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Khan MR, Sadiq MB, Vápenka L, Volpe S, Rajchl A, Torrieri E. Role of quality assessment of the recycled packaging material in determining its safety profile as food contact material. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 188:72-85. [PMID: 39116658 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Food packaging waste significantly impacts global environmental changes, prompting the adoption of a green circular economy approach. Recycling packaging waste is a critical element of this strategy. However, it faces challenges related to the quality of recycled materials and concerns about their safety. Thus, this review aimed to highlight different analytical methods alone or in combination to evaluate the quality of the recycled material. Furthermore, the safety and health aspects related to the migration of contaminants and their relevant regulations have also been discussed. An important parameter while selecting an appropriate recycling method is the composition and nature of the recyclate, for instance, HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene), PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate), and PP (Polypropylene) materials can be recycled using mechanical and chemical recycling, however, PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) and PS (Polystyrene) present challenges during mechanical recycling due to lower molecular weight and complex compositions, thus are often downcycled into lower-grade products. Still, recycled papers can be more problematic than recycled plastics due to the nature of the materials and the impact of recycling. The literature review suggested that three quality properties i.e., presence of low molecular weight compounds, degree of degradation, and composition should be analyzed by using different spectroscopic, thermo-mechanical, and chromatographic techniques to obtain a detailed understanding of recycled material quality. Furthermore, recycling should be done in such a way that the migration of contaminants should be lower than the migratory limits set by the relevant authorities to avoid any toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rehan Khan
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology (FPBT), Department of Food Preservation, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
- School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Lukáš Vápenka
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology (FPBT), Department of Food Preservation, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefania Volpe
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Aleš Rajchl
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology (FPBT), Department of Food Preservation, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Torrieri
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
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Ana S, Chiara C, Fabiola C, Ursol Luca M, Sabrina M. High sensitivity determination of mineral oils and olefin oligomers in cocoa powder and related packaging: method validation and market survey. Food Chem 2022; 396:133686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Liu L, Li B, Yang D, Ouyang J, Sui H, Wu Y. Survey of mineral oil hydrocarbons in Chinese commercial complementary foods for infants and young children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1441-1455. [PMID: 34077340 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1926548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) in various foods have raised significant concern, especially for infants and young children due to their potential adverse health effects. Two fractions can be distinguished by certain analytical techniques, mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). The toxicological profile of MOSH and MOAH differs greatly. The toxicity of MOSH is linked with long-term accumulation of some hydrocarbons. MOAH with three to seven, non- or simple-alkylated, aromatic rings may be mutagenic and carcinogenic. However, data on the occurrence of mineral oils in commercial complementary foods for infants and young children are lacking in China. In the present study, 100 commercial food samples were collected, including 26 pureed or paste canned foods, 21 high-protein ground cereal foods (rice flour), 25 raw cereal foods (noodles), and 28 cereal-based molar sticks and biscuits. The content of MOSH and MOAH in those samples was determined by optimised sample preparation methods combined with on-line high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with gas chromatography and flame ionisation detector (HPLC-GC-FID), with a limit of quantification of 0.5 mg/kg. The results indicated that there were no MOAH detected in any of the foods, but MOSH and polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (POSH) existed in most of the food samples, at <0.5-23.68 mg/kg. Moreover, the data and chromatograms of the MOSH and POSH also indicated that these contaminants were closely correlated to their ingredients and manufacturers. The current study provides basic data to understand MOH exposure and consequent health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bingning Li
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Daoyuan Yang
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ouyang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Sui
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Wu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
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Wan J, Zhang S, Liu L, Li B, Ouyang J, Wu Y. Contribution of packaging materials to MOSH and POSH contamination of milk powder products during storage. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1034-1043. [PMID: 33784215 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1892205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) in milk powders, particularly in infant formulas, have been and continue to be a major concern to the public worldwide. These contaminants are likely derived from environmental pollution, manufacturing process and packaging materials. In this study, 23 Chinese commercial milk powder products packaged in four types of materials, i.e. metal cans, paper containers, paperboard boxes with internal bags, and aluminium foil-plastic bags, were collected and stored for 1 year. The total and surface MOH in these samples were detected and compared before and after storage to understand the MOH migration during storage, despite no mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOAH) were detected. The contents of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (POSH) in metal cans were the least among the four packages and changed little during storage, which suggested that little MOH migration occurred in metal material. Despite all the food contact materials in the other three packagings were the aluminium foil-plastic composite, the similar low migration occurred in the aluminium foil-plastic bags and internally contained composite bag(s) in paperboard boxes. However, both total and surface MOSH and POSH easily migrated from the paper-plastic-aluminium composite of paper containers during storage. These findings are helpful for the selection of packaging materials in manufacturing milk powder products or other foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Wan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuchang Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bingning Li
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ouyang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Wu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
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Zhang S, Liu L, Li B, Xie Y, Ouyang J, Wu Y. Concentrations of migrated mineral oil/polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH/POSH) in Chinese commercial milk powder products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1261-1272. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1627001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuchang Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bingning Li
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoqing Xie
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ouyang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Wu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
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Munoz C, Eicher A, Biedermann M, Grob K. Recycled paperboard with a barrier layer for food contact: set-off during stacking or reeling. Analytical method and preliminary results. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:577-582. [PMID: 29210614 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1411618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of recycled paperboard for packaging dry foods is in the interest of sustainability of resources, but in most applications, the food must be protected against contamination, such as by a functional barrier on the internal surface of the paperboard box. After application, the paperboard is usually stacked or reeled before making boxes. During this period, the food-contact surface of the barrier layer is in contact with the outer side of the paperboard, which may result in set-off and subsequent contamination of food. A method is described for the determination of this path of migration, based on the taped format also used for the measurement of the barrier efficiency. Recycled paperboard containing the three surrogate substances n-heptadecane, 4-methyl benzophenone and dipropyl phthalate was taped to the food-contact side of the barrier layer. Pressure onto the test packs did not seem to be a relevant parameter. After periods of interest, a piece of the paperboard with the barrier layer was extracted and analysed for the surrogate substances. Another piece may be brought into contact with silicone paper to simulate the transfer to food. After 2 weeks at 60°C (simulating about 1 year at 25°C), set-off and the transfer to the silicone paper exceeded 1% for all barrier materials tested, but after 6 weeks at 40°C (around half a year at 25°C), set-off remained below 1% for all barrier layers except a multilayer with polyethylene on the food-contact surface. The preliminary conclusion is that set-off should be taken seriously, but may be kept low enough to provide sufficient protection of the packed food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Munoz
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Angela Eicher
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
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Biedermann M, Biedermann-Brem S, Grob K. May polypropylene films be a sufficiently effective functional barrier for foods packed in recycled paperboard and stored at room temperature? J Verbrauch Lebensm 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-017-1101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Functional barriers or adsorbent to reduce the migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons from recycled cardboard into dry food. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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