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Bork H, Naße KE, Vorholt AJ, Gröger H. Merging High-Pressure Syngas Metal Catalysis and Biocatalysis in Tandem One-Pot Processes for the Synthesis of Nonchiral and Chiral Alcohols from Alkenes in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401989. [PMID: 38628134 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
While simultaneously proceeding reactions are among the most fascinating features of biosynthesis, this concept of tandem processes also offers high potential in the chemical industry in terms of less waste production and improved process efficiency and sustainability. Although examples of one-pot chemoenzymatic syntheses exist, the combination of completely different reaction types is rare. Herein, we demonstrate that extreme "antipodes" of the "worlds of catalysis", such as syngas-based high-pressure hydroformylation and biocatalyzed reduction, can be combined within a tandem-type one-pot process in water. No significant deactivation was found for either the biocatalyst or the chemocatalyst. A proof-of-concept for the one-pot process starting from 1-octene was established with >99 % conversion and 80 % isolated yield of the desired alcohol isomers. All necessary components for hydroformylation and biocatalysis were added to the reactor from the beginning. This concept has been extended to the enantioselective synthesis of chiral products by conducting the hydroformylation of styrene and an enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution in a tandem mode, leading to an excellent conversion of >99 % and an enantiomeric ratio of 91 : 9 for (S)-2-phenylpropanol. The overall process runs in water under mild and energy-saving conditions, without any need for intermediate isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Bork
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kim E Naße
- Department of Molecular Catalysis, Group Multiphase Catalysis, MPI for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Andreas J Vorholt
- Department of Molecular Catalysis, Group Multiphase Catalysis, MPI for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Tripathi A, Dubey KD. The mechanistic insights into different aspects of promiscuity in metalloenzymes. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 141:23-66. [PMID: 38960476 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes are nature's ultimate machinery to catalyze complex reactions. Though enzymes are evolved to catalyze specific reactions, they also show significant promiscuity in reactions and substrate selection. Metalloenzymes contain a metal ion or metal cofactor in their active site, which is crucial in their catalytic activity. Depending on the metal and its coordination environment, the metal ion or cofactor may function as a Lewis acid or base and a redox center and thus can catalyze a plethora of natural reactions. In fact, the versatility in the oxidation state of the metal ions provides metalloenzymes with a high level of catalytic adaptability and promiscuity. In this chapter, we discuss different aspects of promiscuity in metalloenzymes by using several recent experimental and theoretical works as case studies. We start our discussion by introducing the concept of promiscuity and then we delve into the mechanistic insight into promiscuity at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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3
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Musa MM. Alcohol Dehydrogenases with anti-Prelog Stereopreference in Synthesis of Enantiopure Alcohols. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202100251. [PMID: 35191611 PMCID: PMC8973272 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic production of both enantiomers of optically active alcohols with high enantiopurities is of great interest in industry. Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) represent an important class of enzymes that could be used as catalysts to produce optically active alcohols from their corresponding prochiral ketones. This review covers examples of the synthesis of optically active alcohols using ADHs that exhibit anti‐Prelog stereopreference. Both wild‐type and engineered ADHs that exhibit anti‐Prelog stereopreference are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa M Musa
- Department of Chemistry Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining and Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Sellés Vidal L, Murray JW, Heap JT. Versatile selective evolutionary pressure using synthetic defect in universal metabolism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6859. [PMID: 34824282 PMCID: PMC8616928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-natural needs of industrial applications often require new or improved enzymes. The structures and properties of enzymes are difficult to predict or design de novo. Instead, semi-rational approaches mimicking evolution entail diversification of parent enzymes followed by evaluation of isolated variants. Artificial selection pressures coupling desired enzyme properties to cell growth could overcome this key bottleneck, but are usually narrow in scope. Here we show diverse enzymes using the ubiquitous cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) can substitute for defective NAD regeneration, representing a very broadly-applicable artificial selection. Inactivation of Escherichia coli genes required for anaerobic NAD regeneration causes a conditional growth defect. Cells are rescued by foreign enzymes connected to the metabolic network only via NAD or NADP, but only when their substrates are supplied. Using this principle, alcohol dehydrogenase, imine reductase and nitroreductase variants with desired selectivity modifications, and a high-performing isopropanol metabolic pathway, are isolated from libraries of millions of variants in single-round experiments with typical limited information to guide design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Sellés Vidal
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - James W. Murray
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - John T. Heap
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK ,grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
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5
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Genetic fusion of P450 BM3 and formate dehydrogenase towards self-sufficient biocatalysts with enhanced activity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21706. [PMID: 34737365 PMCID: PMC8568981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion of multiple enzymes to multifunctional constructs has been recognized as a viable strategy to improve enzymatic properties at various levels such as stability, activity and handling. In this study, the genes coding for cytochrome P450 BM3 from B. megaterium and formate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp. were fused to enable both substrate oxidation catalyzed by P450 BM3 and continuous cofactor regeneration by formate dehydrogenase within one construct. The order of the genes in the fusion as well as the linkers that bridge the enzymes were varied. The resulting constructs were compared to individual enzymes regarding substrate conversion, stability and kinetic parameters to examine whether fusion led to any substantial improvements of enzymatic properties. Most noticeably, an activity increase of up to threefold was observed for the fusion constructs with various substrates which were partly attributed to the increased diflavin reductase activity of the P450 BM3. We suggest that P450 BM3 undergoes conformational changes upon fusion which resulted in altered properties, however, no NADPH channeling was detected for the fusion constructs.
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6
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Varga V, Štefuca V, Mihálová L, Levarski Z, Struhárňanská E, Blaško J, Kubinec R, Farkaš P, Sitkey V, Turňa J, Rosenberg M, Stuchlík S. Recombinant Enzymatic Redox Systems for Preparation of Aroma Compounds by Biotransformation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:684640. [PMID: 34248905 PMCID: PMC8264508 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.684640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop immobilized enzyme systems that reduce carbonyl compounds to their corresponding alcohols. The demand for natural aromas and food additives has been constantly growing in recent years. However, it can no longer be met by extraction and isolation from natural materials. One way to increase the availability of natural aromas is to prepare them by the enzymatic transformation of suitable precursors. Recombinant enzymes are currently being used for this purpose. We investigated trans-2-hexenal bioreduction by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase (ScADH1) with simultaneous NADH regeneration by recombinant Candida boidinii formate dehydrogenase (FDH). In a laboratory bioreactor with two immobilized enzymes, 88% of the trans-2-hexenal was transformed to trans-2-hexenol. The initial substrate concentration was 3.7 mM. The aldehyde destabilized ScADH1 by eluting Zn2+ ions from the enzyme. A fed-batch operation was used and the trans-2-hexenal concentration was maintained at a low level to limit the negative effect of Zn2+ ion elution from the immobilized ScADH1. Another immobilized two-enzyme system was used to reduce acetophenone to (S)-1-phenylethanol. To this end, the recombinant alcohol dehydrogenase (RrADH) from Rhodococcus ruber was used. This biocatalytic system converted 61% of the acetophenone to (S)-1-phenylethanol. The initial substrate concentration was 8.3 mM. All enzymes were immobilized by poly-His tag to Ni2+, which formed strong but reversible bonds that enabled carrier reuse after the loss of enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Varga
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Štefuca
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Chemical Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Mihálová
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Chemical Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zdenko Levarski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Science Park of Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Struhárňanská
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Blaško
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Robert Kubinec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Ján Turňa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Science Park of Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Rosenberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Chemical Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Stuchlík
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Science Park of Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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7
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Influence of Culture Conditions on the Bioreduction of Organic Acids to Alcohols by Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010162. [PMID: 33445711 PMCID: PMC7828175 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoanaerobacter species have recently been observed to reduce carboxylic acids to their corresponding alcohols. The present investigation shows that Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus converts C2-C6 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) to their corresponding alcohols in the presence of glucose. The conversion yields varied from 21% of 3-methyl-1-butyrate to 57.9% of 1-pentanoate being converted to their corresponding alcohols. Slightly acidic culture conditions (pH 6.5) was optimal for the reduction. By increasing the initial glucose concentration, an increase in the conversion of SCFAs reduced to their corresponding alcohols was observed. Inhibitory experiments on C2-C8 alcohols showed that C4 and higher alcohols are inhibitory to T. pseudoethanolicus suggesting that other culture modes may be necessary to improve the amount of fatty acids reduced to the analogous alcohol. The reduction of SCFAs to their corresponding alcohols was further demonstrated using 13C-labelled fatty acids and the conversion was followed kinetically. Finally, increased activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde oxidation activity was observed in cultures of T. pseudoethanolicus grown on glucose as compared to glucose supplemented with either 3-methyl-1-butyrate or pentanoate, using both NADH and NADPH as cofactors, although the presence of the latter showed higher ADH and aldehyde oxidoreductase (ALDH) activity.
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8
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Dhoke GV, Ensari Y, Hacibaloglu DY, Gärtner A, Ruff AJ, Bocola M, Davari MD. Reversal of Regioselectivity in Zinc-Dependent Medium-Chain Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis toward Octanone Derivatives. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2957-2965. [PMID: 32415803 PMCID: PMC7689849 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The zinc-dependent medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis (ReADH) is one of the most versatile biocatalysts for the stereoselective reduction of ketones to chiral alcohols. Despite its known broad substrate scope, ReADH only accepts carbonyl substrates with either a methyl or an ethyl group adjacent to the carbonyl moiety; this limits its use in the synthesis of the chiral alcohols that serve as a building blocks for pharmaceuticals. Protein engineering to expand the substrate scope of ReADH toward bulky substitutions next to carbonyl group (ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate) opens up new routes in the synthesis of ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoate, an important intermediate for anti-hypertension drugs like enalaprilat and lisinopril. We have performed computer-aided engineering of ReADH toward ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate and octanone derivatives. W296, which is located in the small binding pocket of ReADH, sterically restricts the access of ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate, octan-3-one or octan-4-one toward the catalytic zinc ion and thereby limits ReADH activity. Computational analysis was used to identify position W296 and site-saturation mutagenesis (SSM) yielded an improved variant W296A with a 3.6-fold improved activity toward ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate when compared to WT ReADH (ReADH W296A: 17.10 U/mg and ReADH WT: 4.7 U/mg). In addition, the regioselectivity of ReADH W296A is shifted toward octanone substrates. ReADH W296A has a more than 16-fold increased activity toward octan-4-one (ReADH W296A: 0.97 U/mg and ReADH WT: 0.06 U/mg) and a more than 30-fold decreased activity toward octan-2-one (ReADH W296A: 0.23 U/mg and ReADH WT: 7.69 U/mg). Computational and experimental results revealed the role of position W296 in controlling the substrate scope and regiopreference of ReADH for a variety of carbonyl substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurao V Dhoke
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yunus Ensari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Kafkas University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Bioengineering, full address?, Kars, Turkey
| | - Dinc Yasat Hacibaloglu
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Gärtner
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Bocola
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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9
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Adebar N, Gröger H. Heterogeneous Catalysts “on the Move”: Flow Chemistry with Fluid Immobilised (Bio)Catalysts. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Adebar
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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10
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Grob P, Huber M, Walla B, Hermann J, Janowski R, Niessing D, Hekmat D, Weuster-Botz D. Crystal Contact Engineering Enables Efficient Capture and Purification of an Oxidoreductase by Technical Crystallization. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e2000010. [PMID: 32302461 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Technical crystallization is an attractive method to purify recombinant proteins. However, it is rarely applied due to the limited crystallizability of many proteins. To overcome this limitation, single amino acid exchanges are rationally introduced to enhance intermolecular interactions at the crystal contacts of the industrially relevant biocatalyst Lactobacillus brevis alcohol dehydrogenase (LbADH). The wildtype (WT) and the best crystallizing and enzymatically active LbADH mutants K32A, D54F, Q126H, and T102E are produced with Escherichia coli and subsequently crystallized from cell lysate in stirred mL-crystallizers. Notwithstanding the high host cell protein (HCP) concentrations in the lysate, all mutants crystallize significantly faster than the WT. Combinations of mutations result in double mutants with faster crystallization kinetics than the respective single mutants, demonstrating a synergetic effect. The almost entire depletion of the soluble LbADH fraction at crystallization equilibrium is observed, proving high yields. The HCP concentration is reduced to below 0.5% after crystal dissolution and recrystallization, and thus a 100-fold HCP reduction is achieved after two successive crystallization steps. The combination of fast kinetics, high yields, and high target protein purity highlights the potential of crystal contact engineering to transform technical crystallization into an efficient protein capture and purification step in biotechnological downstream processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Grob
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Max Huber
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Brigitte Walla
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Johannes Hermann
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Robert Janowski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Structural Biology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Dierk Niessing
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Structural Biology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, James-Franck-Ring N27, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Dariusch Hekmat
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching, 85748, Germany
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11
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Adebar N, Gröger H. Flow Process for Ketone Reduction Using a Superabsorber-Immobilized Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis in a Packed-Bed Reactor. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6040099. [PMID: 31653007 PMCID: PMC6956264 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow processes and enzyme immobilization have gained much attention over the past few years in the field of biocatalytic process design. Downstream processes and enzyme stability can be immensely simplified and improved. In this work, we report the utilization of polymer network-entrapped enzymes and their applicability in flow processes. We focused on the superabsorber-based immobilization of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Lactobacillus brevis and its application for a reduction of acetophenone. The applicability of this immobilization technique for a biotransformation running in a packed bed reactor was then demonstrated. Towards this end, the immobilized system was intensively studied, first in a batch mode, leading to >90% conversion within 24 h under optimized conditions. A subsequent transfer of this method into a flow process was conducted, resulting in very high initial conversions of up to 67% in such a continuously running process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Adebar
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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12
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Adebar N, Choi JE, Schober L, Miyake R, Iura T, Kawabata H, Gröger H. Overcoming Work‐Up Limitations of Biphasic Biocatalytic Reaction Mixtures Through Liquid‐Liquid Segmented Flow Processes. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Adebar
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty of ChemistryBielefeld University Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Ji Eun Choi
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty of ChemistryBielefeld University Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Lukas Schober
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty of ChemistryBielefeld University Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Ryoma Miyake
- Science & Innovation CenterMitsubishi Chemical Corporation 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku Yokohama 227-8502 Japan
| | - Takanobu Iura
- Science & Innovation CenterMitsubishi Chemical Corporation 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku Yokohama 227-8502 Japan
- API Corporation 13-4 Uchikanda 1-chome Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0047 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawabata
- Science & Innovation CenterMitsubishi Chemical Corporation 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku Yokohama 227-8502 Japan
- API Corporation 13-4 Uchikanda 1-chome Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0047 Japan
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty of ChemistryBielefeld University Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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13
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Hermann J, Nowotny P, Schrader TE, Biggel P, Hekmat D, Weuster-Botz D. Neutron and X-ray crystal structures of Lactobacillus brevis alcohol dehydrogenase reveal new insights into hydrogen-bonding pathways. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:754-764. [PMID: 30511668 PMCID: PMC6277964 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18015273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus brevis alcohol dehydrogenase (LbADH) is a well studied homotetrameric enzyme which catalyzes the enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones to the corresponding secondary alcohols. LbADH is stable and enzymatically active at elevated temperatures and accepts a broad range of substrates, making it a valuable tool in industrial biocatalysis. Here, the expression, purification and crystallization of LbADH to generate large, single crystals with a volume of up to 1 mm3 suitable for neutron diffraction studies are described. Neutron diffraction data were collected from an H/D-exchanged LbADH crystal using the BIODIFF instrument at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Garching, Germany to a resolution dmin of 2.15 Å in 16 days. This allowed the first neutron crystal structure of LbADH to be determined. The neutron structure revealed new details of the hydrogen-bonding network originating from the ion-binding site of LbADH and provided new insights into the reasons why divalent magnesium (Mg2+) or manganese (Mn2+) ions are necessary for its activity. X-ray diffraction data were obtained from the same crystal at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France to a resolution dmin of 1.48 Å. The high-resolution X-ray structure suggested partial occupancy of Mn2+ and Mg2+ at the ion-binding site. This is supported by the different binding affinity of Mn2+ and Mg2+ to the tetrameric structure calculated via free-energy molecular-dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hermann
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Phillip Nowotny
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias E. Schrader
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Centre (MLZ), Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Philipp Biggel
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dariusch Hekmat
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Research Centre for Industrial Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Strasse 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
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14
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Zheng Y, Li L, Shi X, Huang Z, Li F, Yang J, Guo Y. Nonionic surfactants and their effects on asymmetric reduction of 2-octanone with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. AMB Express 2018; 8:111. [PMID: 29978349 PMCID: PMC6033843 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In an aqueous buffer system, serious reverse and side reactions were found in the asymmetric reduction of 2-octanone with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, some nonionic surfactants added to the aqueous buffer system improved the bioreduction process by decreasing the reverse and side reaction rates in addition to effectively increasing the average positive reaction rate. Further, a shorter carbon chain length of hydrophilic or hydrophobic moieties in surfactants resulted in a higher yield of (S)-2-octanol. The alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants had a less influence than polyoxyethylenesorbitan trialiphatic surfactants on the product e.e. It suggested that the product e.e. resulting from the change of carbon chain length of the hydrophobic moieties varied markedly compared with the change of carbon chain length of the hydrophilic moiety. Emulsifier OP-10 and Tween 20 markedly enhanced the yield and product e.e. at the concentration of 0.4 mmol L−1 with a yield of 73.3 and 93.2%, and the product e.e. of 99.2 and 99.3%, respectively, at the reaction time of 96 h.
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15
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Is literature data useful for identifying enzyme catalysts for new substrates? A case study on reduction of 1-aryl-2-alkanoates. Bioorg Chem 2017; 74:260-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Espino-Díaz M, Sepúlveda DR, González-Aguilar G, Olivas GI. Biochemistry of Apple Aroma: A Review. Food Technol Biotechnol 2016; 54:375-397. [PMID: 28115895 PMCID: PMC5253989 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.54.04.16.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavour is a key quality attribute of apples defined by volatile aroma compounds. Biosynthesis of aroma compounds involves metabolic pathways in which the main precursors are fatty and amino acids, and the main products are aldehydes, alcohols and esters. Some enzymes are crucial in the production of volatile compounds, such as lipoxygenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and alcohol acyltransferase. Composition and concentration of volatiles in apples may be altered by pre- and postharvest factors that cause a decline in apple flavour. Addition of biosynthetic precursors of volatile compounds may be a strategy to promote aroma production in apples. The present manuscript compiles information regarding the biosynthesis of volatile aroma compounds, including metabolic pathways, enzymes and substrates involved, factors that may affect their production and also includes a wide number of studies focused on the addition of biosynthetic precursors in their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Espino-Díaz
- Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD), Rio Conchos S/N, MX-31570 Cuauhtémoc, Mexico
| | - David Roberto Sepúlveda
- Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD), Rio Conchos S/N, MX-31570 Cuauhtémoc, Mexico
| | - Gustavo González-Aguilar
- Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD), Carretera a la Victoria km. 0.6,
MX-83000 Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe I. Olivas
- Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD), Rio Conchos S/N, MX-31570 Cuauhtémoc, Mexico
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Zhang R, Wang L, Xu Y, Liang H, Zhou X, Jiang J, Li Y, Xiao R, Ni Y. In situ expression of (R)-carbonyl reductase rebalancing an asymmetric pathway improves stereoconversion efficiency of racemic mixture to (S)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol in Candida parapsilosis CCTCC M203011. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:143. [PMID: 27534936 PMCID: PMC4989518 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida parapsilosis (R)-carbonyl reductase (RCR) and (S)-carbonyl reductase (SCR) are involved in the stereoconversion of racemic (R,S)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol (PED) to its (S)-isomer. RCR catalyzes (R)-PED to 2-hydroxyacetophenone (2-HAP), and SCR catalyzes 2-HAP to (S)-PED. However, the stereoconversion efficiency of racemic mixture to (S)-PED is not high because of an activity imbalance between RCR and SCR, with RCR performing at a lower rate than SCR. To realize the efficient preparation of racemic mixture to (S)-PED, an in situ expression of RCR and a two-stage control strategy were introduced to rebalance the RCR- and SCR-mediated pathways. Results An in situ expression plasmid pCP was designed and RCR was successfully expressed in C. parapsilosis. With respect to wild-type, recombinant C. parapsilosis/pCP-RCR exhibited over four-fold higher activity for catalyzing racemic (R,S)-PED to 2-HAP, while maintained the activity for catalyzing 2-HAP to (S)-PED. The ratio of kcat/KM for SCR catalyzing (R)-PED and RCR catalyzing 2-HAP was about 1.0, showing the good balance between the functions of SCR and RCR. Based on pH and temperature preferences of RCR and SCR, a two-stage control strategy was devised, where pH and temperature were initially set at 5.0 and 30 °C for RCR rapidly catalyzing racemic PED to 2-HAP, and then adjusted to 4.5 and 35 °C for SCR transforming 2-HAP to (S)-PED. Using these strategies, the recombinant C. parapsilosis/pCP-RCR catalyzed racemic PED to its (S)-isomer with an optical purity of 98.8 % and a yield of 48.4 %. Most notably, the biotransformation duration was reduced from 48 to 13 h. Conclusions We established an in situ expression system for RCR in C. parapsilosis to rebalance the functions between RCR and SCR. Then we designed a two-stage control strategy based on pH and temperature preferences of RCR and SCR, better rebalancing RCR and SCR-mediated chiral biosynthesis pathways. This work demonstrates a method to improve chiral biosyntheses via in situ expression of rate-limiting enzyme and a multi-stage control strategy to rebalance asymmetric pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0539-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongbo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ye Ni
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
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18
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Holec C, Sandkuhl D, Rother D, Kroutil W, Pietruszka J. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis towards the Active Agent Travoprost. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Holec
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry; Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf at the Forschungszentrum Jülich; Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Diana Sandkuhl
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry; Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf at the Forschungszentrum Jülich; Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Dörte Rother
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology); Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute for Bioorganic Chemistry; Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf at the Forschungszentrum Jülich; Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology); Forschungszentrum Jülich; 52426 Jülich Germany
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19
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Frese M, Guzowska PH, Voß H, Sewald N. Regioselective Enzymatic Halogenation of Substituted Tryptophan Derivatives using the FAD-Dependent Halogenase RebH. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201301090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Takeshita D, Kataoka M, Miyakawa T, Miyazono KI, Kumashiro S, Nagai T, Urano N, Uzura A, Nagata K, Shimizu S, Tanokura M. Structural basis of stereospecific reduction by quinuclidinone reductase. AMB Express 2014; 4:6. [PMID: 24507746 PMCID: PMC3922912 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral molecule (R)-3-quinuclidinol, a valuable compound for the production of various pharmaceuticals, is efficiently synthesized from 3-quinuclidinone by using NADPH-dependent 3-quinuclidinone reductase (RrQR) from Rhodotorula rubra. Here, we report the crystal structure of RrQR and the structure-based mutational analysis. The enzyme forms a tetramer, in which the core of each protomer exhibits the α/β Rossmann fold and contains one molecule of NADPH, whereas the characteristic substructures of a small lobe and a variable loop are localized around the substrate-binding site. Modeling and mutation analyses of the catalytic site indicated that the hydrophobicity of two residues, I167 and F212, determines the substrate-binding orientation as well as the substrate-binding affinity. Our results revealed that the characteristic substrate-binding pocket composed of hydrophobic amino acid residues ensures substrate docking for the stereospecific reaction of RrQR in spite of its loose interaction with the substrate.
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21
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Kongpol A, Kato J, Tajima T, Pongtharangkul T, S. Vangnai A. Enhanced 3-methylcatechol production by Pseudomonas putida TODE1 in a two-phase biotransformation system. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2014; 60:183-90. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.60.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Rodríguez C, Borzęcka W, Sattler JH, Kroutil W, Lavandera I, Gotor V. Steric vs. electronic effects in the Lactobacillus brevis ADH-catalyzed bioreduction of ketones. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:673-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42057d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Müller CA, Akkapurathu B, Winkler T, Staudt S, Hummel W, Gröger H, Schwaneberg U. In VitroDouble Oxidation ofn-Heptane with Direct Cofactor Regeneration. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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24
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Tauber K, Fuchs M, Sattler JH, Pitzer J, Pressnitz D, Koszelewski D, Faber K, Pfeffer J, Haas T, Kroutil W. Artificial Multi-Enzyme Networks for the Asymmetric Amination ofsec-Alcohols. Chemistry 2013; 19:4030-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Wiese S, Spiess AC, Richtering W. Microgel-Stabilized Smart Emulsions for Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Wiese S, Spiess AC, Richtering W. Microgel-Stabilized Smart Emulsions for Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Substrate and inhibitor spectra of ethylbenzene dehydrogenase: perspectives on application potential and catalytic mechanism. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6475-82. [PMID: 22773630 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01551-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylbenzene dehydrogenase (EbDH) catalyzes the initial step in anaerobic degradation of ethylbenzene in denitrifying bacteria, namely, the oxygen-independent hydroxylation of ethylbenzene to (S)-1-phenylethanol. In our study we investigate the kinetic properties of 46 substrate analogs acting as substrates or inhibitors of the enzyme. The apparent kinetic parameters of these compounds give important insights into the function of the enzyme and are consistent with the predicted catalytic mechanism based on a quantum chemical calculation model. In particular, the existence of the proposed substrate-derived radical and carbocation intermediates is substantiated by the formation of alternative dehydrogenated and hydroxylated products from some substrates, which can be regarded as mechanistic models. In addition, these results also show the surprisingly high diversity of EbDH in hydroxylating different kinds of alkylaromatic and heterocyclic compounds to the respective alcohols. This may lead to attractive industrial applications of ethylbenzene dehydrogenase for a new process of producing alcohols via hydroxylation of the corresponding aromatic hydrocarbons rather than the customary procedure of reducing the corresponding ketones.
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28
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Stabilization of a highly active but unstable alcohol dehydrogenase from yeast using immobilization and post-immobilization techniques. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Klimacek M, Brunsteiner M, Nidetzky B. Dynamic mechanism of proton transfer in mannitol 2-dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens: mobile GLU292 controls proton relay through a water channel that connects the active site with bulk solvent. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:6655-67. [PMID: 22194597 PMCID: PMC3307286 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.289223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The active site of mannitol 2-dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (PfM2DH) is connected with bulk solvent through a narrow protein channel that shows structural resemblance to proton channels utilized by redox-driven proton pumps. A key element of the PfM2DH channel is the "mobile" Glu(292), which was seen crystallographically to adopt distinct positions up and down the channel. It was suggested that the "down → up" conformational change of Glu(292) could play a proton relay function in enzymatic catalysis, through direct proton shuttling by the Glu or because the channel is opened for water molecules forming a chain along which the protons flow. We report evidence from site-directed mutagenesis (Glu(292) → Ala) substantiated by data from molecular dynamics simulations that support a role for Glu(292) as a gate in a water chain (von Grotthuss-type) mechanism of proton translocation. Occupancy of the up and down position of Glu(292) is influenced by the bonding and charge state of the catalytic acid base Lys(295), suggesting that channel opening/closing motions of the Glu are synchronized to the reaction progress. Removal of gatekeeper control in the E292A mutant resulted in a selective, up to 120-fold slowing down of microscopic steps immediately preceding catalytic oxidation of mannitol, consistent with the notion that formation of the productive enzyme-NAD(+)-mannitol complex is promoted by a corresponding position change of Glu(292), which at physiological pH is associated with obligatory deprotonation of Lys(295) to solvent. These results underscore the important role of conformational dynamics in the proton transfer steps of alcohol dehydrogenase catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Klimacek
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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30
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Purification and characterization of an NADH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Candida maris for the synthesis of optically active 1-(pyridyl)ethanol derivatives. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75:1055-60. [PMID: 21670533 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel (R)-specific alcohol dehydrogenase (AFPDH) produced by Candida maris IFO10003 was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Toyopearl, and Phenyl-Toyopearl, and characterized. The relative molecular mass of the native enzyme was found to be 59,900 by gel filtration, and that of the subunit was estimated to be 28,900 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results suggest that the enzyme is a homodimer. It required NADH as a cofactor and reduced various kinds of carbonyl compounds, including ketones and aldehydes. AFPDH reduced acetylpyridine derivatives, β-keto esters, and some ketone compounds with high enantioselectivity. This is the first report of an NADH-dependent, highly enantioselective (R)-specific alcohol dehydrogenase isolated from a yeast. AFPDH is a very useful enzyme for the preparation of various kinds of chiral alcohols.
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31
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Bisogno FR, García-Urdiales E, Valdés H, Lavandera I, Kroutil W, Suárez D, Gotor V. Ketone-Alcohol Hydrogen-Transfer Equilibria: Is the Biooxidation of Halohydrins Blocked? Chemistry 2010; 16:11012-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Whole-cell biocatalysis utilizes native or recombinant enzymes produced by cellular metabolism to perform synthetically interesting reactions. Besides hydrolases, oxidoreductases represent the most applied enzyme class in industry. Oxidoreductases are attributed a high future potential, especially for applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, as they enable highly interesting chemistry (e.g., the selective oxyfunctionalization of unactivated C-H bonds). Redox reactions are characterized by electron transfer steps that often depend on redox cofactors as additional substrates. Their regeneration typically is accomplished via the metabolism of whole-cell catalysts. Traditionally, studies towards productive redox biocatalysis focused on the biocatalytic enzyme, its activity, selectivity, and specificity, and several successful examples of such processes are running commercially. However, redox cofactor regeneration by host metabolism was hardly considered for the optimization of biocatalytic rate, yield, and/or titer. This article reviews molecular mechanisms of oxidoreductases with synthetic potential and the host redox metabolism that fuels biocatalytic reactions with redox equivalents. The tools discussed in this review for investigating redox metabolism provide the basis for studies aiming at a deeper understanding of the interplay between synthetically active enzymes and metabolic networks. The ultimate goal of rational whole-cell biocatalyst engineering and use for fine chemical production is discussed.
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Carius Y, Christian H, Faust A, Zander U, Klink BU, Kornberger P, Kohring GW, Giffhorn F, Scheidig AJ. Structural insight into substrate differentiation of the sugar-metabolizing enzyme galactitol dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides D. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20006-14. [PMID: 20410293 PMCID: PMC2888412 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.113738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Galactitol 2-dehydrogenase (GatDH) belongs to the protein superfamily of short-chain dehydrogenases. As an enzyme capable of the stereo- and regioselective modification of carbohydrates, it exhibits a high potential for application in biotechnology as a biocatalyst. We have determined the crystal structure of the binary form of GatDH in complex with its cofactor NAD(H) and of the ternary form in complex with NAD(H) and three different substrates. The active form of GatDH constitutes a homo-tetramer with two magnesium-ion binding sites each formed by two opposing C termini. The catalytic tetrad is formed by Asn(116), Ser(144), Tyr(159), and Lys(163). GatDH structurally aligns well with related members of the short-chain dehydrogenase family. The substrate binding pocket can be divided into two parts of different size and polarity. In the smaller part, the side chains of amino acids Ser(144), Ser(146), and Asn(151) are important determinants for the binding specificity and the orientation of (pro-) chiral compounds. The larger part of the pocket is elongated and flanked by polar and non-polar residues, enabling a rather broad substrate spectrum. The presented structures provide valuable information for a rational design of this enzyme to improve its stability against pH, temperature, or solvent concentration and to optimize product yield in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Carius
- From the Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel
- the Department of Biophysics, Structural Biology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Henning Christian
- From the Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel
- the Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department for Molecular Structural Biology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, and
| | - Annette Faust
- From the Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel
| | - Ulrich Zander
- From the Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel
- the Department of Biophysics, Structural Biology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Björn U. Klink
- the Division of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig
- the Department of Biophysics, Structural Biology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Petra Kornberger
- the Institute for Applied Microbiology, Saarland University, Im Stadtwald, D-66123 Saarbrücken
| | - Gert-Wieland Kohring
- the Institute for Applied Microbiology, Saarland University, Im Stadtwald, D-66123 Saarbrücken
| | - Friedrich Giffhorn
- the Institute for Applied Microbiology, Saarland University, Im Stadtwald, D-66123 Saarbrücken
| | - Axel J. Scheidig
- From the Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel
- the Department of Biophysics, Structural Biology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
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Parkot J, Gröger H, Hummel W. Purification, cloning, and overexpression of an alcohol dehydrogenase from Nocardia globerula reducing aliphatic ketones and bulky ketoesters. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:1813-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Weckbecker A, Hummel W. Cloning, expression, and characterization of an (R)-specific alcohol dehydrogenase fromLactobacillus kefir. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420600893827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Takeshita D, Kataoka M, Miyakawa T, Miyazono KI, Uzura A, Nagata K, Shimizu S, Tanokura M. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the NADPH-dependent 3-quinuclidinone reductase from Rhodotorula rubra. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:645-7. [PMID: 19478454 PMCID: PMC2688433 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109017588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
(R)-3-Quinuclidinol is a useful compound that is applicable to the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals. The NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase 3-quinuclidinone reductase from Rhodotorula rubra catalyzes the stereospecific reduction of 3-quinuclidinone to (R)-3-quinuclidinol and is expected to be utilized in industrial production of this alcohol. 3-Quinuclidinone reductase from R. rubra was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using Ni-affinity and ion-exchange column chromatography. Crystals of the protein were obtained by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method using PEG 8000 as the precipitant. The crystals belonged to space group P4(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 91.3, c = 265.4 A, and diffracted X-rays to 2.2 A resolution. The asymmetric unit contained four molecules of the protein and the solvent content was 48.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijiro Takeshita
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Michihiko Kataoka
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Miyazono
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Atsuko Uzura
- Research and Development Center, Nagase and Co. Ltd, 2-2-3 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2241, Japan
| | - Koji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Sakayu Shimizu
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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37
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Sulfolobus tokodaii ST0053 produces a novel thermostable, NAD-dependent medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:1758-63. [PMID: 19139244 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01392-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene, ST0053, from Sulfolobus tokodaii was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant enzyme was an NAD-dependent medium-chain ADH with high thermostability and tolerance of a wide range of pHs. This is the first step in creating an experimental functionality library of 10 genes annotated as ADHs in the S. tokodaii genome.
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38
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Tachibana S, Naka N, Kawai F, Yasuda M. Purification and characterization of cytoplasmic NAD-dependent polypropylene glycol dehydrogenase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 288:266-72. [PMID: 19054086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidizing enzyme NAD(+)-dependent polypropylene glycol dehydrogenase (PPG-DH) was purified to homogeneity from the cytoplasmic fraction of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia grown on polypropylene glycol (diol type) 2000. The purified enzyme consisted of a homotetrameric protein (37 kDa subunit) with a molecular mass of around 154 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid sequence (25 residues) showed similarity to the sequences of NAD(+)-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenases and NADH-dependent reductases. The enzyme preferentially oxidized medium-chain secondary alcohols, di- and tri-propylene glycols and polypropylene glycols including those with secondary alcohol groups in their molecular structure. Consequently, the enzyme was classified into a group of NAD(+)-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Tachibana
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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39
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Kratzer R, Egger S, Nidetzky B. Integration of enzyme, strain and reaction engineering to overcome limitations of baker's yeast in the asymmetric reduction of alpha-keto esters. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:1094-101. [PMID: 18623228 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report on the development of a whole-cell biocatalytic system based on the popular host Saccharomyces cerevisiae that shows programmable performance and good atom economy in the reduction of alpha-keto ester substrates. The NADPH-dependent yeast reductase background was suppressed through the combined effects of overexpression of a biosynthetic NADH-active reductase (xylose reductase from Candida tenuis) to the highest possible level and the use of anaerobic reaction conditions in the presence of an ethanol co-substrate where mainly NADH is recycled. The presented multi-level engineering approach leads to significant improvements in product optical purity along with increases in the efficiency of alpha-keto ester reduction and co-substrate yield (molar ratio of formed alpha-hydroxy ester to consumed ethanol). The corresponding alpha-hydroxy esters were obtained in useful yields (>50%) with purities of > or =99.4% enantiomeric excess. The obtained co-substrate yield reached values of greater than 1.0 with acetate as the only by-product formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Kratzer
- Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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40
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Lavandera I, Kern A, Schaffenberger M, Gross J, Glieder A, de Wildeman S, Kroutil W. An exceptionally DMSO-tolerant alcohol dehydrogenase for the stereoselective reduction of ketones. CHEMSUSCHEM 2008; 1:431-436. [PMID: 18702138 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200800032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase from Paracoccus pantotrophus DSM 11072, which is applicable for hydrogen transfer, has been identified, cloned, and overexpressed in E. coli. The enzyme stereoselectively reduces several ketones in a sustainable substrate-coupled approach using 2-propanol (5% v/v) as hydrogen donor. The enzyme maintained its activity in organic co-solvents in biphasic as well as monophasic systems and was even active in micro-aqueous media (1% v/v aqueous buffer). In general, a higher conversion was observed at higher log P values of the solvent, however, DMSO, which exhibits the lowest log P value of all solvents investigated, was not only tolerated but led to a higher conversion and relative activity (110-210%). For example, the conversion after 24 h in 15% v/v DMSO was double that for the reaction performed in buffer. This tolerance to DMSO may be attributed to the ability of the wild-type strain to adapt and grow in media with high sulfur content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Lavandera
- Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis c/o Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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41
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Johannes TW, Woodyer RD, Zhao H. Efficient regeneration of NADPH using an engineered phosphite dehydrogenase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 96:18-26. [PMID: 16948172 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The in situ regeneration of reduced nicotinamide cofactors (NAD(P)H) is necessary for practical synthesis of many important chemicals. Here, we report the engineering of a highly stable and active mutant phosphite dehydrogenase (12x-A176R PTDH) from Pseudomonas stutzeri and evaluation of its potential as an effective NADPH regeneration system in an enzyme membrane reactor. Two practically important enzymatic reactions including xylose reductase-catalyzed xylitol synthesis and alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed (R)-phenylethanol synthesis were used as model systems, and the mutant PTDH was directly compared to the commercially available NADP(+)-specific Pseudomonas sp. 101 formate dehydrogenase (mut Pse-FDH) that is widely used for NADPH regeneration. In both model reactions, the two regeneration enzymes showed similar rates of enzyme activity loss; however, the mutant PTDH showed higher substrate conversion and higher total turnover numbers for NADP(+) than mut Pse-FDH. The space-time yields of the product with the mutant PTDH were also up to fourfold higher than those with mut Pse-FDH. In particular, a space-time yield of 230 g L(-1) d(-1) xylitol was obtained with the mutant PTDH using a charged nanofiltration membrane, representing the highest productivity compared to other existing biological processes for xylitol synthesis based on yeast D-xylose converting strains or similar in vitro enzyme membrane reactor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W Johannes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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42
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Landwehr M, Hochrein L, Otey CR, Kasrayan A, Bäckvall JE, Arnold FH. Enantioselective alpha-hydroxylation of 2-arylacetic acid derivatives and buspirone catalyzed by engineered cytochrome P450 BM-3. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:6058-9. [PMID: 16669674 PMCID: PMC2551755 DOI: 10.1021/ja061261x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report that an engineered microbial cytochrome P450 BM-3 (CYP102A subfamily) efficiently catalyzes the alpha-hydroxylation of phenylacetic acid esters. This P450 BM-3 variant also produces the authentic human metabolite of buspirone, R-6-hydroxybuspirone, with 99.5% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Landwehr
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125-4100, USA
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43
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Inoue K, Makino Y, Itoh N. Purification and characterization of a novel alcohol dehydrogenase from Leifsonia sp. strain S749: a promising biocatalyst for an asymmetric hydrogen transfer bioreduction. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:3633-41. [PMID: 16000771 PMCID: PMC1169030 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.7.3633-3641.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To find microorganisms that could reduce phenyl trifluoromethyl ketone (PTK) to (S)-1-phenyltrifluoroethanol [(S)-PTE], styrene-assimilating bacteria (ca. 900 strains) isolated from soil samples were screened. We found that Leifsonia sp. strain S749 was the most suitable strain for the conversion of PTK to (S)-PTE in the presence of 2-propanol as a hydrogen donor. The enzyme corresponding to the reaction was purified homogeneity, characterized and designated Leifsonia alcohol dehydrogenase (LSADH). The purified enzyme had a molecular weight of 110,000 and was composed of four identical subunits (molecular weight, 26,000). LSADH required NADH as a cofactor, showed little activity with NADPH, and reduced a wide variety of aldehydes and ketones. LSADH catalyzed the enantioselective reduction of some ketones with high enantiomeric excesses (e.e.): PTK to (S)-PTE (>99% e.e.), acetophenone to (R)-1-phenylethanol (99% e.e.), and 2-heptanone to (R)-2-heptanol (>99% e.e.) in the presence of 2-propanol without an additional NADH regeneration system. Therefore, it would be a useful biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Inoue
- Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, Kosugi, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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Petschacher B, Leitgeb S, Kavanagh K, Wilson D, Nidetzky B. The coenzyme specificity of Candida tenuis xylose reductase (AKR2B5) explored by site-directed mutagenesis and X-ray crystallography. Biochem J 2005; 385:75-83. [PMID: 15320875 PMCID: PMC1134675 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CtXR (xylose reductase from the yeast Candida tenuis; AKR2B5) can utilize NADPH or NADH as co-substrate for the reduction of D-xylose into xylitol, NADPH being preferred approx. 33-fold. X-ray structures of CtXR bound to NADP+ and NAD+ have revealed two different protein conformations capable of accommodating the presence or absence of the coenzyme 2'-phosphate group. Here we have used site-directed mutagenesis to replace interactions specific to the enzyme-NADP+ complex with the aim of engineering the co-substrate-dependent conformational switch towards improved NADH selectivity. Purified single-site mutants K274R (Lys274-->Arg), K274M, K274G, S275A, N276D, R280H and the double mutant K274R-N276D were characterized by steady-state kinetic analysis of enzymic D-xylose reductions with NADH and NADPH at 25 degrees C (pH 7.0). The results reveal between 2- and 193-fold increases in NADH versus NADPH selectivity in the mutants, compared with the wild-type, with only modest alterations of the original NADH-linked xylose specificity and catalytic-centre activity. Catalytic reaction profile analysis demonstrated that all mutations produced parallel effects of similar magnitude on ground-state binding of coenzyme and transition state stabilization. The crystal structure of the double mutant showing the best improvement of coenzyme selectivity versus wild-type and exhibiting a 5-fold preference for NADH over NADPH was determined in a binary complex with NAD+ at 2.2 A resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Petschacher
- *Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Leitgeb
- *Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- †Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Kathryn L. Kavanagh
- †Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - David K. Wilson
- †Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- *Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Knietsch A, Waschkowitz T, Bowien S, Henne A, Daniel R. Construction and screening of metagenomic libraries derived from enrichment cultures: generation of a gene bank for genes conferring alcohol oxidoreductase activity on Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:1408-16. [PMID: 12620823 PMCID: PMC150107 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.3.1408-1416.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2002] [Accepted: 11/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrichment of microorganisms with special traits and the construction of metagenomic libraries by direct cloning of environmental DNA have great potential for identifying genes and gene products for biotechnological purposes. We have combined these techniques to isolate novel genes conferring oxidation of short-chain (C(2) to C(4)) polyols or reduction of the corresponding carbonyls. In order to favor the growth of microorganisms containing the targeted genes, samples collected from four different environments were incubated in the presence of glycerol and 1,2-propanediol. Subsequently, the DNA was extracted from the four samples and used to construct complex plasmid libraries. Approximately 100,000 Escherichia coli strains of each library per test substrate were screened for the production of carbonyls from polyols on indicator agar. Twenty-four positive E. coli clones were obtained during the initial screen. Sixteen of them contained a plasmid (pAK101 to pAK116) which conferred a stable carbonyl-forming phenotype. Eight of the positive clones exhibited NAD(H)-dependent alcohol oxidoreductase activity with polyols or carbonyls as the substrates in crude extracts. Sequencing revealed that the inserts of pAK101 to pAK116 encoded 36 complete and 17 incomplete presumptive protein-encoding genes. Fifty of these genes showed similarity to sequenced genes from a broad collection of different microorganisms. The genes responsible for the carbonyl formation of E. coli were identified for nine of the plasmids (pAK101, pAK102, pAK105, pAK107 to pAK110, pAK115, and pAK116). Analyses of the amino acid sequences deduced from these genes revealed that three (orf12, orf14, and orf22) encoded novel alcohol dehydrogenases of different types, four (orf5, sucB, fdhD, and yabF) encoded novel putative oxidoreductases belonging to groups distinct from alcohol dehydrogenases, one (glpK) encoded a putative glycerol kinase, and one (orf1) encoded a protein which showed no similarity to any other known gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Knietsch
- Abteilung Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik der Georg-August-Universität, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina R. Riebel
- Department of Pathology, Whitehead Building, 615 Michael Drive, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Phillip R. Gibbs
- School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332‐0363, USA Fax: (+1)‐404‐894‐2291
| | - William B. Wellborn
- School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332‐0363, USA Fax: (+1)‐404‐894‐2291
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332‐0363, USA Fax: (+1)‐404‐894‐2291
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47
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Yasohara Y, Kizaki N, Hasegawa J, Wada M, Kataoka M, Shimizu S. Molecular cloning and overexpression of the gene encoding an NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase from Candida magnoliae, involved in stereoselective reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64:1430-6. [PMID: 10945260 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase (S1) isolated from Candida magnoliae catalyzed the reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) to ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate (CHBE), with a 100% enantiomeric excess, which is a useful chiral building block for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. The gene encoding the enzyme was cloned and sequenced. The S1 gene comprises 849 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 30,420 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence showed a high degree of similarity to those of the other members of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase superfamily. The S1 gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli under the control of the lac promoter. The enzyme expressed in E. coli was purified to homogeneity and had the same catalytic properties as the enzyme from C. magnoliae did. An E. coli transformant reduced COBE to 125 g/l of (S)-CHBE, with an optical purity of 100% enantiomeric excess, in an organic solvent two-phase system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yasohara
- Fine Chemical Research Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, Takasago, Japan
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