile. However, treating the adducted protein with endopeptidase-Glu-C at pH 3.7 produced a peptide adduct at MH+ = 4924, tentatively attributable to a carbamoylated peptide. This peptide contains three adjacent cysteines, one of which has been implicated as a key amino acid in the highly conserved active site region of ALDH. A pepsin digestion of hmALDH carried out at pH 3.7 and subsequent LC-MS analysis revealed an ion at MH2(2+) = 501.5, corresponding to the carbamoylated peptide FNQGQC1C2C3. This peptide contains the same adjacent active site cysteines. This latter peptide was subjected to LC-MS/MS, which enabled us to determine that the site of carbamoylation was at Cys2. The MS/MS product ion data also confirmed the presence of a carbamoyl group as the adduct species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Tomlinson
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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26
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Lam JP, Mays DC, Lipsky JJ. Inhibition of recombinant human mitochondrial and cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenases by two candidates for the active metabolites of disulfiram. Biochemistry 1997; 36:13748-54. [PMID: 9354647 DOI: 10.1021/bi970948e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We expressed recombinant human cytosolic (ALDH1, high Km) and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2, low Km) in Escherichia coli and purified the enzymes to homogeneity to examine the nature of inhibition of human ALDH by disulfiram, its confirmed metabolite S-methyl N,N-diethylthiocarbamate (MeDTC) sulfoxide, and its proposed metabolite MeDTC sulfone. Disulfiram, MeDTC sulfoxide, and MeDTC sulfone, respectively, were potent inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.15 +/- 0.02 microM, 0.27 +/- 0.04 microM, and 0.12 +/- 0.02 microM for ALDH1, and 1.45 +/- 0.40 microM, 1.16 +/- 0.56, and 0.40 +/- 0.10 microM for ALDH2. Extensive dialysis did not restore the activity of the inactivated enzyme, indicating irreversible inhibition. Both the esterase and dehydrogenase activities of ALDH2 were inhibited to the same extent by MeDTC sulfone and sulfoxide, suggesting that both catalytic sites are closely linked. The time course of inhibition of ALDH appeared to be first-order for both MeDTC sulfone and MeDTC sulfoxide. Kitz and Wilson plots of the half-life of inactivation versus 1/[inhibitor] indicated that the reactions between ALDH and inhibitors were bimolecular. The pseudobimolecular rate constants (k3/KI) for the ALDH-inhibitor reactions were 1 x 10(5), 1 x 10(4), 3 x 10(3), and 1 x 10(3) s-1 M-1 ALDH1-sulfone, ALDH1-sulfoxide, ALDH2-sulfone, and ALDH2-sulfoxide, respectively. ALDH2 was not significantly protected from inactivation from either MeDTC sulfoxide or MeDTC sulfone by NAD alone, but high concentrations of NAD and acetaldehyde completely prevented inhibition. Since disulfiram is rapidly metabolized in vivo, it is believed that disulfiram is too short-lived to inhibit ALDH directly. The results of our study indicate that MeDTC sulfoxide and sulfone are potent inhibitors of human ALDH and are reasonable candidates for the proximal inhibitors of ALDH following disulfiram administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lam
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
S-Methyl-N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide (DETC-MeSO), a metabolite of the drug disulfiram, is a selective carbamoylating agent for sulfhydryl groups. Treatment of glutamate receptors isolated from mouse brain with DETC-MeSO blocks glutamate binding. In vivo, carbamoylated glutathione, administered directly to mice or formed by reaction of DETC-MeSO with glutathione in the blood, also blocks brain glutamate receptors. Carbamoyl groups appear to be delivered to brain glutamate receptors or to liver aldehyde dehydrogenase in vivo by a novel glutathione-mediated mechanism. Seizures caused by the glutamate analogs N-methyl-D-aspartate and methionine sulfoximine, or by hyperbaric oxygen, are prevented by DETC-MeSO, indicating that carbamoylation of glutamate receptors gives an antagonist effect. These observations offer an explanation for some of the previously reported neurological effects of disulfiram, such as its ability to prevent O2-induced seizures. Furthermore, some of the physiology of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction, that could not be accounted for based on the known inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase alone, may be explained by disulfiram's effect on glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Nagendra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Ono H, Funakoshi T, Shimada H, Kojima S. Comparative effects of disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamate against testicular toxicity in rats caused by acute exposure to cadmium. J Toxicol Environ Health 1997; 50:389-99. [PMID: 9120875 DOI: 10.1080/009841097160429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Disulfiram (DSF) and diethyldithiocarbamate (DED) were compared for their protective effects against the testicular toxicity induced by acute exposure to cadmium (Cd) in rats. Rats were injected subcutaneously with CdCl2 126.7 mumol (3 mg) Cd/kgl, and 30 min later they were injected intraperitoneally with DSF (0.05-0.5 mmol/kg) or DED (0.1-1 mmol/kg). The treatment with DSF at dose levels of 0.1-0.5 mmol/kg prevented the increases in testicular lipid peroxidation and calcium (Ca) concentrations and the decreases in testicular weight that were observed at 7 d after Cd injection. DED at dosage levels of 0.2-1 mmol/kg likewise reduced Cd-induced testicular toxicity. An increase in testicular iron (Fe) concentrations at 7 d and sterility at 59 d after Cd injection were almost completely blocked by treatment with DSF or DED at the highest doses, but lower doses of DSF or DED were ineffective. These results indicated that DSF, which is metabolized to DED, had a protective effect against Cd-induced testicular toxicity nearly equivalent to DED at approximately one-half the dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ono
- Department of Pharmacy, Miyazaki Medical College Hospital, Japan
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Mays DC, Nelson AN, Lam-Holt J, Fauq AH, Lipsky JJ. S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamate sulfoxide and S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamate sulfone, two candidates for the active metabolite of disulfiram. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20:595-600. [PMID: 8727261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of disulfiram involves inhibition of hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Although disulfiram inhibits ALDH in vitro, it is believed that the drug is too short-lived in vivo to inhibit the enzyme directly. The ultimate inhibitor is thought to be a metabolite of disulfiram. In this study, we examined the effects of S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamate (MeDTC) sulfoxide and S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamate sulfone (confirmed and proposed metabolites of disulfiram, respectively) on rat liver mitochondrial low K(m) ALDH. MeDTC sulfoxide and MeDTC sulfone, in 10-min incubations with detergent-solubilized mitochondria, inhibited ALDH activity with an IC50 (mean +/- SD) of 0.93 +/- 0.04 and 0.53 +/- 0.11 microM, respectively, compared with 7.4 +/- 1.0 microM for the parent drug disulfiram. Inhibition by MeDTC sulfone and MeDTC sulfoxide, both at 0.6 microM, was time-dependent, following apparent pseudo-first-order kinetics with a t1/2 of inactivation of 3.5 and 8.8 min, respectively. Dilution of ALDH inhibited by either sulfoxide or sulfone did not restore activity, an indication of irreversible inhibition. Addition of glutathione (50 to 1000 microM) to ALDH before the inhibitors did not alter the inhibition by MeDTC sulfoxide. In contrast, the inhibition by MeDTC sulfone was decreased > 10-fold (IC50 = 6.3 microM) by 50 microM of glutathione and almost completely abolished by 500 microM of glutathione. The cofactor NAD, in a concentration-dependent manner, protected ALDH from inhibition by MeDTC sulfoxide and MeDTC sulfone. In incubations with intact mitochondria, the potency of the two compounds was reversed (IC50 of 9.2 +/- 3.6 and 0.95 +/- 0.30 microM for the MeDTC sulfone and sulfoxide, respectively). Our results suggest that MeDTC sulfone is highly reactive with normal cellular constituents (e.g., glutathione), which may protect ALDH from inhibition, unless this inhibitor is formed very near the target enzyme. In contrast, MeDTC sulfoxide is a better candidate for the ultimate active metabolite of disulfiram, because it is more likely to be sufficiently stable to diffuse from a distant site of formation, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, penetrate the mitochondria, and react with ALDH located in the mitochondrial matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Mays
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
1H NMR methods are described which allow direct studies of the Cys34 binding site of albumin in intact human blood plasma in vitro. Antiarthritic gold drugs and the alcohol-aversive drug disulfiram induce a structural transition detectable via H epsilon 1 and H delta 2 resonances of His3 of albumin, and reactions of cystine, glutathione and captopril in plasma have also been investigated. Contrary to most assumptions, little of the albumin in normal plasma appears to be blocked at Cys34 as a cystine disulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christodoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
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Deamer NJ, Genter MB. Olfactory toxicity of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) and disulfiram and the protective effect of DDTC against the olfactory toxicity of dichlobenil. Chem Biol Interact 1995; 95:215-26. [PMID: 7728893 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(94)03561-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Disulfiram and its breakdown product diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) have been investigated for their potential to protect against chemically-induced toxicity and carcinogenesis because of their inhibitory effects on cytochrome P450 2E1. We used DDTC in order to examine the role that cytochrome P450 2E1 plays in the bioactivation of beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) and 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), resulting in site-specific olfactory lesions in the Long-Evans rat and C57B1 mouse. DDTC and disulfiram themselves produced olfactory mucosal lesions in the rat, whereas DDTC protected against the olfactory toxic effects of dichlobenil in the mouse. A dose-response study revealed that approximately twice the dose of DDTC was required in mice to cause the same olfactory toxic effects seen in the rat. A study to determine the catalytic activity of P450 2E1 by p-nitrophenol (PNP) hydroxylation indicated that the Long-Evans rat nasal mucosa is 2.4 times more active than the C57B1 mouse, which may account for the greater susceptibility of the rat to the olfactory toxic effects of DDTC. PNP hydroxylation assays confirmed that DDTC decreased P450 2E1 activity in both the rat and mouse liver and nasal mucosa. Whereas the results of the mouse study strengthen the hypothesis that dichlobenil is bioactivated to a toxic metabolite by cytochrome P450 2E1 in the C57B1 mouse, rats pretreated with a marginally toxic dose of DDTC prior to the administration of IDPN displayed olfactory mucosal damage, indicating that an alternative or additional pathway may be operative in the metabolism of IDPN and/or DDTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Deamer
- Department of Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7633, USA
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Mays DC, Nelson AN, Fauq AH, Shriver ZH, Veverka KA, Naylor S, Lipsky JJ. S-methyl N,N-diethylthiocarbamate sulfone, a potential metabolite of disulfiram and potent inhibitor of low Km mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 49:693-700. [PMID: 7887984 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)00504-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Disulfiram inhibits hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) causing an accumulation of acetaldehyde after ethanol ingestion. It is thought that disulfiram is too short-lived in vivo to directly inhibit ALDH, but instead is biotransformed to reactive metabolites that inhibit the enzyme. S-Methyl N,N-diethylthiocarbamate (MeDTC) sulfoxide has been identified in the blood of animals given disulfiram and is a potent inhibitor of ALDH (Hart and Faiman, Biochem Pharmacol 46: 2285-2290, 1993). MeDTC sulfone is a logical metabolite of MeDTC sulfoxide. Therefore, we investigated the effects of MeDTC sulfone on the activity of rat hepatic low Km mitochondrial ALDH, the major enzyme in the metabolism of acetaldehyde. MeDTC sulfone inhibited the low Km mitochondrial ALDH in vitro with an IC50 of 0.42 +/- 0.04 microM (mean +/- SD, N = 5) compared with disulfiram, which had an IC50 of 7.5 +/- 1.2 microM under the same conditions. The inhibition of ALDH by MeDTC sulfone was time dependent. The decline in ALDH activity followed pseudo first-order kinetics with an apparent half-life of 2.1 min at 0.6 microM MeDTC sulfone. Inhibition of ALDH by MeDTC sulfone was apparently irreversible; dilution of the inhibited enzyme did not restore lost activity. The substrate (acetaldehyde, 80 microM) and cofactor (NAD, 0.5 mM) together completely protected ALDH from inhibition by MeDTC sulfone; substrate alone partially protected the enzyme. Addition of either thiol-containing compound glutathione (GSH) or dithiothreitol (DTT) to MeDTC sulfone before incubation with the enzyme increased the IC50 of MeDTC sulfone by 7- to 14-fold. Neither GSH nor DTT could restore lost ALDH activity after exposure of the enzyme to MeDTC sulfone. Results of these studies indicate that MeDTC sulfone, a potential metabolite of disulfiram, is a potent, irreversible inhibitor of low Km mitochondrial ALDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Mays
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN 55905
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33
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Abstract
S-Methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate (DETC-Me) is a metabolite formed during the bioactivation of disulfiram. The formation of its corresponding sulfoxide, S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide (DETC-MeSO), from DETC-Me is required for low Km mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2, EC 1.2.1.3) inhibition. DETC-Me is similar in structure to thiocarbamate herbicides with the general structure R1R2NC(O)SR3. Representative herbicides studied were n-propyl, n-propylthiocarbamate ethyl ester (EPTC), molinate, vernolate, ethiolate and butylate. All of these thiocarbamate herbicides inhibited rat liver ALDH2 in vivo. The dose of these thiocarbamates that inhibited rat liver ALDH2 by 50% (ID50) when administered 8 hr before determination of ALDH2, was found to be 5.2, 3.1, 1.6, 12, and 174 mg/kg, respectively. These thiocarbamates were ineffective rat liver ALDH2 inhibitors in vitro, unless rat liver microsomes and an NADPH-generating system were added to the incubation. The respective thiocarbamate sulfoxides were formed when the thiocarbamates were incubated with liver microsomes and an NADPH-generating system. The thiocarbamate sulfoxides all inhibited rat liver ALDH2 in vitro. An equimolar dose of molinate and molinate sulfoxide inhibited rat liver ALDH2 in vivo to the same degree. Molinate-treated rats challenged with ethanol exhibited a disulfiram-like ethanol reaction. In conclusion, thiocarbamate herbicides inhibit ALDH2, probably due to the formation of their sulfoxide, and therefore have the potential to produce a disulfiram-like ethanol reaction in an unsuspecting population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045
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Abstract
The chronic administration of disulfiram (DS) to rats resulted in significant decrease of synaptosomal Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase activity. In vitro studies indicated that DS (ID50 = 20 microM) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase. However, diethyldithio-carbamate, a metabolite of DS, failed to modify Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase activity, implying that the decrease in ATPase activity in DS administered rats was due to the effect of parent compound. The DS-mediated inhibition (48%) of ATPase activity was comparable with a similar degree of inhibition (49%) achieved by treating the synaptosomal membranes with N-ethylmaleimide (ID50 = 20 microM) in vitro. Furthermore, the inhibition by DS was neither altered by washing the membranes with EGTA nor reversed by treatment with sulfhydryl reagents such as GSH or dithiothreitol. About 74% and 68% decrease of synaptosomal Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase specific activity was observed when treated with DS (30 microM) and EGTA (100 microM) respectively. The remaining 25-30% of total activity is suggested to be of Mg(2+)-dependent ATPase activity. This indicates that both these drugs may act on a common target, calmodulin component that represents 70-75% of total Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase activity. Therefore, DS-mediated modulation of synaptosomal Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase activity could affect its function of maintaining intracellular Ca2+ concentration. This could contribute to the deleterious effects on CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Nagendra
- Dept. of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Abstract
Sulfiram, a drug applied topically to treat scabies, produces effects similar to those of disulfiram after subsequent ingestion of ethanol. Disulfiram, used in aversion therapy in the treatment of alcoholism, inhibits hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) causing an accumulation of acetaldehyde after ethanol ingestion. The increased tissue levels of acetaldehyde cause a spectrum of undesirable side-effects including flushing, nausea, vomiting, and tachycardia, which are referred to as the disulfiram reaction. Previous studies have shown that in vitro sulfiram is a very weak inhibitor of ALDH, but solutions of sulfiram markedly increase in potency with time. In the present study, fresh solutions of sulfiram were exposed to fluorescent room light under ambient conditions and analyzed at timed intervals by HPLC. At least eight products, including disulfiram, were formed in the light-exposed sulfiram solutions, but not in solutions kept in the dark. Structural characterization of two of the photolysis products was obtained by on-line microbore HPLC-mass spectrometry (mu LC-MS) and on-line microbore HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (mu LC-MS/MS) using continuous flow-liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (CF-LSIMS) as the primary ionization method. Sulfiram was converted to disulfiram at an initial rate of 0.7%/hr, and the formation of disulfiram correlated with the increase in ALDH inhibition in vitro. The results of this investigation show that while sulfiram is a weak inhibitor of ALDH in vitro, it is readily photoconverted to disulfiram, a very potent inhibitor of ALDH, which may explain the adverse reaction to ethanol after sulfiram therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Mays
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN 55905
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Jin L, Davis MR, Hu P, Baillie TA. Identification of novel glutathione conjugates of disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamate in rat bile by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Evidence for metabolic activation of disulfiram in vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 1994; 7:526-33. [PMID: 7981417 DOI: 10.1021/tx00040a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the inhibitory effects of disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) (to which disulfiram is rapidly reduced in vivo) on the liver mitochondrial low-Km form of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) may be mediated by a reactive metabolite(s) of these compounds. In order to investigate the nature of such electrophilic intermediates in vivo, the present study was carried out with the goal of detecting and identifying their respective glutathione (GSH) conjugates in the bile of rats dosed ip with either disulfiram (75 mg kg-1) or sodium DDTC (114 mg kg-1). By means of highly selective screening strategies based on coupled liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry techniques, one major and four minor GSH adducts were identified as common biliary metabolites of disulfiram and DDTC. The major conjugate, whose excretion into bile over 4 h accounted for ca. 1% of the dose of either precursor, was identified as S-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl)glutathione (SDEG). In vitro experiments with synthetic SDEG demonstrated that this carbamate thioester derivative is chemically stable in aqueous media under physiological conditions and does not carbamoylate nucleophiles such as cysteine. Consistent with these findings, SDEG failed to inhibit yeast ALDH in vitro. The minor GSH conjugates in bile were identified as S-(N,N-diethylthiocarbamoyl)glutathione, S-(N-ethyl-carbamoyl)glutathione, S-(N-ethylthiocarbamoyl)glutathione, and S-[N-(carboxymethyl)-N- ethylcarbamoyl]glutathione, the structures of which indicate that metabolic oxidation takes place at the thiono sulfur group and at each of the carbon atoms of disulfiram and DDTC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington Seattle 98195
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Nagendra SN, Madan A, Faiman MD. S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfone, an in vitro and in vivo inhibitor of rat liver mitochondrial low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47:1465-7. [PMID: 8185656 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
S-Methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfone (DETC-Me sulfone) was investigated for its rat liver mitochondrial low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) inhibitory properties. DETC-Me sulfone inhibited ALDH2 in vitro (IC50 = 3.8 microM) and in vivo (ID50 = 170 mumol/kg; 31 mg/kg). Maximum inhibition (60%) of ALDH2 was observed 8 hr after DETC-Me sulfone administration. In addition, incubation of S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate (DETC-Me) or S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide (DETC-Me sulfoxide) with rat liver microsomes and an NADPH-generating system failed to produce DETC-Me sulfone. Furthermore, DETC-Me sulfone could not be detected in plasma from rats treated with either DETC-Me sulfoxide or DETC-Me sulfone. In conclusion, DETC-Me sulfone inhibited ALDH2 in vitro and in vivo. However, there was no evidence suggesting that DETC-Me sulfoxide was metabolized to DETC-Me sulfone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Nagendra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas Lawrence 60045
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Lipsky JJ, Mays DC, Naylor S. Monosulfiram, disulfiram, and light. Lancet 1994; 343:304. [PMID: 7905136 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
The effects of disulfiram (DS) and its major metabolite, diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDC), on the survival time under normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia were examined in mice. At an ambient temperature of 24 degrees C, DS at 0.5-3.0 mmol/kg (i.p.) caused a marked dose-dependent prolongation of the survival time in mice subjected to both types of hypoxia. DEDC also prolonged the survival time, but the effect was less at its higher doses with decreased brain superoxide dismutase. The maximum effects of DS and DEDC were found at 3 hr and 1 hr after injection, respectively. Of the metabolites of DEDC, the copper complex with DEDC caused a significant effect, whereas neither diethylamine nor carbon disulfide did. Furthermore, DS, DEDC and copper complex caused marked hypothermia, and the time course changes of hypothermia by DS and DEDC closely paralleled those of the degree of anti-hypoxic effects, respectively. At an ambient temperature of 36 degrees C, in which the body temperature was maintained near the normal level, both DS and DEDC still exhibited a weak anti-hypoxic effect. These results suggest that DEDC itself, formed as a metabolite of DS, and partly the copper complex produced the anti-hypoxic effect, which could not be explained by concomitant hypothermia alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Masukawa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
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40
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Abstract
After ingestion, disulfiram (DSF) is rapidly converted, probably in the stomach, to its bis (diethyldithiocarbamato) copper complex. Consequently, absorption and distribution via the gastrointestinal mucosa into the blood might involve both the parent drug and its copper complex. In the blood, both compounds are rapidly degraded to form diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DDC), which is unstable and is further degraded to form diethylamine and carbon disulphide. DDC is also a substrate of phase II metabolism, which involves formation of diethyldithiomethylcarbamate (Me-DDC) and the glucuronic acid of DDC. Me-DDC also undergoes oxidative biotransformation to diethylthiomethylcarbamate (Me-DTC), which is further oxidized to its corresponding sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites. Me-DTC may to act as a suicide inhibitor with a preference for the mitochondrial low Km isozyme of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH 1), whereas the two S-oxidized metabolites, especially the sulfone metabolite, are more potent inhibitors not only of ALDH 1, but also of the cytosolic high Km isozyme of ALDH (ALDH 2). The inhibitory reaction between the enzyme and each of the three metabolites is characterized by a covalent adduct formation, probably with the cysteine residue at the active site of the enzymes. The adduct formed is nonreducible at a physiological concentration of glutathione, and inactivation in the presence of this endogenous tripeptide was increased by action in vitro of the sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites. Those findings are all in concordance with the in vivo observations made on DSF. In human volunteers treated with increasing doses of DSF and challenged with ethanol between each of the dosage periods, the mean plasma concentrations of Me-DTC at steady state were proportional to the DSF doses given. There was also a close relationship between increased oxidative metabolic formation of Me-DTC, high oxidative formation of acetaldehyde, and the full complements of a valid disulfiram ethanol reaction (DER). Consequently, Me-DTC in plasma may not only serve as a marker of the oxidative metabolic function of the liver, but also of the therapeutic effectiveness of the treatment in subjects at steady state. Obviously, there is a need for individual dose-titration regimens. In patients with alcohol-related severe hepatocellular damage, the oxidative P 450 catalyzed formation of the Me-DTC and probably also of its sulfoxide and sulphone metabolites is impaired, and thus inactivation of ALDH activity in the liver appears to be delayed or even completely absent. The consequence for the patient may be an insufficient DER.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Abstract
Disulfiram (Antabuse) is one of several aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitors that raise the plasma level of acetaldehyde following ethanol ingestion. The usually pleasant reaction to ethanol is thereby changed to an unpleasant one, owing to a number of bodily reactions to acetaldehyde. Populations showing genetic polymorphism with a lack of some isozymes of ALDH have exhibited an intolerance to ethanol similar to that seen with disulfiram. A normal isozyme pattern seems to be a prerequisite for the development of alcoholism, which supports the principle of disulfiram treatment. Disulfiram is an irreversible ALDH inhibitor when administered in vivo. Diethylthiomethylcarbamate (Me-DTC) is formed from disulfiram in three metabolic steps. This compound and two further oxidized metabolites appear to be active metabolites of disulfiram. Measurements of plasma Me-DTC or the reduction of leucocyte ALDH 1 activity may be valuable markers for the proper dose titration of disulfiram and the rational use of this drug. Some toxicological points are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Petersen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dumex Ltd., Copenhagen
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42
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Katz Y, Weizman R, Weizman A, Gavish M. Disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamate are competitive inhibitors at the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 262:394-7. [PMID: 1320691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study in vitro interactions of disulfiram (an agent used to induce ethanol intolerance in alcoholics), diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), and metronidazole with central benzodiazepine receptors (CBR) and peripheral benzodiazepine (BZ) receptors (PBR) were investigated in rat tissues. Disulfiram displaced specific binding of [3H]PK 11195 from PBR in the cerebral cortex with an IC50 value of 5 x 10(-7) M. The binding of [3H]PK 11195 and [3H]Ro 5-4864 to PBR in the kidney was displaced by disulfiram with IC50 values of 7 x 10(-7) and 2 x 10(-7) M, respectively. DDC displaced [3H]PK 11195 binding to kidney membranes with an IC50 value of 5 x 10(-5) M. Binding of [3H] flunitrazepam to CBR in the cerebral cortex was not affected by either disulfiram or DDC. Metronidazole (up to 10(-4) M), a disulfiram congener, did not affect [3H]flunitrazepam (FNZ) and [3H] PK 11195 binding to CBR and PBR, respectively. Scatchard analysis of [3H]PK 11195 binding to kidney membranes, performed in the absence or presence of 7 x 10(-7) M disulfiram, decreased ligand affinity without influencing the maximal number of binding sites, suggesting a competitive inhibition. Beta-Mercaptoethanol (2 x 10(-2) M), which blocks the inhibitory activity of disulfiram and DDC at the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, did not affect the inhibitory potency of disulfiram at the kidney PBR. Removal of disulfiram from kidney by repeated washing with Tris-HCl buffer resulted in the restoration of binding properties to control values, suggesting reversibility of disulfiram binding to PBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Katz
- Department of Pharmacology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
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43
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Hart BW, Faiman MD. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase by S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide, a new metabolite of disulfiram. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43:403-6. [PMID: 1311578 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90555-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In summary, these data provide the first evidence that DETC-MeSO is a natural metabolite of disulfiram, and a potent inhibitor of rat liver mitochondrial low Km ALDH both in vitro and in vivo. It is therefore proposed that, based upon evidence to date, DETC-MeSO appears to be the chemical species to which disulfiram must be bioactivated, and is the metabolite most likely responsible for disulfiram's inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial low Km ALDH in vivo. Characterization of the properties of DETC-MeSO as the metabolite responsible for disulfiram's action as an ALDH inhibitor is presently in the process of being completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045
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44
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Abstract
In a 14-day multiple-dose study the pharmacokinetics of paroxetine was investigated in 12 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and in 6 subjects without liver disease. The dose of 20-30 mg paroxetine daily was adjusted to the reduction in liver function, as assessed by the galactose elimination capacity. Accordingly, all but two of the cirrhotic patients received 20 mg, while all six control subjects received 30 mg. Dose-corrected, trough drug concentration at steady state (CSSmin) and dose-corrected AUC24h were significantly higher in the patients with liver diseases than in the control subjects [3.4 vs 1.5 ng.ml-1 per mg paroxetine and 89 vs 43 h (ng).ml-1 per mg paroxetine]. The elimination t1/2 was prolonged [83 vs 36 h], but the difference was not statistically significant, and the cirrhotic patients were still able to clear almost all the paroxetine by metabolism. All but two patients with cirrhosis experienced nausea during the first two or three days after the first dose, while none of the controls had this symptom. The study showed slower elimination of paroxetine and consequently higher plasma levels in patients with cirrhosis, suggesting that in the latter the dose of paroxetine should be in the lower end of the therapeutic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dalhoff
- Department of Medicine A, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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45
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Abstract
In humans and animals, disulfiram produces a disulfiram-ethanol reaction after an ethanol challenge, the basis of which is the inhibition of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Disulfiram and the metabolites diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), diethyldithiocarbamate-methyl ester (DDTC-Me), and S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate (DETC-Me) were studied in order to determine the role of bioactivation in disulfiram's action as an inhibitor of rat liver mitochondrial low Km ALDH (RLM low Km ALDH). In in vitro studies, disulfiram and DDTC (0.01 to 2.0 mM) both inhibited RLM low Km ALDH in a concentration-dependent manner. The addition of rat liver microsomes to the mitochondrial incubation did not further increase disulfiram-induced RLM low Km ALDH inhibition. However, DDTC-induced RLM low Km ALDH inhibition was increased further, but only at DDTC concentrations less than 0.05 mM. DDTC-Me and DETC-Me (2.0 mM) similarly exhibited an increased RLM low Km ALDH inhibition after the addition of liver microsomes. In in vivo studies, disulfiram (75 mg/kg), DDTC (114 mg/kg), DDTC-Me (41.2 mg/kg) or DETC-Me (18.6 mg/kg) administered i.p. to female rats inhibited RLM low Km ALDH. Inhibition of drug metabolism by pretreatment of rats with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor N-octylimidazole (NOI) (20 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to either disulfiram, DDTC, DDTC-Me or DETC-Me administration blocked the inhibition of RLM low Km ALDH. The in vitro and in vivo data support the conclusion that bioactivation of disulfiram to a reactive chemical species is required for RLM low Km ALDH inhibition and a disulfiram-ethanol reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Yourick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045
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46
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Abstract
Experiments were carried out to establish the role of glutathione reductase (GR), if any, in the metabolic conversion of disulfiram (DS) to diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC). It was observed that, under standard assay conditions, whereas DS was incorporated as a substrate instead of oxidised glutathione (GSSG), the enzymes from both human liver extract and yeast sources failed to reduce the parent compound, implying that glutathione reductase perse do not reduce disulfiram. However, the incorporation of disulfiram into an assay system comprising of GSSG, NADPH and reductase resulted in DS reduction to DDC. Further, the observation, that the GR assay system devoid of either GSSG or NADPH was found to lack DS reducing ability, implies that GSH as a reaction product of GR system is responsible for the reduction of DS to DDC. The results of in-vitro experiments indicated that GSH perse could reduce DS to DDC nonenzymatically, with a stoichiometric relationship of 2:1. Thus it is inferred that GR perse do not reduce DS, whereas GSH, as an intermediary metabolite of GR system, brings about non-enzymatic reduction of DS via a sulfhydral group exchange reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Nagendra
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
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47
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Hart BW, Yourick JJ, Faiman MD. S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate: a disulfiram metabolite and potent rat liver mitochondrial low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor. Alcohol 1990; 7:165-9. [PMID: 2158327 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(90)90079-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
S-methyl-N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate-methyl ester (DETC-Me), a proposed disulfiram metabolite, was investigated both in vivo and in vitro for its effectiveness as a liver mitochondrial low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase (L Km ALDH) inhibitor. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated intraperitoneally with DETC-Me, killed at various times and L Km ALDH determined. DETC-Me was found to be a more potent in vivo inhibitor of L Km ALDH than either disulfiram, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) or diethyldithiocarbamate-methyl ester (DDTC-Me). The ID50 for DETC-Me, DDTC-Me and disulfiram was 6.5, 15.5 and 56.2 mg/kg, respectively. The ID50 for DDTC was similar to DDTC-Me. Maximal inhibition of L Km ALDH occurred 30 minutes after DETC-Me administration. DETC-Me was ineffective as an in vitro inhibitor. DETC-Me produced a marked disulfiram-ethanol reaction (DER) at one-quarter of the dose of disulfiram or DDTC. Plasma DETC-Me in rats was greater after DETC-Me administration than after DDTC-Me, DDTC or disulfiram. In conclusion, DETC-Me is proposed to be a metabolite of disulfiram, and may be the immediate precursor of the chemical species responsible for L Km ALDH inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045
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48
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Masuda Y, Nakamura Y. Oxidation of diethyldithiocarbamate to disulfiram by liver microsomal cytochrome P-450-containing monooxygenase system. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1989; 66:57-67. [PMID: 2559440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined the involvement of cytochrome P-450 in the oxidation of diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) to disulfiram (DS) by liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH. DS difference spectra of liver microsomes showed a peak and trough at about 385 and 418 nm, respectively, which disappeared after further addition of glutathione (GSH). DTC alone had little effect on the microsomal spectrum, however, the addition of NADPH gradually produced a spectral change having a trough at 416-417 nm, which waned upon further addition of GSH. Microsomal DS production was increased by phenobarbital pretreatment and decreased by carbon tetrachloride pretreatment, depending on the activity of the cytochrome P-450-monooxygenase system. With microsomes peroxidized by cumene hydroperoxide, the extent of NADPH-dependent DS production lowered in proportion to the decrease in cytochrome P-450. Inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 such as SKF-525A, metyrapone and n-octylamine dose-dependently inhibited the DS production. Sodium azide, an inhibitor of catalase, increased the DS production, whereas addition of exogenous catalase only slightly suppressed it. It is concluded that oxidation of DTC to DS by liver microsomes largely proceeds via the cytochrome P-450-containing monooxygenase system and partly by hydrogen peroxide generated during NADPH oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Masuda
- Toxicology Division, Niigata College of Pharmacy, Japan
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49
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Abstract
A recently discovered metabolite, diethylthiocarbamic acid methyl ester (Me-DTC), has been found in the plasma of man and rats in much higher concentrations than any other described metabolite after therapeutic doses of disulfiram. Me-DTC, in contrast to other disulfiram metabolites, is a potent inhibitor of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in vitro. Like disulfiram, Me-DTC had a pronounced hypothermic effect in rats. This hypothermic effect and the augmented blood pressure response to ethanol challenge in rats developed rapidly with Me-DTC but were somewhat delayed with disulfiram. The blood pressure response outlasted the presence of Me-DTC in plasma (less than 24 h); a significant effect was found 48 h after pretreatment but not 72 h after a single dose. No effect was observed when ethanol was given 15 min before Me-DTC or disulfiram. These latter two observations are consistent with a function of Me-DTC as a suicide inhibitor of ALDH. Since Me-DTC has been reported to inhibit ALDH in vitro, even under anaerobic conditions, Me-DTC may be the active metabolite of disulfiram.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Petersen
- Department of Pharmacology, A/S Dumex, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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50
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Johansson B. Carbonyl sulfide: a copper chelating metabolite of disulfiram. Drug Metab Dispos 1989; 17:351-3. [PMID: 2568921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B Johansson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, General Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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