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Rigamonti AE, Haenelt M, Bidlingmaier M, De Col A, Tamini S, Tringali G, De Micheli R, Abbruzzese L, Goncalves da Cruz CR, Bernardo-Filho M, Cella SG, Sartorio A. Obese adolescents exhibit a constant ratio of GH isoforms after whole body vibration and maximal voluntary contractions. BMC Endocr Disord 2018; 18:96. [PMID: 30587244 PMCID: PMC6307112 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-018-0323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth hormone (GH) is a heterogeneous protein composed of several molecular isoforms, the most abundant ones being the 22 kDa- and 20 kDa-GH. Exercise-induced secretion of GH isoforms has been extensively investigated in normal-weight individuals due to antidoping purposes, particularly recombinant human GH (rhGH) abuse. On the other hand, the evaluation of exercise-induced responses in GH isoforms has never been performed in obese subjects. METHODS The acute effects of whole body vibration (WBV) or maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) alone and the combination of MVC with WBV (MVC + WBV) on circulating levels of 22 kDa- and 20 kDa-GH were evaluated in 8 obese male adolescents [mean age ± SD: 17.1 ± 3.3 yrs.; weight: 107.4 ± 17.8 kg; body mass index (BMI): 36.5 ± 6.6 kg/m2; BMI standard deviation score (SDS): 3.1 ± 0.6]. RESULTS MVC (alone or combined with WBV) significantly stimulated 22 kDa- and 20 kDa-GH secretion, while WBV alone was ineffective. In particular, 22 kDa- and 20 kDa-GH peaks were significantly higher after MVC + WBV and MVC than WBV. In addition, 22 kDa-GH (but not 20 kDa-GH) peak was significantly higher after MVC + WBV than MVC. Importantly, the ratio of circulating levels of 22 kDa- to 20 kDa-GH was constant throughout the time window of evaluation after exercise and similar among the three different protocols of exercise. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study confirm the ability of MVC, alone and in combination with WBV, to stimulate both 22 kDa- and 20 kDa-GH secretion in obese patients, these responses being related to the exercise workload. Since the ratio of 22 kDa- to 20 kDa-GH is constant after exercise and independent from the protocols of exercise as in normal-weight subjects, hyposomatotropism in obesity does not seem to depend on an unbalance of circulating GH isoforms. Since the present study was carried out in a small cohort of obese sedentary adolescents, these preliminary results should be confirmed in further future studies enrolling overweight/obese subjects with a wider age range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Rigamonti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Haenelt
- Endocrine Research Laboratories, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - M. Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Research Laboratories, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - A. De Col
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Verbania, Italy
| | - S. Tamini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Verbania, Italy
| | - G. Tringali
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Verbania, Italy
| | - R. De Micheli
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Verbania, Italy
| | - L. Abbruzzese
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Verbania, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of Auxology and Metabolic Diseases, Verbania, Italy
| | - C. R. Goncalves da Cruz
- Departamento de Biofisica e Biometria, Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Praticas Integrativas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M. Bernardo-Filho
- Departamento de Biofisica e Biometria, Laboratório de Vibrações Mecânicas e Praticas Integrativas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S. G. Cella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A. Sartorio
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-endocrinological Research, Milan and Verbania, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of Auxology and Metabolic Diseases, Verbania, Italy
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Ribeiro de Oliveira Longo Schweizer J, Ribeiro-Oliveira A, Bidlingmaier M. Growth hormone: isoforms, clinical aspects and assays interference. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 4:18. [PMID: 30181896 PMCID: PMC6114276 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-018-0068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of circulating concentrations of growth hormone (GH) is an indispensable tool in the diagnosis of both GH deficiency and GH excess. GH is a heterogeneous protein composed of several molecular isoforms, but the physiological role of these different isoforms has not yet been fully understood. The 22KD GH (22 K-GH) is the main isoform in circulation, followed by 20KD GH (20 K-GH) and other rare isoforms. Studies have been performed to better understand the biological actions of the different isoforms as well as their importance in pathological conditions. Generally, the non-22 K- and 20 K-GH isoforms are secreted in parallel to 22 K-GH, and only very moderate changes in the ratio between isoforms have been described in some pituitary tumors or during exercise. Therefore, in a diagnostic approach, concentrations of 22 K-GH accurately reflect total GH secretion. On the other hand, the differential recognition of GH isoforms by different GH immunoassays used in clinical routine contributes to the known discrepancy in results from different GH assays. This makes the application of uniform decision limits problematic. Therefore, the worldwide efforts to standardize GH assays include the recommendation to use 22 K-GH specific GH assays calibrated against the pure 22 K-GH reference preparation 98/574. Adoption of this recommendation might lead to improvement in diagnosis and follow-up of pathological conditions, and facilitate the comparison of results from different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antônio Ribeiro-Oliveira
- 1Endocrinology Laboratory of Federal University of Minas Gerais. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Brazil
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- 2Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Analytical challenges in the detection of peptide hormones for anti-doping purposes. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1577-90. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although significant progress has been achieved during the past few years with the introduction of new assays and analytical methodologies, the detection and quantification of protein analytes, in particular of peptide hormones, continues to pose analytical challenges for the World Anti-Doping Agency-accredited anti-doping laboratories. In this article, the latest achievements in the application of MS-based methodologies and specific biochemical and immunological assays to detect some of the prohibited substances listed in section S2 of the World Anti-Doping Agency List of Prohibited Substances and Methods are reviewed. In addition, we look towards the future by focusing on some of the most promising analytical approaches under development for the detection of so-called ‘biomarkers of doping’.
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