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Moradi K, Badripour A, Moradi A, Bagheri S, Soltani ZE, Moassefi M, Faghani S, Dehpour AR. Sumatriptan attenuates fear-learning despair induced by social isolation stress in mice: Mediating role of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 164:107006. [PMID: 38432042 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research has demonstrated that chronic stress experienced early in life can lead to impairments in memory and learning. These deficits are attributed to an imbalance in the interaction between glucocorticoids, the end product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and glucocorticoid receptors in brain regions responsible for mediating memory, such as the hippocampus. This imbalance can result in detrimental conditions like neuroinflammation. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of sumatriptan, a selective agonist for 5-HT 1B/1D receptors, on fear learning capabilities in a chronic social isolation stress model in mice, with a particular focus on the role of the HPA axis. METHODS Mice were assigned to two opposing conditions, including social condition (SC) and isolated condition (IC) for a duration of five weeks. All mice underwent passive avoidance test, with their subsequent freezing behavior serving as an indicator of fear retrieval. Mice in the IC group were administered either a vehicle, sumatriptan, GR-127935 (a selective antagonist for 5-HT 1B/1D receptors), or a combination of sumatriptan and GR-127935 during the testing sessions. At the end, all mice were sacrificed and samples of their serum and hippocampus were collected for further analysis. RESULTS Isolation was found to significantly reduce freezing behavior (p<0.001). An increase in the freezing response among IC mice was observed following the administration of varying doses of sumatriptan, as indicated by a one-way ANOVA analysis (p<0.001). However, the mitigating effects of sumatriptan were reversed upon the administration of GR-127935. An ELISA assay conducted before and after the passive avoidance test revealed no significant change in serum corticosterone levels among SC mice. In contrast, a significant increase was observed among IC mice, suggesting hyper-responsiveness of the HPA axis in isolated animals. This hyper-responsiveness was ameliorated following the administration of sumatriptan. Furthermore, both the sumatriptan and SC groups exhibited a similar trend, showing a significant increase in the expression of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors following the stress of the passive avoidance test. Lastly, the elevated production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) observed following social isolation was attenuated in the sumatriptan group. CONCLUSION Sumatriptan improved fear learning probably through modulation of HPA axis and hippocampus neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Moradi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Badripour
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moradi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayna Bagheri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebrahim Soltani
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mana Moassefi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Faghani
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Beech EL, Riddell N, Murphy MJ, Crewther SG. Sex and stress hormone dysregulation as clinical manifestations of hypothalamic function in migraine disorder: A meta-analysis. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3150-3171. [PMID: 37452646 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a leading cause of disability in young adults. It occurs more frequently in females, often comorbidly with stress disorders, suggesting an association with hypothalamic sex and stress hormonal function and a likely interaction with autonomic nervous system activation. Thus, this study aimed to meta-analyse current literature pertaining to female and male sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone and testosterone concentration), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) cortisol responses and heart rate variability (HRV) in migraineurs and controls aged 13-65 years. A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science databases on 29/08/2022 identified 29 studies for meta-analysis (encompassing 719 migraineur and 592 control participants) that met inclusion and NHLBI risk of bias criteria. Results demonstrated that estrogen concentrations of female migraineurs were reduced (g = -.60, 95% CI [-.91, -.29], p < .001) in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, compared to controls. No differences were found in progesterone levels overall in female migraineurs, nor in testosterone levels in male migraineurs compared to controls. Further, early diurnal cortisol concentrations were elevated (g = .32, 95% CI [.00, .63], p = .036) in female and male migraineurs compared to controls, though no differences were found in HRV of female or male migraineurs compared to controls. These findings of dysregulation of estrogen in females and cortisol dysregulation in female and male migraineurs indicate perturbed hypothalamic function and highlight the association of migraine with stress and the need for further rigorous investigation of hypothalamic neuroendocrine functions in migraineurs of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Beech
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nina Riddell
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melanie J Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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Noori-Zadeh A, Karamkhani M, Seidkhani-Nahal A, Khosravi A, Darabi S. Evidence for hyperprolactinemia in migraineurs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2019; 41:91-99. [PMID: 31444732 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis hormones which may play a crucial role in pathophysiology of migraine is prolactin which is secreted from anterior pituitary gland and synthesized by various immune system cells as well. Whether prolactin blood levels can affect the migraine pathogenesis is an open question. Therefore, investigating prolactin circulatory levels in migraineurs may pave the way to underpin the mechanisms of migraine pathophysiology at biochemical levels. In the current investigation, the prolactin blood levels in the migraine subjects were investigated using systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Using online and specialized biomedical databases including Google Scholar, Medline, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Embase, and Scopus, without the beginning date restriction until Feb 2019, the systematic review retrieved 11 publications in this systematic review after fulfilling for the inclusion and exclusion criteria. For heterogeneity, extent calculation statistical testing was applied. In the present study, the levels of circulatory prolactin in migraineurs assessed using standardized mean difference (SMD) as the effect size. RESULTS Q quantity and I2% statistic index showed a high heterogeneity in the 13 selected publications (188.370 and 92.568, respectively) and random-effects model was chosen for further analyses. The meta-analysis on a total number of 460 migraineurs and 429 healthy controls found that the weighted pooled SMD for the effects of prolactin blood concentrations on migraine pathogenesis was as follows: SMD = 1.435 (95% confidence interval, 0.854-2.015). CONCLUSION The current investigation presents evidence that prolactin blood levels are higher in migraineurs than healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noori-Zadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Morvarid Karamkhani
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Seidkhani-Nahal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Afra Khosravi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Shahram Darabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
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Borsook D, Maleki N, Becerra L, McEwen B. Understanding migraine through the lens of maladaptive stress responses: a model disease of allostatic load. Neuron 2012; 73:219-34. [PMID: 22284178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain and body respond to potential and actual stressful events by activating hormonal and neural mediators and modifying behaviors to adapt. Such responses help maintain physiological stability ("allostasis"). When behavioral or physiological stressors are frequent and/or severe, allostatic responses can become dysregulated and maladaptive ("allostatic load"). Allostatic load may alter brain networks both functionally and structurally. As a result, the brain's responses to continued/subsequent stressors are abnormal, and behavior and systemic physiology are altered in ways that can, in a vicious cycle, lead to further allostatic load. Migraine patients are continually exposed to such stressors, resulting in changes to central and peripheral physiology and function. Here we review how changes in brain states that occur as a result of repeated migraines may be explained by a maladaptive feedforward allostatic cascade model and how understanding migraine within the context of allostatic load model suggests alternative treatments for this often-debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, McLean, Massachusetts General, and Children's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Tietjen GE, Khubchandani J, Herial NA, Shah K. Adverse childhood experiences are associated with migraine and vascular biomarkers. Headache 2012; 52:920-9. [PMID: 22533684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Migraine is a risk factor for stroke in young women. Biomarker studies implicate endothelial activation as a possible mechanism. Emerging relationships of childhood adversity with migraine, and with inflammation, a component of endothelial activation, suggest that it may play a role in the migraine-stroke association. Our objective is to evaluate the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), migraine, and vascular biomarker levels in premenopausal women. METHODS Vascular and metabolic biomarkers from women 18-50 years, including 125 with migraine (interictal) and 50 without migraine, were evaluated. An ACE questionnaire was later collected by mail (response rate 80.6%, 100 migraineurs, 41 controls). RESULTS Migraineurs and controls were demographically similar. Migraineurs reported adversity more commonly than controls (71% vs 46%, odds ratio [OR] = 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.17). Average ACE scores were elevated in migraineurs as compared with controls (2.4 vs 0.76, P < .001). ACE scores correlated with headache frequency (0.37, P = .001) and younger age of headache onset (-0.22, P = .04). It also correlated with body mass index (r = 0.43, P = .0001), von Willebrand factor activity (r = 0.21, P = .009), tissue plasminogen activator antigen (r = 0.28, P = .004), prothrombin activation fragment (r = 0.36, P = .001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (r = 0.98, P = .0001), transforming growth factor-beta1 (r = 0.28, P = .003), tissue necrosis factor-alpha (r = 0.20, P = .03), interleukin-6 (r = 0.22, P = .03), adiponectin (r = -0.29, P = .003), and nitrate/nitrite concentration (r = -314, P = .001). Logistic regression analyses (adjusted for vascular risk factors and migraine) demonstrated an association of childhood adversity with inflammatory factors (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tissue necrosis factor-alpha). CONCLUSIONS In young women, adverse childhood events are associated with migraine, particularly chronic and transformed migraine, and with vascular biomarkers, especially inflammatory biomarkers. These findings implicate early life stress as a link between migraine and endothelial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E Tietjen
- Department of Neurology, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Abstract
Migraine and maltreatment are both common conditions that are more prevalent in women. Epidemiological evidence supports an association between childhood abuse and headache, as well as pain in general, although some controversy exists based on methodological concerns of studying the influence of remote, traumatic, stigmatizing events in an often depressed population. There is a growing scientific body of knowledge regarding the neurobiological effects of abuse on brain function and structure that suggest a possible role of early life stress in the pathogenesis of migraine, and a differential impact based on sex. Advances in our understanding of the basic mechanisms by which an adverse environment interacts with and changes the genome, may suggest new treatment strategies.
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Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Vighetti S, Asteggiano G. The biochemical and neuroendocrine bases of the hyperalgesic nocebo effect. J Neurosci 2006; 26:12014-22. [PMID: 17108175 PMCID: PMC6674855 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2947-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing research on placebos in recent times, little is known about the nocebo effect, a phenomenon that is opposite to the placebo effect and whereby expectations of symptom worsening play a crucial role. By studying experimental ischemic arm pain in healthy volunteers and by using a neuropharmacological approach, we found that verbally induced nocebo hyperalgesia was associated to hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as assessed by means of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol plasma concentrations. Both nocebo hyperalgesia and HPA hyperactivity were antagonized by the benzodiazepine diazepam, suggesting that anxiety played a major role in these effects. The administration of the mixed cholecystokinin (CCK) type-A/B receptor antagonist proglumide blocked nocebo hyperalgesia completely but had no effect on HPA hyperactivity, which suggests a specific involvement of CCK in the hyperalgesic but not in the anxiety component of the nocebo effect. Importantly, both diazepam and proglumide did not show analgesic properties on basal pain, because they acted only on the nocebo-induced pain increase. These data indicate a close relationship between anxiety and nocebo hyperalgesia, in which the CCKergic systems play a key role in anxiety-induced hyperalgesia. These results, together with previous findings showing that placebo analgesia is mediated by endogenous opioids, suggest that the analgesic placebo/hyperalgesic nocebo phenomenon may involve the opposite activation of endogenous opioidergic and CCKergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin Medical School, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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Rainero I, Ferrero M, Rubino E, Valfrè W, Pellegrino M, Arvat E, Giordano R, Ghigo E, Limone P, Pinessi L. Endocrine Function Is Altered in Chronic Migraine Patients with Medication-Overuse. Headache 2006; 46:597-603. [PMID: 16643554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of analgesic overuse on endocrine function in patients with chronic migraine and medication-overuse headache (CM-MOH). BACKGROUND Chronic migraine is frequently associated with an overuse of symptomatic medications. Drugs currently used in acute migraine attacks are associated with several endocrine effects. At present, the endocrine effects of medication overuse in chronic migraine patients are unknown. METHODS Eighteen patients with CM-MOH, diagnosed according to the ICHD-II criteria, and 18 healthy controls received an intravenous administration of GHRH, hCRH, and TRH. Plasma concentrations of GH, TSH, ACTH, and cortisol were measured for a 90-minute period after administration of the specific releasing hormones. RESULTS Hormonal basal concentrations were similar in both groups. GH response to GHRH was significantly reduced in patients with CM-MOH in comparison with controls. TRH induced a reduction of TSH concentrations only at the end of the test. After hCRH administration, ACTH and cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in cases than in controls. A significant correlation between duration of the disease and altered hormonal response was found. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that both corticotropic and somatotropic functions are significantly impaired in CM-MOH patients and suggests a role for hormones in the development of chronic migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocenzo Rainero
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology III--Headache Center, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 15, 10126 Torino, Italy
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Strittmatter M, Bianchi O, Ostertag D, Grauer M, Paulus C, Fischer C, Meyer S. Funktionsst�rung der hypothalamisch-hyphophys�r-adrenalen Achse bei Patienten mit akuten, chronischen und intervallartigen Schmerzsyndromen. Schmerz 2005; 19:109-16. [PMID: 15057553 DOI: 10.1007/s00482-004-0330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complex disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis constitute phenomena whose etiopathogenetic significance is the subject of controversy. The frequent coincidence with depressive symptoms further complicates interpretation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Daily variations in cortisol levels were measured in 20 patients with acute pain, 27 with chronic pain in the lumbar musculoskeletal system, and 44 with episodic forms of headache to determine the daily average and then correlated with differentiated algesimetric data. RESULTS Patients with chronic and episodic pain had significantly higher scores on the McGill Pain Questionnaire and more affective items as an expression of depressive symptoms than patients with acute pain. The three groups did not however exhibit significant differences for the depression scale and list of "psychovegetative" disorders. In comparison to an age-matched pain-free control population (n=17), the average daily levels of cortisol were significantly higher in all three groups besides singularly elevated daily levels, but no correlations between the cortisol values and overall algesimetric data could be established. Chronic pain patients with high depression scores had significantly higher cortisol levels irrespective of pain intensity. DISCUSSION Pain experiences cause increased plasma cortisol levels with significant elevation of the daily average. Whereas in cases of acute pain, a direct but unspecific stress reaction not connected with the pain seems to be likely, the underlying cause in cases of chronic and episodic pain appears to be a complex and enduring activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, likewise independent from pain, probably associated with concomitant depressive symptoms and disruption of the circadian rhythm of release controlled by the hypothalamus.
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Conscious expectation and unconscious conditioning in analgesic, motor, and hormonal placebo/nocebo responses. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12764120 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-10-04315.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The placebo and nocebo effect is believed to be mediated by both cognitive and conditioning mechanisms, although little is known about their role in different circumstances. In this study, we first analyzed the effects of opposing verbal suggestions on experimental ischemic arm pain in healthy volunteers and on motor performance in Parkinsonian patients and found that verbally induced expectations of analgesia/hyperalgesia and motor improvement/worsening antagonized completely the effects of a conditioning procedure. We also measured the effects of opposing verbal suggestions on hormonal secretion and found that verbally induced expectations of increase/decrease of growth hormone (GH) and cortisol did not have any effect on the secretion of these hormones. However, if a preconditioning was performed with sumatriptan, a 5-HT(1B/1D) agonist that stimulates GH and inhibits cortisol secretion, a significant increase of GH and decrease of cortisol plasma concentrations were found after placebo administration, although opposite verbal suggestions were given. These findings indicate that verbally induced expectations have no effect on hormonal secretion, whereas they affect pain and motor performance. This suggests that placebo responses are mediated by conditioning when unconscious physiological functions such as hormonal secretion are involved, whereas they are mediated by expectation when conscious physiological processes such as pain and motor performance come into play, even though a conditioning procedure is performed.
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Pinessi L, Rainero I, Valfrè W, Lo Giudice R, Ferrero M, Rivoiro C, Arvat E, Gianotti L, Del Rizzo P, Limone P. Abnormal 5-HT1D receptor function in cluster headache: a neuroendocrine study with sumatriptan. Cephalalgia 2003; 23:354-60. [PMID: 12780765 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the sensitivity of 5-HT(1D) receptors in patients with episodic cluster headache using sumatriptan as a pharmacological probe. The drug, a selective 5-HT(1B/1D) agonist, stimulates the secretion of growth hormone and inhibits the release of prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol. These effects may be used to explore the function of serotonergic systems in vivo. We administered subcutaneous sumatriptan and placebo to 20 patients with cluster headache (10 in the active phase and 10 in the remission period) and to 12 controls. The sumatriptan-induced increase of growth hormone concentrations was significantly (P < 0.05) blunted in patients with active cluster headache. Prolactin and ACTH responses to the drug were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in patients with cluster headache, both in the active and in the remission period. Our results suggest that cerebral serotonergic functions mediated by 5-HT(1D) receptors are altered in patients with episodic cluster headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pinessi
- Neurology III, Headache Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Rainero I, Valfrè W, Savi L, Ferrero M, Del Rizzo P, Limone P, Isaia GC, Gianotti L, Pollo A, Verde R, Benedetti F, Pinessi L. Decreased sensitivity of 5-HT1D receptors in chronic tension-type headache. Headache 2002; 42:709-14. [PMID: 12390633 DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-4610.2002.02172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the sensitivity of 5-HT1D receptors in chronic tension-type headache using sumatriptan as a pharmacological probe. BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested involvement of serotonergic systems in chronic tension-type headache (CTTH), but relevant experimental data are limited. Sumatriptan, a 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist, stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) and inhibits the release of ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin. These effects may be used to explore the function of serotonergic systems in vivo. METHODS We measured GH, ACTH, cortisol and prolactin (PRL) plasma concentrations in 15 patients with chronic tension-type headache and in 18 healthy controls after subcutaneous administration of sumatriptan (6 mg) or placebo. RESULTS Placebo administration had no effect on hormone concentrations. GH and PRL secretion after sumatriptan administration was significantly (P<0.01 and <0.05) altered in CTTH patients in comparison with controls. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that cerebral serotonergic functions mediated by 5-HT1D receptors are altered in CTTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rainero
- Neurology III-Headache Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Italy
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