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Mohamed ZA, Fathi AA, Mostafa Y, Alamri S, Hashem M, Alrumman S, Basha OR. Microcystin levels in irrigation water and field-vegetable plants, and food safety risk assessment: A case study from Egypt. Toxicon 2024; 247:107846. [PMID: 38964620 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC), a hepatotoxin that is harmful to human health, has frequently increased in freshwaters worldwide due to the increase in toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Despite many studies reported the human exposure to MC through drinking water, the potential transfer of this toxin to human via consumption of vegetables grown on farmlands that are naturally irrigated with contaminated water has not been largely investigated. Therefore, this study investigates the presence of MC in irrigation water and its potential accumulation in commonly consumed vegetables from Egyptian farmlands. The results of toxin analysis revealed that all irrigation water sites contained high MC concentrations (1.3-93.7 μg L-1) along the study period, in association with the abundance of dominant cyanobacteria in these sites. Meanwhile, MCs were detected in most vegetable plants surveyed, with highest levels in potato tubers (1100 μg kg-1 fresh weight, FW) followed by spinach (180 μg kg-1 FW), onion (170 μg g-1 FW), Swiss chard (160 μg kg-1 FW) and fava bean (46 μg kg-1 FW). These MC concentrations in vegetables led to estimated daily intake (EDI) values (0.08-1.13 μg kg bw-1 d-1 for adults and 0.11-1.5 μg kg bw-1 d-1 for children), through food consumption, exceeding the WHO recommended TDI (0.04 μg kg bw-1 d-1) for this toxin. As eutrophic water is widely used for irrigation in many parts of the world, our study suggests that cyanotoxins in irrigation waters and agricultural plants should be regularly monitored to safeguard the general public from inadvertent exposure to harmful toxins via food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria A Mohamed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
| | - Adel A Fathi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Yasser Mostafa
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alamri
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Sulaiman Alrumman
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omnia R Basha
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Drobac Backović D, Tokodi N. Blue revolution turning green? A global concern of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in freshwater aquaculture: A literature review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 360:121115. [PMID: 38749125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
To enhance productivity, aquaculture is intensifying, with high-density fish ponds and increased feed input, contributing to nutrient load and eutrophication. Climate change further exacerbates cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxin production that affect aquatic organisms and consumers. A review was conducted to outline this issue from its inception - eutrophication, cyanobacterial blooms, their harmful metabolites and consequential effects (health and economic) in aquacultures. The strength of evidence regarding the relationship between cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins and potential consequences in freshwater aquacultures (fish production) globally were assessed as well, while identifying knowledge gaps and suggesting future research directions. With that aim several online databases were searched through June 2023 (from 2000), and accessible publications conducted in aquacultures with organisms for human consumption, reflecting cyanotoxin exposure, were selected. Data on cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins in aquacultures and its products worldwide were extracted and analyzed. Selected 63 papers from 22 countries were conducted in Asia (48%), Africa (22%), America (22%) and Europe (8%). Microcystis aeruginosa was most frequent, among over 150 cyanobacterial species. Cyanobacterial metabolites (mostly microcystins) were found in aquaculture water and fish from 18 countries (42 and 33 papers respectively). The most affected were small and shallow fish ponds, and omnivorous or carnivorous fish species. Cyanotoxins were detected in various fish organs, including muscles, with levels exceeding the tolerable daily intake in 60% of the studies. The majority of research was done in developing countries, employing less precise detection methods, making the obtained values estimates. To assess the risk of human exposure, the precise levels of all cyanotoxins, not just microcystins are needed, including monitoring their fate in aquatic food chains and during food processing. Epidemiological research on health consequences, setting guideline values, and continuous monitoring are necessary as well. Further efforts should focus on methods for elimination, prevention, and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjana Drobac Backović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Nada Tokodi
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia; Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow, 30387, Poland.
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3
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Drobac Backović D, Tokodi N. Cyanotoxins in food: Exposure assessment and health impact. Food Res Int 2024; 184:114271. [PMID: 38609248 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The intricate nature of cyanotoxin exposure through food reveals a complex web of risks and uncertainties in our dietary choices. With the aim of starting to unravel this intricate nexus, a comprehensive review of 111 papers from the past two decades investigating cyanotoxin contamination in food was undertaken. It revealed a widespread occurrence of cyanotoxins in diverse food sources across 31 countries. Notably, 68% of the studies reported microcystin concentrations exceeding established Tolerable Daily Intake levels. Cyanotoxins were detected in muscles of many fish species, and while herbivorous fish exhibited the highest recorded concentration, omnivorous species displayed a higher propensity for cyanotoxin accumulation, exemplified by Oreochromis niloticus. Beyond fish, crustaceans and bivalves emerged as potent cyanotoxin accumulators. Gaps persist regarding contamination of terrestrial and exotic animals and their products, necessitating further exploration. Plant contamination under natural conditions remains underreported, yet evidence underscores irrigation-driven cyanotoxin accumulation, particularly affecting leafy vegetables. Finally, cyanobacterial-based food supplements often harbored cyanotoxins (57 % of samples were positive) warranting heightened scrutiny, especially for Aphanizomenon flos-aquae-based products. Uncertainties surround precise concentrations due to methodological variations (chemical and biochemical) and extraction limitations, along with the enigmatic fate of toxins during storage, processing, and digestion. Nonetheless, potential health consequences of cyanotoxin exposure via contaminated food include gastrointestinal and neurological disorders, organ damage (e.g. liver, kidneys, muscles), and even elevated cancer risks. While microcystins received significant attention, knowledge gaps persist regarding other cyanotoxins' accumulation, exposure, and effects, as well as combined exposure via multiple pathways. Intriguing and complex, cyanotoxin exposure through food beckons further research for our safer and healthier diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjana Drobac Backović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Nada Tokodi
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia; Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30387, Poland.
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Muluye T, Fetahi T, Engdaw F, Mohammed A. Cyanotoxins in African waterbodies: occurrence, adverse effects, and potential risk to animal and human health. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7519-7542. [PMID: 37603139 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Public concerns about cyanotoxins production in water and its detrimental impacts on human and animal health are growing primarily due to the widespread eutrophication observed in aquatic ecosystems. A review of relevant literature was done to determine the degree of cyanotoxin occurrence and its harmful effects in African waterbodies. Data were extracted from 64 published studies from 1990 to 2022 that quantified the concentration of cyanotoxins in African aquatic ecosystems. Cyanotoxins have been reported in 95 waterbodies (29 lakes, 41 reservoirs, 10 ponds, 9 rivers, 5 coastal waters, and 1 irrigation canal) from 15 African countries. Cyanotoxins were documented in all the regions of Africa except the central region. Microcystins have been reported in nearly all waterbodies (98.9%), but anatoxin-a (5.3%), cylindrospermopsin (2.1%), nodularins (2.1%), homoanatoxin-a (1.1%), and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (1.1%) were encountered in a small number of water ecosystems, homoanatoxin-a and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine each occurred in one waterbody. The largest concentrations of microcystins and nodularins were reported in South African Lakes Nhlanganzwani (49,410 μg L-1) and Zeekoevlei (347,000 μg g-1). Microcystin concentrations exceeding the WHO guideline for lifetime drinking water (1 μg L-1) were reported in 63% of the aquatic ecosystems surveyed. The most frequently reported toxin-producing cyanobacteria genus is Microcystis spp. (73.7%), followed by Oscillatoria spp. (35.8%) and Dolichospermum spp. (33.7%). Cyanotoxin-related animal mortality and human illness were reported in the continent. Consequently, it is necessary to regularly monitor the level of nutrients, cyanobacteria, and cyanotoxins in African waterbodies in an integrated manner to devise a sustainable water resources management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Muluye
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Water Management, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Tadesse Fetahi
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Flipos Engdaw
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Water Management, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adem Mohammed
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Water Management, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Shahmohamadloo RS, Bhavsar SP, Ortiz Almirall X, Marklevitz SAC, Rudman SM, Sibley PK. Cyanotoxins accumulate in Lake St. Clair fish yet their fillets are safe to eat. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162381. [PMID: 36870491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Consuming fish exposed to cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (HABs) may be a major route of microcystin toxin exposure to humans. However, it remains unknown whether fish can accumulate and retain microcystins temporally in waterbodies with recurring seasonal HABs, particularly before and after a HAB event when fishing is active. We conducted a field study on Largemouth Bass, Northern Pike, Smallmouth Bass, Rock Bass, Walleye, White Bass, and Yellow Perch to assess the human health risks to microcystin toxicity via fish consumption. We collected 124 fish in 2016 and 2018 from Lake St. Clair, a large freshwater ecosystem in the North American Great Lakes that is actively fished pre- and post-HAB periods. Muscles were analyzed using the 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB) Lemieux Oxidation method for total microcystins, which was used to perform a human health risk assessment for comparison against fish consumption advisory benchmarks available for Lake St. Clair. From this collection 35 fish livers were additionally extracted to confirm the presence of microcystins. Microcystins were detected in all livers at widely varying concentrations (1-1500 ng g-1 ww), suggesting HABs are an underappreciated and pervasive stressor to fish populations. Conversely, microcystin levels were consistently low in muscles (0-15 ng g-1 ww) and presented negligible risk, empirically supporting that fillets may be safely consumed before and after HAB events following fish consumption advisories.
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Affiliation(s)
- René S Shahmohamadloo
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA 98686, United States; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Satyendra P Bhavsar
- Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Rd, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1065 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Xavier Ortiz Almirall
- Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Rd, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada; IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen A C Marklevitz
- Lake Erie Management Unit, Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 320 Milo Road, Wheatley, ON N0P 2P0, Canada
| | - Seth M Rudman
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA 98686, United States
| | - Paul K Sibley
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Wang M, Qiu Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Qin W, Guan W, Li G, Yu H, Dai C, Li R, Ma Z. Dual characteristics of Bellamya aeruginosa encountering Microcystis aeruginosa: Algal control and toxin depuration. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114596. [PMID: 36738609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The benthic gastropods Bellamya aeruginosa (B. aeruginosa) is ubiquitous in freshwater in China and neighboring countries with great edible value. It has been recognized as a potential manipulator to control harmful algal blooms due to its filtration on algal cells. In this study, the control effect of B. aeruginosa on toxic and non-toxic Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), and the accumulation and depuration of microcystins (MCs) in the snail were systematically explored. Results indicated that although toxic M. aeruginosa could protect itself via producing MCs, the introduction of B. aeruginosa could still effectively inhibit the algae with cell density below 1 × 106 cells/mL. Hepatopancreas was the primary target of MCs in all tissues of B. aeruginosa, presenting a maximum of 3089.60 ng/g DW when exposed to toxic M. aeruginosa of 1.0 × 107 cells/mL. The enrichment of MCs in other tissues following the order of digestive tract > gonad > mantle > muscle. Interestingly, snail could again excrete previously enriched MCs when transferred to non-toxic M. aeruginosa, giving rise to over 80% reduction of MCs in the body. After depuration, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of free MCs in intact individuals and the edible parts of B. aeruginosa were both lower than the tolerable daily intake (TDI). These results implicated that B. aeruginosa could control low density of M. aeruginosa in spring. Particularly, the snail could be perfectly safe to consume by purifying for a while after using as manipulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yutao Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenli Qin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hengguo Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chuanjun Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Renhui Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zengling Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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7
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Abdullahi H, Tanimu Y, Akinyemi SA, do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira M, Chia MA. Assessment of microcystins in surface water and irrigated vegetables in Kwaru stream, Hayin Danmani, Kaduna-Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:78303-78313. [PMID: 35689773 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic secondary metabolites produced by several genera of cyanobacteria. Human exposure routes include drinking contaminated water and consuming contaminated fish, vegetables, crops, and even food supplements that contain cyanotoxin. This study investigated the presence of MCs in a stream with a long history of use as a source of water for irrigation farming. To establish the risk of a lack of monitoring programs, we studied MCs contamination of irrigated vegetables. Toxin levels in the water were generally <0.05 μg L-1 in all the investigated stations. Total microcystin concentrations in spinach (0.306 μg Kg-1 upstream and 0.217 μg Kg-1 downstream), lettuce (0.085 μg Kg-1 upstream and 0.462 μg Kg-1 downstream), carrot (0.050 μg Kg-1 downstream and 0.116 μg Kg-1 downstream), cabbage (0.014 μg Kg-1 upstream and 0.031 μg Kg-1 downstream), tomatoes (0.233 μg Kg-1 upstream), and bitter leaf (0.460 μg Kg-1 upstream and 0.050 μg Kg-1 downstream) collected in March were higher than the levels detected in samples of the same vegetables collected in April. These results highlight Nigeria's severe public health problem, especially in regions with long dry season spells. The level of MCs contamination of irrigated vegetables implies a potential for chronic exposure and associated health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yahuza Tanimu
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Zip Code 13, Piracicaba, SP, 418-900, Brazil
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Bouteiller P, Lance E, Guérin T, Biré R. Analysis of Total-Forms of Cyanotoxins Microcystins in Biological Matrices: A Methodological Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080550. [PMID: 36006212 PMCID: PMC9416067 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic heptapeptidic toxins produced by many cyanobacteria. Microcystins can be accumulated in various matrices in two forms: a free cellular fraction and a covalently protein-bound form. To detect and quantify the concentration of microcystins, a panel of techniques on various matrices (water, sediments, and animal tissues) is available. The analysis of MCs can concern the free or the total (free plus covalently bound) fractions. Free-form analyses of MCs are the most common and easiest to detect, whereas total-form analyses are much less frequent and more complex to achieve. The objective of this review is to summarize the different methods of extraction and analysis that have been developed for total forms. Four extraction methods were identified: MMPB (2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid) method, deconjugation at basic pH, ozonolysis, and laser irradiation desorption. The study of the bibliography on the methods of extraction and analysis of the total forms of MCs showed that the reference method for the subject remains the MMPB method even if alternative methods and, in particular, deconjugation at basic pH, showed results encouraging the continuation of the methodological development on different matrices and on naturally-contaminated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bouteiller
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques (SEBIO), BP 1039, CEDEX 2, F-51687 Reims, France
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emilie Lance
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques (SEBIO), BP 1039, CEDEX 2, F-51687 Reims, France
- UMR MNHN/CNRS MCAM, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, F-75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Thierry Guérin
- Strategy and Programs Department, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ronel Biré
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Accumulation of Microcystin from Oscillatoria limnetica Lemmermann and Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) in Two Leafy Green Vegetable Crop Plants Lactuca sativa L. and Eruca sativa. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131733. [PMID: 35807685 PMCID: PMC9269519 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of contaminated water to irrigate crop plants poses a risk to human health from the bioaccumulation potential of microcystins (MCs) in the edible tissues of vegetable plants. The main objective of this study is to determine the concentration of total microcystins (MC-LR and MC-RR) in leafy green plants (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia and Eruca sativa) that have previously been irrigated with polluted water. Integrated water samples were collected by cleaned plastic bottles at a depth of about 30 cm from one of the sources of water used to irrigate agricultural lands for crop plants. At the same time, samples from plants were also collected because this water from the lake farm is used for the irrigation of surrounding vegetable plants such as Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia and Eruca sativa. The dominant species of cyanobacteria in water samples are Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) and Oscillatoria limnetica Lemmermann, which were detected with an average cell count 2,300,000 and 450,000 cells/mL, respectively. These two dominant species in water produced two MCs variants (MC-LR, -RR) that were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Dissolve and particulate MCs were detected in the irrigation waters by HPLC with concentrations of 45.04–600 μg/L. MCs in the water samples exceeded the WHO safety limit (1 μg/L) of MC in drinking water. In addition, the total concentration of Microcystin in Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia and Eruca sativa were 1044 and 1089 ng/g tissues, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of microcystins by a person (60 kg) consuming 300 g of fresh plants exceeded the total daily intake guidelines (0.04 μg kg−1 body weight) for human food consumption. According to the findings of this study, irrigation water and plants used for human consumption should be tested for the presence of MCs regularly through critical and regularly monitored programs to prevent the accumulation and transfer of such toxins through the food web.
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10
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Shahmohamadloo RS, Ortiz Almirall X, Simmons DBD, Poirier DG, Bhavsar SP, Sibley PK. Fish tissue accumulation and proteomic response to microcystins is species-dependent. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132028. [PMID: 34474382 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins including microcystins are increasing globally, escalating health risks to humans and wildlife. Freshwater fish can accumulate and retain microcystins in tissues; however, uptake and depuration studies thus far have not exposed fish to microcystins in its intracellular state (i.e., cell-bound or conserved within cyanobacteria), which is a primary route of exposure in the field, nor have they investigated sublethal molecular-level effects in tissues, limiting our knowledge of proteins responsible for microcystin toxicity pathways in pre-to-postsenescent stages of a harmful algal bloom. We address these gaps with a 2-wk study (1 wk of 'uptake' exposure to intracellular microcystins (0-40 μg L-1) produced by Microcystis aeruginosa followed by 1 wk of 'depuration' in clean water) using Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Liver and muscle samples were collected throughout uptake and depuration phases for targeted microcystin quantification and nontargeted proteomics. For both species, microcystins accumulated at a higher concentration in the liver than muscle, and activated cellular responses related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, DNA repair, and carcinogenicity. However, intraspecific proteomic effects between Rainbow Trout and Lake Trout differed, and interspecific accumulation and retention of microcystins in tissues within each species also differed. We demonstrate that fish do not respond the same to cyanobacterial toxicity within and among species despite being reared in the same environment and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- René S Shahmohamadloo
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Xavier Ortiz Almirall
- Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - David G Poirier
- Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Satyendra P Bhavsar
- Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul K Sibley
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Diez-Quijada L, Prieto AI, Guzmán-Guillén R, Cameán AM, Jos Á. Influence of refrigeration and freezing in Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin concentrations on fish muscle of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and tench (Tinca tinca). Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112673. [PMID: 34801650 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of fish contaminated with cyanotoxins is an important public health issue due to their potential adverse effects. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of refrigeration (4 °C) and freezing (-20 °C) on the concentration of Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), Microcystins (MCs) and their combination in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and tench (Tinca tinca). Fish muscle were spiked with a stock solution of each toxin to reach 750 μg/g dry weight (d.w.). Three different periods of time were investigated for each treatment: 24 h, 48 h and 7 days for refrigeration, and 24 h, 7 days and 1 month for freezing. Samples were extracted and quantified by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that freezing for 1 month produced highest decreases of these toxins in both species in comparison to refrigeration, being CYN the most stable cyanotoxin. Moreover, MCs are more stable to storage processes in the mixtures than alone, and fish species is a factor to take into account in their stability. These findings highlight the need to assess the influence of food storage processes on the presence of cyanotoxins in fish species for a more realistic human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Diez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain.
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
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12
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Abdallah MF, Van Hassel WHR, Andjelkovic M, Wilmotte A, Rajkovic A. Cyanotoxins and Food Contamination in Developing Countries: Review of Their Types, Toxicity, Analysis, Occurrence and Mitigation Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:786. [PMID: 34822570 PMCID: PMC8619289 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins have gained global public interest due to their potential to bioaccumulate in food, which threatens human health. Bloom formation is usually enhanced under Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical climates which are the dominant climate types in developing countries. In this context, we present an up-to-date overview of cyanotoxins (types, toxic effects, analysis, occurrence, and mitigation) with a special focus on their contamination in (sea)food from all the developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America as this has received less attention. A total of 65 publications have been found (from 2000 until October 2021) reporting the contamination by one or more cyanotoxins in seafood and edible plants (five papers). Only Brazil and China conducted more research on cyanotoxin contamination in food in comparison to other countries. The majority of research focused on the detection of microcystins using different analytical methods. The detected levels mostly surpassed the provisional tolerable daily intake limit set by the World Health Organization, indicating a real risk to the exposed population. Assessment of cyanotoxin contamination in foods from developing countries still requires further investigations by conducting more survey studies, especially the simultaneous detection of multiple categories of cyanotoxins in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Wannes H. R. Van Hassel
- Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium;
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Sciensano Research Institute, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Ju-liette Wytsmanstreet 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- BCCM/ULC Cyanobacteria Collection, InBios-Centre for Protein Engineering, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
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13
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Chia MA, Abdulwahab R, Ameh I, Balogun JK, Auta J. Farmed tilapia as an exposure route to microcystins in Zaria-Nigeria: A seasonal investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116366. [PMID: 33401213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported the contamination of farmed fish by microcystins, however, alternations in levels of contamination resulting from seasonal changes are infrequently described. This investigation is focused on the seasonal accumulation of microcystins in farmed Nile Tilapia muscle tissue across three farms located in Zaria, Nigeria, as a means of assessing the health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated fish. Total microcystins and cyanobacteria content, respectively, in muscle tissue and gut of tilapia varied, seasonally in the farms. Microcystin levels were higher in fish tissues analyzed in the dry season than the rainy season at Nagoyi and Danlami ponds. Correlating with the levels of microcystins found in fish tissues, the highest dissolved microcystins levels in all the fish farms occurred in the dry season, where the Bal and Kol fish farm had the highest concentration (0.265 ± 0.038 μgL-1). Gut analysis of fish obtained from the ponds, revealed a predominance of Microcystis spp. among other cyanobacteria. Estimation of total daily intake of consumed contaminated Nile tilapia muscles reveal values exceeding WHO recommended (0.04 μg kg-1 body weight) total daily intake of MC-LR. Consumption of tilapia from Danlami pond presented the greatest risk with a value of 0.093 μg kg-1 total daily intake. Results of the present study necessitate the implementation of legislation and monitoring programs for microcystins and other cyanobacteria contaminants of fish obtained from farms and other sources in Zaria and indeed several other African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilu Ameh
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Jehu Auta
- Department Biology Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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14
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Yang GL, Huang MJ, Tan AJ, Lv SM. Joint effects of naphthalene and microcystin-LR on physiological responses and toxin bioaccumulation of Landoltia punctata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 231:105710. [PMID: 33338701 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The co-contamination of naphthalene (NAP) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) commonly occurs in eutrophic waters. However, the joint effects of NAP and MC-LR on plants in aquatic environments remain unknown. Landoltia punctata is characterized by high starch yields and high biomass in polluted waters and has been proven to be a bioenergy crop and phytoremediation plant. In this study, L. punctata was cultured in a nutrient medium with environmentally relevant NAP (0.1, 1, 3, 5, and 10 μg/L) and MC-LR (5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/L) to determine individual and joint toxic effects. The effects of NAP and MC-LR on physiological responses of L. punctata, including growth, starch accumulation, and antioxidant responses, were studied. Bioaccumulation of MC-LR in L. punctata, with or without NAP, was also examined. The results showed that growth and chlorophyll-a contents of L. punctata were reduced at high concentrations of MC-LR (≥ 25 μg/L), NAP (≥ 10 μg/L) and their mixture (≥ 10 + 1 μg/L) after exposure for 7 d. Starch accumulation in L. punctata did not decrease when exposed to NAP and MC-LR, and higher starch content of 29.8 % ± 2.7 % DW could be due to the destruction of starch-degrading enzymes. The antioxidant responses of L. punctata were stronger after exposure to MC-LR + NAP than when exposed to a single pollutant, although not enough to avoid oxidative damage. NAP enhanced the bioaccumulation of MC-LR in L. punctata when NAP concentration was higher than 5 μg/L, suggesting that higher potentials of MC-LR phytoremediation with L. punctata may be observed in NAP and MC-LR co-concomitant waters. This study provides theoretical support for the application of duckweed in eutrophic waters containing organic chemical pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Li Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Conservation and Germplasm Innovation of Mountain Plant Resources, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Meng-Jun Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Ai-Juan Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Conservation and Germplasm Innovation of Mountain Plant Resources, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shi-Ming Lv
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 50025, China.
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15
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A Mini Review on Microcystins and Bacterial Degradation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040268. [PMID: 32326338 PMCID: PMC7232508 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) classified as hepatotoxic and carcinogenic are the most commonly reported cyanobacterial toxins found in the environment. Microcystis sp. possessing a series of MC synthesis genes (mcyA-mcyJ) are well documented for their excessive abundance, numerous bloom occurrences and MC producing capacity. About 246 variants of MC which exert severe animal and human health hazards through the inhibition of protein phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A) have been characterized. To minimize and prevent MC health consequences, the World Health Organization proposed 1 µg/L MC guidelines for safe drinking water quality. Further the utilization of bacteria that represent a promising biological treatment approach to degrade and remove MC from water bodies without harming the environment has gained global attention. Thus the present review described toxic effects and bacterial degradation of MCs.
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