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Bergmann AJ, Breitenbach M, Muñoz C, Simon E, McCombie G, Biedermann M, Schönborn A, Vermeirssen EL. Towards detecting genotoxic chemicals in food packaging at thresholds of toxicological concern using bioassays with high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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2
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Zinkevich A, Uthoff SAK, Iwen J, Biedermann M, Ansmann L. Inwiefern erklären ärztliche Empathie und
impfbezogene Gesundheitskompetenz die Impfintention bei älteren
Patient*innen? Das Gesundheitswesen 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1753670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Zinkevich
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Department
für Versorgungsforschung, Organisationsbezogene Versorgungsforschung,
Oldenburg, Deutschland
| | - SAK Uthoff
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Department
für Versorgungsforschung, Organisationsbezogene Versorgungsforschung,
Oldenburg, Deutschland
| | - J Iwen
- Verband der Ersatzkassen e. V. (vdek), Versorgungsmanagement, Berlin,
Deutschland
| | - M Biedermann
- Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), Dezernat
Sicherstellung und Versorgungsstruktur, Abteilung Versorgungsstruktur, Berlin,
Deutschland
| | - L Ansmann
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Department
für Versorgungsforschung, Organisationsbezogene Versorgungsforschung,
Oldenburg, Deutschland
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3
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Leonhardt U, Biedermann M, Heinemeier D, Iwen J. Patientengespräche zum Thema Impfen in der Hausarztpraxis:
Worauf sollten Ärzt:innen und MFA achten? Das Gesundheitswesen 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1753900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U Leonhardt
- Verband der Ersatzkassen e. V. (vdek), Berlin,
Deutschland
| | - M Biedermann
- Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), Berlin,
Deutschland
| | | | - J Iwen
- Verband der Ersatzkassen e. V. (vdek), Berlin,
Deutschland
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4
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Kühne F, Biedermann M, Eicher A, Felder F, Sander S, Schmidt R, Lehmann S, McCombie G, Merkel S, Kappenstein O, Luch A. Characterisation of Elastomers as Food Contact Materials-Part 1: Quantification of Extractable Compounds, Swelling of Elastomers in Food Simulants and Release of Elements. Molecules 2021; 26:509. [PMID: 33478042 PMCID: PMC7835956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastomers are not a uniform class of materials but comprise a broad spectrum of chemically different polymers. Sealing gaskets, gloves, teats, conveyor belts and tubing are examples of elastomers being used as food contact materials (FCMs). Ten elastomer samples were evaluated with respect to the content of extractable compounds, migration of substances into ethanolic food simulants, swelling in food simulants and release of elements in different food simulants. The number of extractable substances <1000 Da was determined by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with flame ionisation detection (GC × GC-FID) analysis of tetrahydrofuran (THF) extracts. The number of signals ranged from 61 (a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE)) to 690 (a natural rubber/styrene-butadiene-rubber blend (NR/SBR)). As for risk assessment, the decisive factor is which substances reach the food. The extent of substances that migrate into ethanolic food simulants was investigated. Elastomer FCMs can be the source of food contamination with heavy metals. Notably, contamination with lead was detected in some samples investigated in this study. It was shown that food simulants harbour the potential to morphologically alter or even disintegrate elastomeric materials. The results presented here highlight the importance to carefully choose the elastomer type for the intended use as FCMs as not every application may prove safe for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Kühne
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Angela Eicher
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Florian Felder
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Stefan Sander
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Roman Schmidt
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Saskia Lehmann
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Gregor McCombie
- Official Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstr. 15, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.B.); (A.E.); (F.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Stefan Merkel
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- Department of Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andreas Luch
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (S.S.); (R.S.); (S.L.); (S.M.); (A.L.)
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Eicher A, Biedermann M, Suter G, Felder F, Biedermann-Brem S, Stalder U, McCombie G. Exposure to acrylamide from home-cooked food: fried potatoes (rösti) in Switzerland as an example. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2061-2069. [PMID: 33066714 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1828624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant lack of data on acrylamide in food which is prepared domestically, as obtaining samples of food cooked in people's homes is more complex than taking samples from shops. Rösti is a fried potato dish, which can be a significant contributor to acrylamide exposure, particularly in the German speaking areas of Switzerland. A set of 71 samples was collected from people who cooked the dish at home. The average acrylamide content was 709 µg/kg. Based on a food frequency questionnaire and on a Swiss national food survey the results enabled the determination of the exposure of the population to acrylamide through home-made rösti. The values for an exposure estimate to acrylamide from rösti are 7.8 µg/day for the whole population (including rösti eaters and non-eaters) and 27.2 µg/day for predominantly rösti consumers participating in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Eicher
- Official Food Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- Official Food Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Suter
- Official Food Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Felder
- Official Food Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Urs Stalder
- Division of Risk Assessment, Food Safety and Veterinary Office , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gregor McCombie
- Official Food Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
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Boarelli MC, Biedermann M, Peier M, Fiorini D, Grob K. Ergosterol as a marker for the use of degraded olives in the production of olive oil. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bratinova S, Hoekstra E, Emons H, Hutzler C, Kappenstein O, Biedermann M, McCombie G. The reliability of MOSH/MOAH data: a comment on a recently published article. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-020-01287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this article, we analyse recently published material by Koster et al. (Food Addit Contam Part A, 10.1080/19440049.2019.1678770, 2019) entitled “Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in Foods: Is the Data Reliable?”. Koster et al. claim to have traced the reasons for laboratory failures to “deliver robust and reliable test results” for the analysis of MOSH/MOAH in some food matrices, however, a careful review revealed that this publication falls short in considering several aspects of assessing the reliability and comparability of analytical data produced by different laboratories.
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8
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Biedermann M, Munoz C, Grob K. Epoxidation for the analysis of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons in food. An update. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461236. [PMID: 32540076 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (HPLC-GC-FID) used for determining mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in foods, particularly in certain oils and fats, may be disturbed by interfering olefins present as natural food components or resulting from raffination of the oils and fats. While some interference can be coped with by disregarding their peaks, others overload GC to the extent of obscuring the MOAH or form humps which need to be distinguished from the hump formed by the MOAH. In the latter cases, it is necessary to remove these interferences prior to HPLC-GC analysis. So far, epoxidation of the olefins to increase their retention time beyond that of the MOAH in HPLC is the best method available, though imperfect by causing some loss of MOAH and sometimes incomplete removal of the interference. Two methods are re-evaluated; preference is given to a slightly modified version of that proposed by Nestola and Schmidt. The performances are comparable: the losses of MOAH are similar and with both methods not all interfering olefins may be removed from refined edible oils. However, the Nestola/Schmidt method has practical advantages, the main ones being that no cooling is necessary and no solvent needs to be evaporated, which facilitates automation. Potential residual interferences must be recognized and subtracted, which can be by the characteristics of the hump they form in HPLC-GC-FID, by GCxGC-FID or by GCxGC-MS using characteristic mass fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Celine Munoz
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Abstract
Sisal fibers are treated with a batching oil before spinning. Such oils usually consist of mineral oil products and cause considerable contamination of the packed foods (typically 10-100 mg/kg). Batching oils recovered from sisal bags previously used for transporting cocoa and coffee beans were analyzed for total concentrations on the bag as well as the composition of the paraffins and aromatics. Concentrations of total hydrocarbons ranged between 0.3 and 39 g/kg sisal bag; concentrations of aromatics ranged between <0.1 and 2.7 g/kg. The applied batching oils varied between raw mineral oil fractions, somewhat purified fractions, and a crystallized product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Grob
- Kantonales Labor, PO Box, CH-8030 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Artho
- Kantonales Labor, PO Box, CH-8030 Zürich, Switzerland
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Jan PL, Lehnen L, Besnard AL, Kerth G, Biedermann M, Schorcht W, Petit EJ, Le Gouar P, Puechmaille SJ. Range expansion is associated with increased survival and fecundity in a long-lived bat species. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190384. [PMID: 31288708 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The speed and dynamics of range expansions shape species distributions and community composition. Despite the critical impact of population growth rates for range expansion, they are neglected in existing empirical studies, which focus on the investigation of selected life-history traits. Here, we present an approach based on non-invasive genetic capture-mark-recapture data for the estimation of adult survival, fecundity and juvenile survival, which determine population growth. We demonstrate the reliability of our method with simulated data, and use it to investigate life-history changes associated with range expansion in 35 colonies of the bat species Rhinolophus hipposideros. Comparing the demographic parameters inferred for 19 of those colonies which belong to an expanding population with those inferred for the remaining 16 colonies from a non-expanding population reveals that range expansion is associated with higher net reproduction. Juvenile survival was the main driver of the observed reproduction increase in this long-lived bat species with low per capita annual reproductive output. The higher average growth rate in the expanding population was not associated with a trade-off between increased reproduction and survival, suggesting that the observed increase in reproduction stems from a higher resource acquisition in the expanding population. Environmental conditions in the novel habitat hence seem to have an important influence on range expansion dynamics, and warrant further investigation for the management of range expansion in both native and invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-L Jan
- 1 ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA , Rennes , France
| | - L Lehnen
- 2 Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - A-L Besnard
- 1 ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA , Rennes , France
| | - G Kerth
- 2 Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - M Biedermann
- 3 Interessengemeinschaft für Fledermausschutz und -forschung Thüringen (IFT) e.V. , Bad Liebenstein , Germany
| | - W Schorcht
- 4 Nachtaktiv- Biologists for Bat research GbR , Germany
| | - E J Petit
- 1 ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA , Rennes , France
| | - P Le Gouar
- 5 UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université Rennes 1 , Station Biologique, Paimpont , France
| | - S J Puechmaille
- 2 Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
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Biedermann M, Grob K. Advantages of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for comprehensive analysis of potential migrants from food contact materials. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1057:11-17. [PMID: 30832909 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
All substances migrating from food contact materials (FCMs), such as packagings, into food must be safe. This presupposes comprehensive analysis of all constituents potentially reaching a concentration in food that may be of toxicological concern. There is no single technique meeting this task and usually several need to be combined. In many cases, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) is the best technique available to start with. It provides high resolution and an overview in well-structured plots, grouping similar substances in a manner facilitating identifications. Further, flame ionization detection (FID) enables approximate quantitation without standards, and electron impact (EI) fragmentation in mass spectrometry (MS) provides access to large libraries for identification. GC is limited in amenable molecular mass, but the characterization of the lower mass constituents is usually helpful also for the identification of higher mass ones by techniques like HPLC-MS. The scope of this paper is to advocate the use of GCxGC for comprehensive migrate analysis, based on advantages illustrated by examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich (Kantonales Labor), P.O. Box, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich (Kantonales Labor), P.O. Box, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Biedermann M, Schum R, Grob K. Activated carbon added to recycled paperboard to prevent migration into food: approach for determining efficacy, and first results. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1832-1844. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1506162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Schum
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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Stirner H, Dahl J, Uebis R, Kleinhans E, Biedermann M, Große W, Simon HJ, Buell U. Quantitative Evaluation of Myocardial Stress/Rest 201TISPECT: Results of a ROI-Based Method in 108 Patients with CHD. Nuklearmedizin 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1628896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
ROI-based polar maps (33 ROIs) were employed to evaluate quantitatively stress/rest myocardial 201TI SPECT in 108 patients with angiographically proven coronary heart disease (CHD) in comparison with 30 controls. Sensitivity in detecting a CHD with stenoses of > 50% of luminal diameter was determined versus normal regional values (± 2.5 SD) employing vitality (VI) and wash-out corrected redistribution (RD). The method was evaluated referring to the severity of the disease, to the number of ROIs displaying changes [(a) 1 ROI, (b) >2 ROIs], to validity of VI, RD or a combination thereof, and for specificity. Wash-out values were found to depend on degree of stress individually achieved and thus were not used as a threshold criterion. Sensitivity in supply areas with old myocardial infarctions was 95% (a) and 86% (b), resp. With no infarction, it was 96% (a) and 79% (b), resp. VI in stenosis > 75% was more sensitive than RD. However, combined evaluation of VI and RD yielded sensitivities from 91-100% (a) and 77-94% (b), resp. for different main supply areas. In stenosis < 50% with normal VI, RD was positive in 18-31 %. Specificity turned out to be 91 % (a) and 97% (b), resp. We conclude that the method presented is reliable to quantify numerically 201TI kinetics in myocardial SPECT, aimed at detecting and describing CHD.
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Biedermann M, Grün B, Dohmen BM, Sabri O, Friedberg C, Bull U, Bares R. KST und Onkoszintigraphie mit 99mTc-MIBI in der Nachsorge des Schilddrüsenkarzinoms. Nuklearmedizin 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1629761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungMit der KST und der MIBI-Onkoszintigraphie stehen zwei neue Methoden für die Nachsorge des differenzierten Schilddrüsenkarzinoms zur Verfügung. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde ihre klinische Eignung bei 21 Patienten mit und 34 Patienten ohne Rezidivverdacht im Vergleich zu Sonographie, Radiojodszintigraphie und hTg-Bestimmung geprüft. Es zeigte sich, daß die KST zwar die höchste Sensitivität für lokoregionäre Metastasen besitzt (100%), ein diagnostischer Zugewinn jedoch nur bei mediastinalen Herden erzielt werden konnte. Die MIBI-Onkoszintigraphie hatte eine geringere Trefferquote (67%), doch erlaubte sie aufgrund ihrer hohen Spezifität (93,5%) eine sichere Differenzierung zwischen reaktiv vergrößerten und metastatisch befallenen Lymphknoten; sie bietet sich daher bei fraglichen Befunden als einfache Alternative zur aufwendigeren, mit einem Absetzen der TSH-suppressiven Hormonmedikation verbundenen Radiojodszintigraphie an. Als Screening zur Erkennung von Tumorrezidiven bewährte sich die hTg-Bestimmung unter Zugrundelegung einer oberen Normgrenze von 3 ng/ml (Richtigkeit: 100%).
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15
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Munoz C, Eicher A, Biedermann M, Grob K. Recycled paperboard with a barrier layer for food contact: set-off during stacking or reeling. Analytical method and preliminary results. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:577-582. [PMID: 29210614 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1411618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of recycled paperboard for packaging dry foods is in the interest of sustainability of resources, but in most applications, the food must be protected against contamination, such as by a functional barrier on the internal surface of the paperboard box. After application, the paperboard is usually stacked or reeled before making boxes. During this period, the food-contact surface of the barrier layer is in contact with the outer side of the paperboard, which may result in set-off and subsequent contamination of food. A method is described for the determination of this path of migration, based on the taped format also used for the measurement of the barrier efficiency. Recycled paperboard containing the three surrogate substances n-heptadecane, 4-methyl benzophenone and dipropyl phthalate was taped to the food-contact side of the barrier layer. Pressure onto the test packs did not seem to be a relevant parameter. After periods of interest, a piece of the paperboard with the barrier layer was extracted and analysed for the surrogate substances. Another piece may be brought into contact with silicone paper to simulate the transfer to food. After 2 weeks at 60°C (simulating about 1 year at 25°C), set-off and the transfer to the silicone paper exceeded 1% for all barrier materials tested, but after 6 weeks at 40°C (around half a year at 25°C), set-off remained below 1% for all barrier layers except a multilayer with polyethylene on the food-contact surface. The preliminary conclusion is that set-off should be taken seriously, but may be kept low enough to provide sufficient protection of the packed food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Munoz
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Angela Eicher
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
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Niblett SP, Biedermann M, Wales DJ, de Souza VK. Pathways for diffusion in the potential energy landscape of the network glass former SiO 2. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:152726. [PMID: 29055343 DOI: 10.1063/1.5005924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the dynamical behaviour of a computer model for viscous silica, the archetypal strong glass former, and compare its diffusion mechanism with earlier studies of a fragile binary Lennard-Jones liquid. Three different methods of analysis are employed. First, the temperature and time scale dependence of the diffusion constant is analysed. Negative correlation of particle displacements influences transport properties in silica as well as in fragile liquids. We suggest that the difference between Arrhenius and super-Arrhenius diffusive behaviour results from competition between the correlation time scale and the caging time scale. Second, we analyse the dynamics using a geometrical definition of cage-breaking transitions that was proposed previously for fragile glass formers. We find that this definition accurately captures the bond rearrangement mechanisms that control transport in open network liquids, and reproduces the diffusion constants accurately at low temperatures. As the same method is applicable to both strong and fragile glass formers, we can compare correlation time scales in these two types of systems. We compare the time spent in chains of correlated cage breaks with the characteristic caging time and find that correlations in the fragile binary Lennard-Jones system persist for an order of magnitude longer than those in the strong silica system. We investigate the origin of the correlation behaviour by sampling the potential energy landscape for silica and comparing it with the binary Lennard-Jones model. We find no qualitative difference between the landscapes, but several metrics suggest that the landscape of the fragile liquid is rougher and more frustrated. Metabasins in silica are smaller than those in binary Lennard-Jones and contain fewer high-barrier processes. This difference probably leads to the observed separation of correlation and caging time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Niblett
- University Chemical Laboratories, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - M Biedermann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - D J Wales
- University Chemical Laboratories, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - V K de Souza
- University Chemical Laboratories, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Biedermann M, Munoz C, Grob K. Update of on-line coupled liquid chromatography – gas chromatography for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons in foods and cosmetics. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1521:140-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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McCombie G, Biedermann S, Suter G, Biedermann M. Survey on plasticizers currently found in PVC toys on the Swiss market: Banned phthalates are only a minor concern. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2017; 52:491-496. [PMID: 28129041 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1274176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasticizers in toys are a recurring source of criticism and concern, as consumers feel they may endanger the health of their children. Most of the information available in literature concerns the presence or absence of certain phthalic acid ester plasticizers. Very little information can be found in the public domain with respect to the actually used plasticizers at a given time and place. In this paper, we present the plasticizer composition of 118 samples from 88 polyvinyl chloride toys found on the Swiss market in autumn 2015. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) was by far the most frequent main plasticizer in the analyzed samples, which is a change when compared to the plasticizers found in toys and child care articles in 2007. Furthermore, the data show that the banned phthalates in toys are only a minor concern. The occurrence, however, is not evenly distributed between importers. If a toy is not designed to be sold on the European market by the manufacturer, it seems to be more likely to contain a banned phthalic acid ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor McCombie
- a Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Sandra Biedermann
- a Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Gaby Suter
- a Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- a Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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Barp L, Biedermann M, Grob K, Blas-Y-Estrada F, Nygaard UC, Alexander J, Cravedi JP. Mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) in female Fischer 344 rats; accumulation of wax components; implications for risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2017; 583:319-333. [PMID: 28117154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Female Fischer 344 rats were exposed to three MOSH mixtures: oils largely below and above C25 (S-C25 and L-C25) and a 1:1 mixture of L-C25 with a wax; doses of 400, 1000 and 4000mg/kg feed were administered during 120days. MOSH were determined by on-line HPLC-GC-FID in liver, spleen, adipose tissue and the carcass. The composition of the hydrocarbons accumulated in the tissues was further analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC). MOSH in the mass range of C26-30 were more strongly accumulated than those between C20-25, which does not support the present classification of MOSH differentiating at n-C25 for risk assessment. Compared to the total of the MOSH, n-alkanes and n-alkyl monocyclic naphthenes were generally enriched in adipose tissue. In liver and spleen, n-alkanes up to C25 were eliminated, but strongly accumulated at around C30. Based on this profile, poor solubility and the melting points, it is hypothesized that crystallization protects these wax components against metabolism and elimination. In the liver, relative retention of n-alkanes decreased again beyond C30, accentuated at high exposure, suggesting reduced absorption. Compared to the animal data, accumulation of n-alkanes from food sources, such as apples, into human tissues seems low, perhaps because of low absorption due to their presence in crystalline form. A series of dominant isoalkanes, accumulated in all tissues analyzed, was characterized, though without proposing a structure. Implications on present regulation of white mineral oil products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barp
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, P.O. Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, P.O. Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, P.O. Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Unni C Nygaard
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, n-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Alexander
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, n-0403 Oslo, Norway
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Biedermann M, Biedermann-Brem S, Grob K. May polypropylene films be a sufficiently effective functional barrier for foods packed in recycled paperboard and stored at room temperature? J Verbrauch Lebensm 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-017-1101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Funk M, Leist U, Biedermann M, Grob K. Interlaboratory comparison: taped test on the barrier efficiency of internal bags used in boxes of recycled paperboard. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-017-1093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Faessler D, McCombie G, Biedermann M, Felder F, Subotic U. Leaching of plasticizers from polyvinylchloride perfusion lines by different lipid emulsions for premature infants under clinical conditions. Int J Pharm 2017; 520:119-125. [PMID: 28126549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasticizers migrate from polyvinylchloride (PVC) infusion systems into lipid emulsions. The aim of this study was to investigate the leaching of different plasticizers from PVC perfusion lines by a selection of lipid emulsions under clinical conditions. Seven PVC perfusion lines with an equal length of 150cm and three internal diameters were perfused with three lipid emulsions: Intralipid® 20%, ClinOleic® 20% and SMOFlipid® 20%, mimicking clinical conditions. The concentrations of the plasticizers were measured directly in the emulsions by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Of the four plasticizers examined in this study, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) leached the most and was found, on average, at 46.5μg/ml in the emulsions - around one order of magnitude higher than the other plasticizers. This study demonstrates that the leaching of DEHP by lipid emulsions in conditions of total parenteral nutrition is many times higher than should be accepted and higher when compared to the other plasticizers. There was no significant difference in leaching of plasticizers in relation to the type of lipid emulsion. The influence of tube diameter on the leaching rate of plasticizers should be taken into account especially in particular exposed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Faessler
- Division of Visceral, Neonatal, and Fetal Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor McCombie
- :Official Food Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- :Official Food Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Felder
- :Official Food Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Subotic
- Division of Visceral, Neonatal, and Fetal Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
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Barp L, Biedermann M, Grob K, Blas-Y-Estrada F, Nygaard UC, Alexander J, Cravedi JP. Accumulation of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) in female Fischer 344 rats: Comparison with human data and consequences for risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2017; 575:1263-1278. [PMID: 27707572 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Female Fischer 344 rats were orally exposed to a mixture of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) of broad molecular mass range at doses of 40, 400 and 4000mg/kg feed. Amounts and compositions of the MOSH were analyzed in liver, spleen, adipose tissue and the carcass after exposure during 30, 60, 90 and 120d as well as after 90d exposure followed by 30d depuration. At 40mg/kg in the feed, after 30d of exposure, 10.9% of the ingested MOSH were recovered from the animal body; after 90d plus 30d depuration it was 3.9%. In liver and spleen, the maximum retention in terms of molecular mass (simulated distillation) was at n-C29; in adipose tissue and carcass it was at n-C15/16. The differentiation between MOSH below and above n-C25 (Class I versus Class II and III oils), used for present regulation, is not supported by the present data on accumulation; structural characteristics seem more pertinent than molecular mass. Concentrations in the tissues increased far less than proportionally with the dose, rendering linear extrapolation to low doses questionable. No steady state was reached after 120d. In fact, comparing with the concentrations in human tissues at the estimated exposure, extrapolation from animal experiments seems to grossly underestimate human internal exposure. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) was used to characterize the MOSH residues in the tissues with the aim of identifying the most strongly accumulated types. In the liver and spleen, the highly branched hydrocarbons dominated, whereas in the adipose tissue it was the n-alkanes and species with main n-alkyl moieties. Strong MOSH accumulation is not of concern per se, but the safety at the high concentrations in human tissues needs to be re-evaluated, possibly taking into account also end points other than granuloma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barp
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, P.O. Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, P.O. Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, P.O. Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Unni C Nygaard
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Alexander
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
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Biedermann-Brem S, Biedermann M, Grob K. Required barrier efficiency of internal bags against the migration from recycled paperboard packaging into food: a benchmark. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:725-40. [PMID: 26936619 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1160744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of recycled paperboard and corrugated board for food packaging is in the interest of the sustainability of resources, but in most applications the food must be protected against contamination from these materials, such as by an internal bag with a functional barrier. Producers of packaging need a specification to find the most suitable and economical barrier for a given application, and the customer needs the confidence that a solution offered to him is adequate. An accurate determination of the barrier efficiency is not possible due to the large number of migrants, most of which have not been evaluated or not even identified. Hence the specification must be based on assumptions and verifiable by a simple test. The proposed benchmark presumes that the migration of all non-evaluated or even unknown substances in recycled paperboard will remain below 0.01 mg kg(-1) food, the conventional detection limit, if their transfer does not exceed 1% of the content in the paperboard. Some substances, such as mineral oil or fatty acids, will exceed the 0.01 mg kg(-1) limit, but they are known, evaluated and of no concern at the reduced migration. Since the critical substances must be assumed to be unknown, the criterion of the 1% migration is tested with three surrogate substances of similar volatility and covering a broad range of polarity. The cornerstones of the method are specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Biedermann-Brem
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
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Lommatzsch M, Biedermann M, Grob K, Simat TJ. Analysis of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons migrating from a polyolefin-based hot-melt adhesive into food. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:473-88. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1130863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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McCombie G, Biedermann M, Biedermann-Brem S, Suter G, Eicher A, Pfefferle A. Acrylamide in a fried potato dish (rösti) from restaurants in Zurich, Switzerland. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2015; 9:21-6. [PMID: 26462849 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1102974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rösti, a fried potato product, is a large contributor to acrylamide exposure locally in Switzerland. A survey of 55 dishes prepared by 51 restaurants in the city of Zurich showed that the average rösti contained 702 µg/kg acrylamide. By analysing the content of reducing sugars in the potatoes used for frying, it is shown that with simple measures, the exposure to acrylamide could easily be reduced by factor 2 or more, while even improving the culinary experience. Though rösti is a typical dish in the German-speaking areas in Switzerland, the result may be of general interest for fried potato products which are popular in large areas of Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor McCombie
- a Official Food Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- a Official Food Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | - Gaby Suter
- a Official Food Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Angela Eicher
- a Official Food Control Laboratory of the Canton of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Anton Pfefferle
- b Belvoirpark School of Hotel Management Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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Lommatzsch M, Biedermann M, Simat TJ, Grob K. Argentation high performance liquid chromatography on-line coupled to gas chromatography for the analysis of monounsaturated polyolefin oligomers in packaging materials and foods. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1402:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Biedermann M, Barp L, Kornauth C, Würger T, Rudas M, Reiner A, Concin N, Grob K. Mineral oil in human tissues, part II: characterization of the accumulated hydrocarbons by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Sci Total Environ 2015; 506-507:644-55. [PMID: 25063713 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mineral oil hydrocarbons are by far the largest contaminant in the human body. Their composition differs from that in the mineral oils humans are exposed to, and varies also between different tissues of the same individual. Using the presently best technique for characterizing the composition of mineral oil hydrocarbons, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC), the hydrocarbons in human tissues were compared to those of various mineral oils. This provided information about the strongly accumulated species and might give hints on the flow path through the human body. The selectivity of accumulation is probably also of interest for the risk assessment of synthetic hydrocarbons (polyolefins). GC×GC grouped the MOSH into classes of n-alkanes, paraffins with a low degree of branching, multibranched paraffins and naphthenes (alkylated cyclic hydrocarbons) with 1-4 rings. Metabolic elimination was observed for constituents of all these classes, but was selective within each class. The MOSH in the subcutaneous abdominal fat tissues and the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) had almost the same composition and included the distinct signals observed in mineral oil, though in reduced amounts relative to the cloud of unresolved hydrocarbons. The MOSH in the liver and the spleen were different from those in the MLN and fat tissue, but again with largely identical composition for a given individual. Virtually all constituents forming distinct signals were eliminated, leaving an unresolved residue of highly isomerized hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, P.O. Box 1471, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Barp
- Università di Udine, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, via Sondrio 2/A, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Christoph Kornauth
- Clinical Institute for Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Tanja Würger
- Clinical Institute for Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Margaretha Rudas
- Clinical Institute for Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Angelika Reiner
- Department of Pathology, Danube Hospital, Langobardenstr. 122, A-1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Concin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, P.O. Box 1471, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Biedermann M, Grob K. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for characterizing mineral oils in foods and distinguishing them from synthetic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1375:146-53. [PMID: 25526977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many foods are contaminated by hydrocarbons of mineral oil or synthetic origin. High performance liquid chromatography on-line coupled with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (HPLC-GC-FID) is a powerful tool for the quantitative determination, but it would often be desirable to obtain more information about the type of hydrocarbons in order to identify the source of the contamination and specify pertinent legislation. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) is shown to produce plots distinguishing mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) from polymer oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (POSH) and characterizing the degree of raffination of a mineral oil. The first dimension separation occurred on a phenyl methyl polysiloxane, the second on a dimethyl polysiloxane. Mass spectrometry (MS) was used for identification, FID for quantitative determination. This shows the substantial advances in chromatography to characterize complex hydrocarbon mixtures even as contaminants in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Eicher A, Biedermann M, Zurfluh M, Grob K. Migration by ‘direct’ or ‘indirect’ food contact? ‘Dry’ and ‘wetting’ foods? Experimental data for ‘touching’ contact of dry foods with paper and board. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 32:110-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.975753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Barp L, Kornauth C, Wuerger T, Rudas M, Biedermann M, Reiner A, Concin N, Grob K. Mineral oil in human tissues, Part I: Concentrations and molecular mass distributions. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:312-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Castillo R, Biedermann M, Riquet AM, Grob K. Comprehensive on-line HPLC-GC for screening potential migrants from polypropylene into food: The effect of pulsed light decontamination as an example. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Biedermann M, Grob K. Assurance of safety of recycled paperboard for food packaging through comprehensive analysis of potential migrants is unrealistic. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1293:107-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Biedermann M, Ingenhoff JE, Zurfluh M, Richter L, Simat T, Harling A, Altkofer W, Helling R, Grob K. Migration of mineral oil, photoinitiators and plasticisers from recycled paperboard into dry foods: a study under controlled conditions. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:885-98. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.786189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zurfluh M, Biedermann M, Grob K. Simulation of the migration of mineral oil from recycled paperboard into dry foods by Tenax®? Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:909-18. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.790089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Volleth M, Biedermann M, Schorcht W, Heller KG. Evidence for two karyotypic variants of the lesser horseshoe bat ( Rhinolophus hipposideros , Chiroptera, Mammalia) in Central Europe. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 140:55-61. [PMID: 23635426 DOI: 10.1159/000350693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 54, 56 and 58) have been reported in the lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus hipposideros. Asia Minor and the Middle East are inhabited by R. hipposideros specimens with 58 chromosomes. In Europe, specimens with 56 chromosomes have been recorded from several localities in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy and Greece. Up to now, specimens with 54 chromosomes have been reported only from Spain and possibly from Switzerland. With the record of 54 chromosomes in specimens from Germany presented here, the distributional area of this variant is expanded into Central Europe. According to the cytogenetic data presently available, we presume that the European R. hipposideros population is divided into a western form (from Spain to Germany) with a 2n = 54 karyotype and an eastern form (from the Czech Republic to Greece) with a 2n = 56 karyotype. This study presents banded karyotypes for the 2n = 54 and 2n = 56 variants for the first time. In addition, chromosomal arm homology to the vespertilionid bat species Myotis myotis revealed by chromosome painting is reported. Whether the variants could represent separate species is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Volleth
- Department of Human Genetics, Otto von Guericke University, DE–39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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38
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Lorenzini R, Biedermann M, Grob K, Garbini D, Barbanera M, Braschi I. Migration kinetics of mineral oil hydrocarbons from recycled paperboard to dry food: monitoring of two real cases. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:760-70. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.766765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Biedermann M, Ingenhoff JE, Dima G, Zurfluh M, Biedermann-Brem S, Richter L, Simat T, Harling A, Grob K. Migration of mineral oil from printed paperboard into dry foods: survey of the German market. Part II: advancement of migration during storage. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Biedermann M, Grob K. On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography–gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil. Part 2: Migration from paperboard into dry foods: Interpretation of chromatograms. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:76-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Biedermann M, Grob K. On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography–gas chromatography for the analysis of contamination by mineral oil. Part 1: Method of analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:56-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lorenzini R, Fiselier K, Biedermann M, Barbanera M, Braschi I, Grob K. Saturated and aromatic mineral oil hydrocarbons from paperboard food packaging: estimation of long-term migration from contents in the paperboard and data on boxes from the market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1765-74. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.517568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Biedermann M, Grundböck F, Fiselier K, Biedermann S, Bürgi C, Grob K. Acrylamide monitoring in Switzerland, 2007–2009: results and conclusions. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1352-62. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.501037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Biedermann M, Grob K. Memory effects with the on-column interface for on-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography: The Y-interface. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8652-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Biedermann M, Grob K. Comprehensive two-dimensional GC after HPLC preseparation for the characterization of aromatic hydrocarbons of mineral oil origin in contaminated sunflower oil. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3726-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Biedermann M, Fiselier K, Grob K. Aromatic hydrocarbons of mineral oil origin in foods: method for determining the total concentration and first results. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:8711-21. [PMID: 19728727 DOI: 10.1021/jf901375e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An online normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID) method was developed for the determination of the total concentration of the aromatic hydrocarbons of mineral oil origin with up to at least five rings in edible oils and other foods. For some samples, the olefins in the food matrix were epoxidized to increase their polarity and remove them from the fraction of the aromatic hydrocarbons. This reaction was carefully optimized, because also some aromatics tend to react. To reach a detection limit of around 1 mg kg(-1) in edible oils, an off-line enrichment was introduced. Some foods contained elevated concentrations of white paraffin oils (free of aromatics), but the majority of the mineral oils detected in foods were of technical grade with 20-30% aromatic hydrocarbons. Many foods contained mineral aromatic hydrocarbons in excess of 1 mg kg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Kantonales Labor (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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Graubardt N, Biedermann M, Fiselier K, Bolzoni L, Cavalieri C, Grob K. Further insights into the mechanism of migration from the PVC gaskets of metal closures into oily foods in glass jars. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030902950835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Graubardt N, Biedermann M, Fiselier K, Bolzoni L, Pedrelli T, Cavalieri C, Simoneau C, Grob K. Search for a more adequate test to predict the long-term migration from the PVC gaskets of metal lids into oily foods in glass jars. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:1113-22. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030902894405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fiorini D, Fiselier K, Biedermann M, Ballini R, Coni E, Grob K. Contamination of grape seed oil with mineral oil paraffins. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:11245-11250. [PMID: 18989969 DOI: 10.1021/jf802244r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of 11 commercial grape seed oils with paraffins of mineral oil origin was analyzed by online-coupled HPLC-HPLC-GC-FID and ranged from 43 to 247 mg kg(-1). The analysis of the marc and seeds indicated that the contamination is primarily from the peels. Since superficial extraction of the seeds with hexane removed most of the mineral paraffins, the contamination of the seeds is largely on the surface, perhaps transferred from the peels during storage of the marc. Mechanical purification of the seeds combined with washing with hexane reduced the contamination of the oil by a factor of about 10. The refining process removed 30% of the mineral paraffins, primarily the more volatile components. Oil obtained from the seeds of fresh grapes, including grapes not having undergone any phytochemical treatment, contained clearly less mineral paraffins (up to 14 mg kg(-1)), and the peels were less contaminated, suggesting an environmental background contamination. To this an additional contamination might be added by a treatment of the grapes used for wine making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Fiorini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy.
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