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Cirmi S, Maugeri A, Russo C, Musumeci L, Navarra M, Lombardo GE. Oleacein Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in THP-1-Derived Macrophages by the Inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031206. [PMID: 35163130 PMCID: PMC8835840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that plant phenolic compounds exert anti-inflammatory activity through both anti-oxidant effects and modulation of pivotal pro-inflammatory factors. Recently, Olea europaea has been studied as a natural source of bioactive molecules; however, few studies have focused on the biological effect of oleacein (OLC), the most abundant secoiridoid. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential anti-oxidant activity of OLC, as well as to study its anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages. LPS brought a dramatic increase of both release and gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α), as well as a decrease of anti-inflammatory ones (IL-10), the effects of which are reverted by OLC. Moreover, it reduced the levels of COX-2, NO and PGE2 elicited by LPS exposure in THP-1 macrophages. Interestingly, OLC modulated inflammatory signaling pathways through the inhibition of CD14/TLR4/CD14/MyD88 axis and the activation of NF-κB. Finally, OLC showed relevant anti-oxidant capability, assessed by abiotic assays, and reduced the intracellular amount of ROS generated by LPS exposure in THP-1 macrophages. Overall, these results suggest that the anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect of OLC may cooperate in its protective effect against inflammatory stressors, thus being a possible alternative pharmacological strategy aimed at reducing the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santa Cirmi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (A.M.); (C.R.); (L.M.); (G.E.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maugeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (A.M.); (C.R.); (L.M.); (G.E.L.)
| | - Caterina Russo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (A.M.); (C.R.); (L.M.); (G.E.L.)
- Fondazione “Prof. Antonio Imbesi”, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Musumeci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (A.M.); (C.R.); (L.M.); (G.E.L.)
| | - Michele Navarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (A.M.); (C.R.); (L.M.); (G.E.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giovanni Enrico Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.C.); (A.M.); (C.R.); (L.M.); (G.E.L.)
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Bergamottin and 5-Geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin Cooperate in the Cytotoxic Effect of Citrus bergamia (Bergamot) Essential Oil in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Line. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040275. [PMID: 33920139 PMCID: PMC8069240 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant kingdom has always been a treasure trove for valuable bioactive compounds, and Citrus fruits stand out among the others. Bergamottin (BRG) and 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin (5-G-7-MOC) are two coumarins found in different Citrus species with well-acknowledged pharmacological properties. Previously, they have been claimed to be relevant in the anti-proliferative effects exerted by bergamot essential oil (BEO) in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. This study was designed to verify this assumption and to assess the mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative effect of both compounds. Our results demonstrate that BRG and 5-G-7-MOC are able to reduce the proliferation of SH-SY5Y cells, inducing apoptosis and increasing cell population in sub-G0/G1 phase. Moreover, we demonstrated the pro-oxidant activity of the two coumarins that increased reactive oxygen species and impaired mitochondrial membrane potential. From a molecular point of view, BRG and 5-G-7-MOC were able to modulate apoptosis related factors at both protein and gene levels. Lastly, we evaluated the synergistic effect of their combination, finding that the highest synergy was observed at a concentration ratio similar to that occurring in the BEO, supporting our initial hypothesis. Taken together, our results deepen the knowledge regarding the effect of BRG and 5-G-7-MOC in SH-SY5Y cells, emphasizing the relevance of their cooperation in achieving this effect.
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A Flavonoid-Rich Extract of Mandarin Juice Counteracts 6-OHDA-Induced Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells and Modulates Parkinson-Related Genes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040539. [PMID: 33808343 PMCID: PMC8066648 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the nervous system due to unceasing impairment of dopaminergic neurons situated in the substantia nigra. At present, anti-PD drugs acting on dopamine receptors are mainly symptomatic and have only very limited neuroprotective effects, whereas drugs slowing down neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons and deterioration of clinical symptoms are not yet available. Given that, the development of more valuable pharmacological strategies is highly demanded. Comprehensive research on innovative neuroprotective drugs has proven that anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecules from food sources may prevent and/or counteract neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD. The present study was aimed at the evaluation the protective effect of mandarin juice extract (MJe) against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell death. Treatment of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells with 6-OHDA brought cell death, and specifically, apoptosis, which was significantly inhibited by the preincubation with MJe through caspase 3 blockage and the modulation of p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 genes. In addition, it showed antioxidant properties in abiotic models as well as in vitro, where it reduced both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species induced by 6-OHDA, along with restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and prevented the oxidative DNA damage evoked by 6-OHDA. Furthermore, MJe restored the impaired balance of SNCA, LRRK2, PINK1, parkin, and DJ-1 gene levels, PD-related factors, caused by 6-OHDA oxidative stress. Overall, these results indicate that MJe exerts neuroprotective effects against 6-OHDA-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells by mechanisms involving both the specific interaction with intracellular pathways and its antioxidant capability. Our study suggests a novel possible strategy to prevent and/or ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD.
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Cirmi S, Celano M, Lombardo GE, Maggisano V, Procopio A, Russo D, Navarra M. Oleacein inhibits STAT3, activates the apoptotic machinery, and exerts anti-metastatic effects in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Food Funct 2021; 11:3271-3279. [PMID: 32219291 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies published in the last decade suggest that the beneficial role of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) in human health is mostly attributable to the main secoiridoid derivatives (oleuropein, oleocanthal, and oleacein). Anti-cancer properties have also been demonstrated for certain compounds present in small quantities in EVOO, including oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, which have been extensively studied, while minor attention has been given to the most abundant secoiridoid oleacein. The aim of our research was to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic capacity of oleacein in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. Our results demonstrate that oleacein is able to reduce the proliferation of the SH-SY5Y cells by blocking the cell cycle in the S phase and inducing apoptotic cell death through the increase in both Bax and p53 as well as a reduction in the Bcl-2 expression and STAT3 phosphorylation. Moreover, oleacein caused reduction in the SH-SY5Y cell adhesion and migration. Overall, these findings indicate that oleacein exerts anti-cancer effects against neuroblastoma cells, suggesting a promising role as a candidate against this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santa Cirmi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Marilena Celano
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Maggisano
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Procopio
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Navarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy.
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Src Inhibitors Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines, Si306 and Pro-Si306, Inhibit Focal Adhesion Kinase and Suppress Human Glioblastoma Invasion In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061570. [PMID: 32545852 PMCID: PMC7352231 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), as the most aggressive brain tumor, displays a high expression of Src tyrosine kinase, which is involved in the survival, migration, and invasiveness of tumor cells. Thus, Src emerged as a potential target for GBM therapy. The effects of Src inhibitors pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines, Si306 and its prodrug pro-Si306 were investigated in human GBM cell lines (U87 and U87-TxR) and three primary GBM cell cultures. Primary GBM cells were more resistant to Si306 and pro-Si306 according to the 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. However, the ability of all GBM cells to degrade the extracellular matrix was considerably compromised after Si306 and pro-Si306 applications. Besides reducing the phosphorylation of Src and its downstream signaling pathway components, both compounds decreased the phosphorylated form of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression, showing the potential to suppress the aggressiveness of GBM. In vivo, Si306 and pro-Si306 displayed an anti-invasive effect against U87 xenografts in the zebrafish embryo model. Considering that Si306 and pro-Si306 are able to cross the blood–brain barrier and suppress the spread of GBM cells, we anticipate their clinical testing in the near future. Moreover, the prodrug showed similar efficacy to the drug, implying the rationality of its use in clinical settings.
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Nisar A, Mahjabeen I, Mehmood A, Ahmed MW, Khurshid K, Kayani MA. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analysis of Src and Yes1 genes in thyroid cancer. Future Oncol 2020; 16:779-792. [PMID: 32253932 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study was planned to examine the effects of Src and Yes1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) on the risk of thyroid cancer in 499 patients and 500 controls. Materials & methods: Three SNPs of Src gene and three SNPs of Yes1 gene were analyzed using Tetra-primer ARMS-PCR followed by sequencing. Results: rs121913314 of Src gene genotype TT showed 32-fold increased risk of thyroid cancer and rs2305994 of Yes1 genotypes TT and CT showed 2.7-fold and 16-fold increased risk in thyroid cancer (p < 0.0001). Haplotype analysis revealed that CATGCC, CATGCT, CATGTC, CATGTT, TATGCC and TATGTTA haplotypes are associated with thyroid cancer risk. Conclusion: Results showed that genotypes and allele distribution of Src and Yes1 genes are significantly linked with increased risk of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Nisar
- Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ishrat Mahjabeen
- Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Mehmood
- Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Malik Waqar Ahmed
- Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalida Khurshid
- Department of Radiation, Nuclear Oncology Radiation Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Akhtar Kayani
- Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Ferlazzo N, Cirmi S, Maugeri A, Russo C, Lombardo GE, Gangemi S, Calapai G, Mollace V, Navarra M. Neuroprotective Effect of Bergamot Juice in 6-OHDA-Induced SH-SY5Y Cell Death, an In Vitro Model of Parkinson's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040326. [PMID: 32260543 PMCID: PMC7238189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Much evidence suggests that both oxidative stress and apoptosis play a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The present study aims to evaluate the protective effect of bergamot juice (BJ) against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)- or H2O2-induced cell death. Treatment of differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells with 6-OHDA or H2O2 resulted in cell death that was significantly reduced by the pre-treatment with BJ. The protective effects of BJ seem to correlate with the reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide generation caused by 6-OHDA or H2O2. BJ also attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase-3 activation, imbalance of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, MAPKs activation and reduced NF-ĸB nuclear translocation evoked by neurotoxic agents. Additionally, BJ exhibited excellent antioxidant capability in cell-free assays. Collectively, our results suggest that BJ exerts neuroprotective effect through the interplay with specific cell targets and its antioxidant activity, making it worthy of consideration for the management of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ferlazzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (N.F.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (C.R.); (G.E.L.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Santa Cirmi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (N.F.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (C.R.); (G.E.L.)
| | - Alessandro Maugeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (N.F.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (C.R.); (G.E.L.)
| | - Caterina Russo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (N.F.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (C.R.); (G.E.L.)
- Fondazione “Prof. Antonio Imbesi”, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Enrico Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (N.F.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (C.R.); (G.E.L.)
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy;
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Michele Navarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (N.F.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (C.R.); (G.E.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Askari B, Rudbari HA, Micale N, Schirmeister T, Maugeri A, Navarra M. Anticancer study of heterobimetallic platinum(II)-ruthenium(II) and platinum(II)-rhodium(III) complexes with bridging dithiooxamide ligand. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Effects of a Flavonoid-Rich Extract from Citrus sinensis Juice on a Diet-Induced Obese Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205116. [PMID: 31619003 PMCID: PMC6834169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is a pathological condition that has reached epidemic proportions; hence, it is necessary to find novel strategies aimed at fighting this disease. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of a flavonoid-rich extract of orange (Citrus sinensis) juice (OJe) in diet-induced obese zebrafish. Methods: Adult zebrafish were divided into four diet groups: (i) normally fed (NF); (ii) overfed (OF); (iii) NF supplemented with OJe (5 mL/L in fish water; NF + OJe); and (iv) OF supplemented with OJe (OF + OJe). Each week, body weight (BW) and body mass index (BMI) were measured, and, at the end of the fifth week, euthanized zebrafish were processed for both microscopic evaluations and qPCR analyses. Results: In OF zebrafish, OJe significantly decreased both BW and BMI values and lowered the visceral adipose tissue, while it had little effect in the NF group. Moreover, it significantly reduced adipocyte cell size in both NF and OF groups in both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues, as well as their number in OF fish. Finally, OJe modulated some obesity-related genes, such as leptin A, ghrelin, orexin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and neuropeptide Y (NPY), in both gut and brain. Conclusion: This study adds new insights into the anti-obesity properties of orange juice and its flavonoids, suggesting their role as weight management agents through a lipolytic action linked to a restoration of metabolism-regulating gene expression.
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Fallacara AL, Zamperini C, Podolski-Renić A, Dinić J, Stanković T, Stepanović M, Mancini A, Rango E, Iovenitti G, Molinari A, Bugli F, Sanguinetti M, Torelli R, Martini M, Maccari L, Valoti M, Dreassi E, Botta M, Pešić M, Schenone S. A New Strategy for Glioblastoma Treatment: In Vitro and In Vivo Preclinical Characterization of Si306, a Pyrazolo[3,4- d]Pyrimidine Dual Src/P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E848. [PMID: 31248184 PMCID: PMC6628362 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and other ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in multidrug resistant (MDR) cancer cells is responsible for the reduction of intracellular drug accumulation, thus decreasing the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. P-gp is also found at endothelial cells' membrane of the blood-brain barrier, where it limits drug delivery to central nervous system (CNS) tumors. We have previously developed a set of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines and their prodrugs as novel Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), showing a significant activity against CNS tumors in in vivo. Here we investigated the interaction of the most promising pair of drug/prodrug with P-gp at the cellular level. The tested compounds were found to increase the intracellular accumulation of Rho 123, and to enhance the efficacy of paclitaxel in P-gp overexpressing cells. Encouraging pharmacokinetics properties and tolerability in vivo were also observed. Our findings revealed a novel role of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines which may be useful for developing a new effective therapy in MDR cancer treatment, particularly against glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lucia Fallacara
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Claudio Zamperini
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l., via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy.
| | - Ana Podolski-Renić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" (IBISS), University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade (RS), Serbia.
| | - Jelena Dinić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" (IBISS), University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade (RS), Serbia.
| | - Tijana Stanković
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" (IBISS), University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade (RS), Serbia.
| | - Marija Stepanović
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" (IBISS), University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade (RS), Serbia.
| | - Arianna Mancini
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Enrico Rango
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Giulia Iovenitti
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Alessio Molinari
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Torelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Maccari
- Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l., via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy.
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l., via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy.
| | - Milica Pešić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" (IBISS), University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade (RS), Serbia.
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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Vignaroli G, Iovenitti G, Zamperini C, Coniglio F, Calandro P, Molinari A, Fallacara AL, Sartucci A, Calgani A, Colecchia D, Mancini A, Festuccia C, Dreassi E, Valoti M, Musumeci F, Chiariello M, Angelucci A, Botta M, Schenone S. Prodrugs of Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines: From Library Synthesis to Evaluation as Potential Anticancer Agents in an Orthotopic Glioblastoma Model. J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28650650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines are potent protein kinase inhibitors with promising antitumor activity but suboptimal aqueous solubility, consequently worth being further optimized. Herein, we present the one-pot two-step procedure for the synthesis of a set of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine prodrugs (1a-8a and 9a-e) with higher aqueous solubility and enhanced pharmacokinetic and therapeutic properties. ADME studies demonstrated for the most promising prodrugs a better aqueous solubility, a favorable hydrolysis in human and murine serum, and an increased ability to cross cell membranes with respect to the parental drugs, explaining their better 24 h in vitro cytotoxicity against human glioblastoma U87 cell line. Finally, the 4-4a couple of drug/prodrug was also evaluated in vivo, revealing a profitable pharmacokinetic profile of the prodrug associated with a good efficacy. The application of the prodrug approach demonstrated to be a successful strategy for improving aqueous solubility of the parental drugs, determining a positive impact also in their biological efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vignaroli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l. , via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Iovenitti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l. , via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Zamperini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l. , via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Coniglio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l. , via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Calandro
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessio Molinari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Fallacara
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Calgani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università dell'Aquila , Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - David Colecchia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Core Research Laboratory , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università dell'Aquila , Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università dell'Aquila , Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova , Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Chiariello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Core Research Laboratory , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Adriano Angelucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università dell'Aquila , Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena , Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l. , via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University , BioLife Science Building, Suite 333, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Core Research Laboratory , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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12
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Starenki D, Hong SK, Wu PK, Park JI. Vandetanib and cabozantinib potentiate mitochondria-targeted agents to suppress medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:473-483. [PMID: 28475408 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1323594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the FDA-approved receptor tyrosine kinases inhibitors, vandetanib and cabozantinib, are used to treat surgically inoperable progressive medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), not all patients are responsive while the disease sometimes progresses after an initial response. To better understand MTC drug resistance at molecular and biochemical levels, we have generated drug-resistant subpopulations of the human MTC cell lines, TT and MZ-CRC-1, via prolonged exposure to vandetanib and cabozantinib. These drug-resistant progenies exhibited substantial cross-resistance to vandetanib and cabozantinib, suggesting that these inhibitors may invoke an overlapping resistance mechanism(s) in MTC cells. Of note, vandetanib and cabozantinib increased mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in drug-naïve as well as drug-resistant cells but only drug-naïve cells exhibited substantially altered oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates. Therefore, these inhibitors appear to cause a bioenergetics stress to which drug-resistant MTC cells are more tolerant. Given the ability of vandetanib and cabozantinib to increase Δψm, we hypothesized that these inhibitors can augment growth inhibitory effects of mitochondria-targeted carboxy-proxyl and ubiquinone by increasing their Δψm-dependent uptake/retention in MTC cells. Indeed, our in vitro and mouse xenograft data strongly support this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Starenki
- a Department of Biochemistry , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Seung-Keun Hong
- a Department of Biochemistry , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Pui-Kei Wu
- a Department of Biochemistry , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Jong-In Park
- a Department of Biochemistry , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
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13
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Ueshima C, Kataoka TR, Takei Y, Hirata M, Sugimoto A, Hirokawa M, Okayama Y, Blumberg RS, Haga H. CEACAM1 long isoform has opposite effects on the growth of human mastocytosis and medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. Cancer Med 2017; 6:845-856. [PMID: 28332308 PMCID: PMC5387134 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is expressed in a number of tumor cell types. The immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motif (ITIM)‐containing isoforms of this molecule which possess a long cytoplasmic tail (CEACAM1‐L) generally play inhibitory roles in cell function by interacting with Src homology 2 domain‐containing tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)‐1 and/or SHP‐2. Src family kinases (SFKs) are also known to bind to and phosphorylate CEACAM1‐L isoforms. Here, we report that CEACAM1 was uniquely expressed at high levels in both human neoplastic mast cells (mastocytosis) and medullary thyroid carcinoma cell (MTC) lines, when compared with their expression in nonneoplastic mast cells or nonneoplastic C cells. This expression was mainly derived from CEACAM1‐L isoforms based upon assessment of CEACAM1 mRNA expression. CEACAM1 knockdown upregulated cell growth of HMC1.2 cells harboring KIT mutations detected in clinical mastocytosis, whereas downregulated the growth of TT cells harboring RET mutations detected in clinical MTCs. Immunoblotting, ELISA and immunoprecipitaion analysis showed that activated SHP‐1 is preferentially associated with CEACAM1 in HMC1.2 cells harboring KIT mutations, whereas Src family kinases (SFKs) are preferentially associated with CEACAM1 in TT cells harboring RET mutations. These studies suggest that the dominantly interacting proteins SHP1 or SFK determine whether CEACAM1‐L displays a positive or negative role in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyuki Ueshima
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yusuke Takei
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sugimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yoshimichi Okayama
- Division of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Zahedifar M, Razavi R, Sheibani H. Reaction of (chloro carbonyl) phenyl ketene with 5-amino pyrazolones: Synthesis, characterization and theoretical studies of 7-hydroxy-6-phenyl-3-(phenyldiazenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-2,5(1H,4H)-dione derivatives. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Ismail NS, Ali GM, Ibrahim DA, Elmetwali AM. Medicinal attributes of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine based scaffold derivatives targeting kinases as anticancer agents. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjps.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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16
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Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, La Motta C, Materazzi G, Bocci G, Da Settimo F, Miccoli P, Antonelli A. CLM29 and CLM24, pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives, have antitumoral activity in vitro in anaplastic thyroid cancer, with or without BRAF mutation. Endocrine 2016; 53:136-44. [PMID: 26286966 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the antitumor activity of two new "pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine" compounds (CLM29 and CLM24) that inhibit several targets (including the RET tyrosine kinase, epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, with an antiangiogenic effect) in primary anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cell cultures and in the human cell line 8305C (undifferentiated thyroid cancer). The antitumor effect of CLM29 and CLM24 was tested in: nine primary ATC cultures obtained from patients at the time of surgery at the concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 30, 50 µM; in 8305C cells at 1, 5, 10, 30, 50 µM for CLM29, and 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 µM for CLM24. CLM29, and CLM24 significantly inhibited the proliferation of 8305C cells. A significant reduction of proliferation with CLM29 and CLM24 in ATC cells (P < 0.01, for both, ANOVA) was shown. CLM29 and CLM24 increased the percentage of apoptotic ATC cells dose-dependently (P < 0.001, ANOVA). The (V600E) BRAF mutation was observed in three ATCs; the results about the inhibition of proliferation by CLM29 and CLM24, obtained in ATC from tumors with (V600E) BRAF mutation were similar to those from tumors without BRAF mutation. CLM29 inhibited migration and invasion (P < 0.01) of primary ATC cells, while CLM24 had no significant effect. The antitumor activity of two new "pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine" compounds (CLM24, CLM29) in vitro in ATC, independent from BRAF mutation, has been shown, allowing a future clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Concettina La Motta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Materazzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Bocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Via Alderotti 27/n, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Miccoli
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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17
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Starenki D, Park JI. Selective Mitochondrial Uptake of MKT-077 Can Suppress Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Survival In Vitro and In Vivo. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:593-603. [PMID: 26485469 PMCID: PMC4722416 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.4.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor mainly caused by mutations in the rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene. Not all patients with progressive MTC respond to current therapy inhibiting RET, demanding additional therapeutic strategies. We recently demonstrated that disrupting mitochondrial metabolism using a mitochondria-targeted agent or by depleting a mitochondrial chaperone effectively suppressed human MTC cells in culture and in mouse xenografts by inducing apoptosis and RET downregulation. These observations led us to hypothesize that mitochondria are potential therapeutic targets for MTC. This study further tests this hypothesis using1-ethyl-2-[[3-ethyl-5-(3-methylbenzothiazolin-2-yliden)]-4-oxothiazolidin-2-ylidenemethyl] pyridinium chloride (MKT-077), a water-soluble rhodocyanine dye analogue, which can selectively accumulate in mitochondria. METHODS The effects of MKT-077 on cell proliferation, survival, expression of RET and tumor protein 53 (TP53), and mitochondrial activity were determined in the human MTC lines in culture and in mouse xenografts. RESULTS MKT-077 induced cell cycle arrest in TT and MZ-CRC-1. Intriguingly, MKT-077 also induced RET downregulation and strong cell death responses in TT cells, but not in MZ-CRC-1 cells. This discrepancy was mainly due to the difference between the capacities of these cell lines to retain MKT-077 in mitochondria. The cytotoxicity of MKT-077 in TT cells was mainly attributed to oxidative stress while being independent of TP53. MKT-077 also effectively suppressed tumor growth of TT xenografts. CONCLUSION MKT-077 can suppress cell survival of certain MTC subtypes by accumulating in mitochondria and interfering with mitochondrial activity although it can also suppress cell proliferation via other mechanisms. These results consistently support the hypothesis that mitochondrial targeting has therapeutic potential for MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Starenki
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jong In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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18
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Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Politti U, Materazzi G, Baldini E, Ulisse S, Miccoli P, Antonelli A. Molecular Targeted Therapies of Aggressive Thyroid Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:176. [PMID: 26635725 PMCID: PMC4653714 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs) that arise from follicular cells account >90% of thyroid cancer (TC) [papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) 90%, follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) 10%], while medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) accounts <5%. Complete total thyroidectomy is the treatment of choice for PTC, FTC, and MTC. Radioiodine is routinely recommended in high-risk patients and considered in intermediate risk DTC patients. DTC cancer cells, during tumor progression, may lose the iodide uptake ability, becoming resistant to radioiodine, with a significant worsening of the prognosis. The lack of specific and effective drugs for aggressive and metastatic DTC and MTC leads to additional efforts toward the development of new drugs. Several genetic alterations in different molecular pathways in TC have been shown in the past few decades, associated with TC development and progression. Rearranged during transfection (RET)/PTC gene rearrangements, RET mutations, BRAF mutations, RAS mutations, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 angiogenesis pathways are some of the known pathways determinant in the development of TC. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are small organic compounds inhibiting tyrosine kinases auto-phosphorylation and activation, most of them are multikinase inhibitors. TKIs act on the aforementioned molecular pathways involved in growth, angiogenesis, local, and distant spread of TC. TKIs are emerging as new therapies of aggressive TC, including DTC, MTC, and anaplastic thyroid cancer, being capable of inducing clinical responses and stabilization of disease. Vandetanib and cabozantinib have been approved for the treatment of MTC, while sorafenib and lenvatinib for DTC refractory to radioiodine. These drugs prolong median progression-free survival, but until now no significant increase has been observed on overall survival; side effects are common. New efforts are made to find new more effective and safe compounds and to personalize the therapy in each TC patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Politti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Materazzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enke Baldini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Miccoli
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandro Antonelli,
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19
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Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, La Motta C, Bocci G, Corrado A, Materazzi G, Galleri D, Piaggi S, Danesi R, Da Settimo F, Miccoli P, Antonelli A. Antineoplastic activity of the multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors CLM3 and CLM94 in medullary thyroid cancer in vitro. Surgery 2014; 156:1167-76. [PMID: 25151558 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report the antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic activity of the pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivative CLM3 and the cyclic amide CLM94, both multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), in human primary medullary thyroid cancer (P-MTC) cells, and in vitro in the medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) cell lines TT (harboring a RET C634W activating mutation) and MZ-CRC-1 (carrying the MEN2B RET mutation Met891Thr). METHODS The antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of CLM3 and CLM94 (1, 5, 10, 30, and 50 μmol/L) were tested in P-MTC cells obtained at operation, and in TT cells. In addition, the antiproliferative effects of CLM3 and CLM94 (0.005, 0.05, 0.5, and 5 μmol/L) were tested in TT and MZ-CRC-1 cells after 7 days of treatment to compare the results with those previously reported in the literature. RESULTS CLM3 and CLM94 (30 or 50 μmol/L) inhibited (P < .01) the proliferation of the P-MTC cells, TT cells, and MZ-CRC-1 cells and increased the level of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner at 10, 30, and 50 μmol/L (P < .001), while having no effect on migration or invasion. The inhibition of proliferation by CLM3 and CLM94 was similar among P-MTC cells with/without RET mutations, and similar effects were observed regarding the increased level of apoptosis. Furthermore, CLM3 and CLM94 significantly decreased vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression in TT cells. CONCLUSION The antitumor activities of the multiple TKIs CLM3 and CLM94 were demonstrated in both primary MTC cultures as well as 2 established MTC cell lines in vitro, opening an avenue for future clinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Guido Bocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alda Corrado
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Materazzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - David Galleri
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Piaggi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Miccoli
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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20
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Antonelli A, Bocci G, La Motta C, Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Corrado A, Fioravanti A, Sartini S, Orlandi P, Piaggi S, Corti A, Materazzi G, Galleri D, Ulisse S, Fontanini G, Danesi R, Da Settimo F, Miccoli P. CLM29, a multi-target pyrazolopyrimidine derivative, has anti-neoplastic activity in medullary thyroid cancer in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 393:56-64. [PMID: 24931161 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CLM29 (a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, that inhibits RET, epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and has an anti-angiogenic activity) has anti-neoplastic activity in papillary dedifferentiated thyroid cancer. Here we tested CLM29 in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), in primary MTC cells (P-MTC) obtained at surgery, and in TT cells harboring (C634W) RET mutation. CLM29 (10, 30, 50 μM) inhibited significantly (P<0.001) the proliferation, and increased the percentage of apoptotic P-MTC, TT and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. The inhibition of proliferation by CLM29 was similar in P-MTC cells with/without RET mutation. TT cells were injected sc in CD nu/nu mice, and tumor masses became detectable between 20 and 30 days after xenotransplantation; CLM29 (50mg/kg/die) reduced significantly tumor growth and weight, and microvessel density. The anti-tumor activity of CLM29 has been shown in MTC in vitro, and in vivo, opening the way to a future clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Guido Bocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Istituto Toscano Tumori, Via Alderotti 27/n, Florence, Italy.
| | - Concettina La Motta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alda Corrado
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Anna Fioravanti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Stefania Sartini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Paola Orlandi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Simona Piaggi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Corti
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Materazzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - David Galleri
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Fontanini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Romano Danesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Paolo Miccoli
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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21
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Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Mazzi V, Vita R, Benvenga S, Antonelli A. Personalization of targeted therapy in advanced thyroid cancer. Curr Genomics 2014; 15:190-202. [PMID: 24955027 PMCID: PMC4064559 DOI: 10.2174/1389202915999140404101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although generally the prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is good, approximately 5% of people are likely to develop metastases which fail to respond to radioactive iodine, and other traditional therapies, exhibiting a more aggressive behavior. Nowadays, therapy is chosen and implemented on a watch-and-wait basis for most DTC patients. Which regimen is likely to work best is decided on the basis of an individual's clinical information, but only data referring to outcomes of groups of patients are employed. To predict the best course of therapy, an individual patient's biologic data is rarely employed in a systematic way. Anyway, the use of not expensive individual genomic analysis could lead us to a new era of patient-specific and personalized care. Recently, key targets that are now being evaluated in the clinical setting have been evidenced in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Some of the known genetic alterations playing a crucial role in the development of thyroid cancer include B-Raf gene mutations, rearranged during transfection/ papillary thyroid carcinoma gene rearrangements, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 angiogenesis pathways. The development of targeted novel compounds able to induce clinical responses and stabilization of disease has overcome the lack of effective therapies for DTC, which are resistant to radioiodine and thyroid stimulating hormone-suppressive therapy. Interestingly, the best responses have been demonstrated in patients treated with anti-angiogenic inhibitors such as vandetanib and XL184 in medullary thyroid cancer, and sorafenib in papillary and follicular DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Mazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Vita
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Starenki D, Singh NK, Jensen DR, Peterson FC, Park JI. Recombinant leukemia inhibitory factor suppresses human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line xenografts in mice. Cancer Lett 2013; 339:144-51. [PMID: 23856028 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neoplasm of the endocrine system, which originates from parafollicular C-cells of the thyroid gland. For MTC therapy, the Food and Drug Administration recently approved vandetanib and cabozantinib, multi-kinase inhibitors targeting RET and other tyrosine kinase receptors of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, or hepatocyte growth factor. Nevertheless, not all patients with the progressive MTC respond to these drugs, requiring the development of additional therapeutic modalities that have distinct activity. Previously, we reported that expression of activated Ras or Raf in the human MTC cell lines, TT and MZ-CRC-1, can induce growth arrest and RET downregulation via a leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-mediated autocrine/paracrine loop. In this study, we aimed to evaluate bacterially-produced recombinant human LIF for its efficacy to suppress human MTC xenografts in mice. Here, we report that, consistent with its effects in vitro, locally or systemically administered recombinant LIF effectively suppressed growth of TT and MZ-CRC-1 xenografts in mice. Further, as predicted from its effects in TT and MZ-CRC-1 cell cultures in vitro, recombinant LIF activated the JAK/STAT pathway and downregulated RET and E2F1 expression in tumors in mice. These results suggest that LIF is a potent cytostatic agent for MTC cells, which regulates unique mechanisms that are not targeted by currently available therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Starenki
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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23
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Synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine linked aminobenzothiazole conjugates as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3208-15. [PMID: 23623491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine linked 2-aminobenzothizole conjugates (6a-t) were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against five human cancer cell lines. Among them two compounds 6p and 6m showed significant anticancer activity with IC50 values ranging from 2.01 to 7.07 and 1.94-3.46 μM, respectively. Moreover, cell cycle arrest in G2/M and reduction in Cdk1 expression level were observed upon treatment of these compounds and they also induced caspase-3 dependent apoptosis. This was further confirmed by staining as well as DNA fragmentation analysis.
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24
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Starenki D, Park JI. Mitochondria-targeted nitroxide, Mito-CP, suppresses medullary thyroid carcinoma cell survival in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:1529-40. [PMID: 23509102 PMCID: PMC3615196 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor mainly caused by mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. For MTC therapy, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved vandetanib and cabozantinib, multikinase inhibitors targeting RET and other tyrosine kinase receptors of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, or hepatocyte growth factor. Nevertheless, not all patients with the progressive MTC respond to these drugs, requiring the development of additional therapeutic modalities that have distinct activity. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate mitochondria-targeted carboxy-proxyl (Mito-CP), a mitochondria-targeted redox-sensitive agent, for its tumor-suppressive efficacy against MTC. DESIGN In vitro cultures of 2 human MTC cell lines, TT and MZ-CRC-1, and TT xenografts in mice were treated with Mito-CP in comparison with vandetanib. The effects on cell survival/death, RET expression, mitochondrial integrity, and oxidative stress were determined. RESULTS Contrary to vandetanib, Mito-CP induced RET downregulation and strong cytotoxic effects in both cell lines in vitro, including caspase-dependent apoptosis. These effects were accompanied by mitochondrial membrane depolarization, decreased oxygen consumption, and increased oxidative stress in cells. Intriguingly, Mito-CP-induced cell death, but not RET downregulation, was partially inhibited by the reactive oxygen species scavenger, N-acetyl-cysteine, indicating that Mito-CP mediates tumor-suppressive effects via redox-dependent as well as redox-independent mechanisms. Orally administered Mito-CP effectively suppressed TT xenografts in mice, with an efficacy comparable to vandetanib and relatively low toxicity to animals. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Mito-CP can effectively suppress MTC cell growth/survival via a mechanism distinct from vandetanib effects. Mitochondrial targeting may be a potential strategy for MTC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Starenki
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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25
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Kamal A, Tamboli JR, Ramaiah MJ, Adil SF, Koteswara Rao G, Viswanath A, Mallareddy A, Pushpavalli SNCVL, Pal-Bhadra M. Anthranilamide-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine conjugates as p53 activators in cervical cancer cells. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1453-64. [PMID: 22700474 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A library of new anthranilamide-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine conjugates were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anticancer activity in cervical cancer cells such as HeLa and SiHa that possess low levels of p53. All 24 conjugates showed antiproliferative activity, while some of them exhibit significant cytotoxicity. In assays related to cell-cycle distribution, these conjugates induced G(2) /M arrest in HeLa cells and G(1) cell-cycle arrest in SiHa cells. Immunocytochemistry assays revealed that these compounds cause nuclear translocation of p53, thereby indicating the activation of p53. In cervical cancer cells, the p53 protein is degraded by E6 oncoprotein. Immunoblot and RT-PCR analyses proved the presence of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis with involvement p53 target genes such as BAX, Bcl2, and p21 (CDKI). Moreover, these compounds increased the phosphorylated forms of p53 and provide signals for apoptosis induction. Interestingly, one of the conjugates, (2-phenyl-7-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-yl)(4-(2-(thiophen-2-ylmethylamino)benzoyl)piperazin-1-yl)methanone, is the most promising candidate in this series and has the potential to be taken up for further detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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26
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Flicker K, Ulz P, Höger H, Zeitlhofer P, Haas OA, Behmel A, Buchinger W, Scheuba C, Niederle B, Pfragner R, Speicher MR. High-resolution analysis of alterations in medullary thyroid carcinoma genomes. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:E66-73. [PMID: 22038905 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) are closely associated with RET proto-oncogene mutations. However, the role of additional changes in the tumor genomes remains unclear. Our objective was the identification of chromosomal regions involved in MTC tumorigenesis and to assess their significance by using MTC-derived cell lines. We used array-CGH (comparative genomic hybridization) to map chromosomal imbalances in 52 primary tumors and ten metastases. Eleven tumors (11/52, 21%) were hereditary and 41 (41/52, 79%) were sporadic. Among the latter, 15 tumors (15/41, 37%) harbored RET mutations. Furthermore, we characterized five MTC cell lines in detail and evaluated the tumorigenicity by severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-mouse experiments. Most MTCs had only few copy number changes, and losses of chromosomes 1p, 4q, 19p and 22q were observed most frequently. The number of chromosomal aberrations increased in metastases. Twenty-three percent (12/52) of the primary tumors did not even show any chromosomal gains and losses. We injected three cell lines (two of these were without chromosomal changes and pathogenic RET mutations) into immune deficient SCID mice, and in each case, we observed rapid tumor growth at the injection sites. Our data suggest that MTCs--in contrast to most other tumor entities--do not acquire a multitude of genomic imbalances. SCID mouse experiments performed with chromosomally normal cell lines and without RET mutations suggest that presently unknown submicroscopic genomic changes are sufficient in MTC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Flicker
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Radi M, Brullo C, Crespan E, Tintori C, Musumeci F, Biava M, Schenone S, Dreassi E, Zamperini C, Maga G, Pagano D, Angelucci A, Bologna M, Botta M. Identification of potent c-Src inhibitors strongly affecting the proliferation of human neuroblastoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5928-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Bocci G, Fioravanti A, La Motta C, Orlandi P, Canu B, Di Desidero T, Mugnaini L, Sartini S, Cosconati S, Frati R, Antonelli A, Berti P, Miccoli P, Da Settimo F, Danesi R. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity of CLM3, a novel multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor, alone and in combination with SN-38 on endothelial and cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:1309-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Antonelli A, Bocci G, La Motta C, Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Fioravanti A, Sartini S, Minuto M, Piaggi S, Corti A, Alì G, Berti P, Fontanini G, Danesi R, Da Settimo F, Miccoli P. Novel pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives as tyrosine kinase inhibitors with antitumoral activity in vitro and in vivo in papillary dedifferentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E288-96. [PMID: 21147882 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM We have studied the antitumoral activity of two new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compounds (CLM3 and CLM29) in primary papillary dedifferentiated thyroid cancer (DePTC) cells. METHODS The antiproliferative effect was tested in DePTC cells obtained at reoperation from patients with recurrence of the tumor. The concentrations of CLM3 and CLM29 used in the in vitro experiments were 1, 10, 30, and 50 μm. RESULTS Proliferation assays in DePTC cells showed a significant reduction of proliferation by CLM3 and CLM29, which was by 12% with CLM3 (the most potent compound) 10 μm, 43% with CLM3 30 μm, and 60% with CLM3 50 μm. CLM3 and CLM29 increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in DePTC cells dose dependently (P < 0.001) and inhibited migration (P < 0.001). A DePTC cell line (AL) was injected sc in CD nu/nu mice, and tumor masses became detectable 10 d after xenotransplantation. CLM3 (40 mg/kg · die) significantly inhibited tumor growth and weight, and the therapeutic effect was significant starting on the 19th day after cell implantation (4 d after the beginning of treatment). The CLM3-treated group of animals did not show any appreciable toxicity. CLM3 and CLM29 increased thrombospondin-1 expression in the AL cell line. A significant reduction of microvessels and in the percentage of antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody immunoreactivity was observed in the CLM3 treated tumors, with a simultaneous increase of the percentage of necrosis. CONCLUSION The antitumoral activity of two new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compounds (CLM3, CLM29) in vitro and CLM3 in vivo in DePTC has been shown, opening the way to a future clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, School of Medicine, Via Roma 67, I-56100, Pisa, Italy.
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Navarra M, Celano M, Maiuolo J, Schenone S, Botta M, Angelucci A, Bramanti P, Russo D. Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects afforded by novel Src-kinase inhibitors in human neuroblastoma cells. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:602. [PMID: 21050441 PMCID: PMC2992519 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma (NB) is the second most common solid malignancy of childhood that usually undergoes rapid progression with a poor prognosis upon metastasis. The Src-family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are a group of proteins involved in cancer development and invasiveness that seem to play an important role in the NB carcinogenesis. Methods To determine cell proliferation, the growth rate was evaluated by both MTT test and cells counted. Analysis of DNA content was performed for the evaluation of the cell cycle and apoptosis. To characterize the mechanisms underlying the antiproliferative effects induced by SI 34, a novel pyrazolo-pyrimidine derivative provided with Src inhibitory activity, the involvement of some cellular pathways that are important for cell proliferation and survival was investigated by western blot assays. In particular, the contribution of cyclins, Src and ERK were examined. Finally, experiments of cell adhesion and invasiveness were performed. Results Treatment of SH-SY5Y human NB cells and CHP100 human neuroepithelioma (NE) cultures with three novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives, namely SI 34, SI 35 and SI 83, inhibits the cell proliferation in a time and concentration-dependent manner. The maximal effect was obtained after 72 hours incubation with SI 34 10 μM. Fluorescence microscopy experiments, flow cytometry analysis and determination of caspase-3 activity by fluorimetric assays showed that SI 34 induced SH-SY5Y apoptosis. Moreover, SI 34 determined cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, paralleled by a decreased expression of cyclin D1. Furthermore, our data indicate that SI 34 reduces the SH-SY5Y cells adhesion and invasiveness. Evidence that SI 34 inhibits the Src and the ERK-phosphorylation, suggests the mechanism through which it exerts its effects in SH-SY5Y cells. Conclusions Our study shows the ability of this pyrazolo-pyrimidine Src inhibitor in reducing the growth and the invasiveness of human NB cells, suggesting a promising role as novel drug in the treatment of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Navarra
- Pharmaco-Biological Department, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, 98100 Messina, Italy.
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31
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Arthan D, Hong SK, Park JI. Leukemia inhibitory factor can mediate Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK-induced growth inhibitory signaling in medullary thyroid cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2010; 297:31-41. [PMID: 20570039 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome caused by mutations in extracellular receptor or intracellular kinase domains of the RET proto-oncogene. Activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway can lead to growth arrest by secreting leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in MTC cells harboring a RET receptor domain mutation. Here, we report that Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK can also mediate, via LIF, growth inhibition in MTC cells harboring a RET kinase domain mutation. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK activation was sufficient to induce growth inhibition and LIF expression in the human MTC line MZ-CRC-1. Presence of LIF-mediated signaling was determined by blocking the activity of culture medium conditioned by Raf-activated cells using anti-LIF neutralizing antibody. In addition, recombinant LIF effectively suppressed cell proliferation via cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. Expression of dominant negative STAT3 abrogated LIF effects, indicating that LIF mediates its signaling through the JAK/STAT3 pathway. These results suggest that growth inhibition and activation of the autocrine/paracrine signaling through LIF/JAK/STAT may be a common response to Ras/Raf activation in different MTC types, and justify further evaluation of LIF as a potential anticancer agent for MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumrongkiet Arthan
- Department of Biochemistry, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, USA
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32
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Mohamed MA. Synthesis of some new pyridones, fused pyrimidines, and fused 1,2,4-triazines. J Heterocycl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Ahmed OM, Mohamed MA, Ahmed RR, Ahmed SA. Synthesis and anti-tumor activities of some new pyridines and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3519-23. [PMID: 19398146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclocondensation of cyanoacetamide, cyanothioacetamide and 3-aminopyrazols with sodium salt of 3-hydroxy-1-(2-naphthyl)prop-2-en-1-one gives pyridin-2-one, pyridin-2(1H)-thione, and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives. These derivatives showed potent anti-tumor cytotoxic activity in vitro using different human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama M Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Salah Salim Street, P.O. 62514, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt.
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34
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Targeting RET for thyroid cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:297-309. [PMID: 19028457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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