1
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Agarwal M, Kumar M, Pathak R, Bala K, Kumar A. Exploring TLR signaling pathways as promising targets in cervical cancer: The road less traveled. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 385:227-261. [PMID: 38663961 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths for women globally. Despite notable advancements in prevention and treatment, the identification of novel therapeutic targets remains crucial for cervical cancer. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in innate immunity as pattern-recognition receptors. There are several types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including those present in cervical cancer cells, which have the ability to activate toll-like receptors (TLRs). Recent studies have revealed dysregulated toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways in cervical cancer, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that can facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. Consequently, TLRs hold significant promise as potential targets for innovative therapeutic agents against cervical cancer. This book chapter explores the role of TLR signaling pathways in cervical cancer, highlighting their potential for targeted therapy while addressing challenges such as tumor heterogeneity and off-target effects. Despite these obstacles, targeting TLR signaling pathways presents a promising approach for the development of novel and effective treatments for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Agarwal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajiv Pathak
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kumud Bala
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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2
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Condrat CE, Cretoiu D, Radoi VE, Mihele DM, Tovaru M, Bordea CI, Voinea SC, Suciu N. Unraveling Immunological Dynamics: HPV Infection in Women-Insights from Pregnancy. Viruses 2023; 15:2011. [PMID: 37896788 PMCID: PMC10611104 DOI: 10.3390/v15102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, hormonal and immune adaptations are vital for supporting the genetically distinct fetus during elevated infection risks. The global prevalence of HPV necessitates its consideration during pregnancy. Despite a seemingly mild immune response, historical gestational viral infections underscore its significance. Acknowledging the established HPV infection risks during pregnancy, our review explores the unfolding immunological changes in pregnant women with HPV. Our analysis aims to uncover strategies for safely modulating the immune system, mitigating adverse pregnancy consequences, and enhancing maternal and child health. This comprehensive narrative review delves into the existing knowledge and studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Condrat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.E.C.)
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- Department of Genetics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (D.C.); (V.E.R.)
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Viorica Elena Radoi
- Department of Genetics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (D.C.); (V.E.R.)
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Mihaela Mihele
- Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Dermatology Department, Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Tovaru
- Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Dermatology Department, Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Ioan Bordea
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu Oncology Institute, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 252 Fundeni Rd., 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silviu Cristian Voinea
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu Oncology Institute, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 252 Fundeni Rd., 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Suciu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.E.C.)
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Chen X, He H, Xiao Y, Hasim A, Yuan J, Ye M, Li X, Hao Y, Guo X. CXCL10 Produced by HPV-Positive Cervical Cancer Cells Stimulates Exosomal PDL1 Expression by Fibroblasts via CXCR3 and JAK-STAT Pathways. Front Oncol 2021; 11:629350. [PMID: 34422627 PMCID: PMC8377428 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.629350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) and immune surveillance failure may be the initiating factors for the carcinogenesis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). HPV infection might affect the innate immune pathway of cervical epithelial cells that constitute the "microenvironment" for tumor cells. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been reported to be an immunosuppressor that helps cancer cells escape the actions of T cells. In the present study, CXCL10 was substantially upregulated both in cervical tissues of HPV infected patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or CSCC, as well as in HPV16 E6/E7 transgenic murine cervix. The HPV-positive (HPV+) cervical cancer cell lines SiHa and Caski secreted increased levels of CXCL10 compared to human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-1), and its receptor CXCR3 was overexpressed in HFF-1. After co-culture with SiHa or Caski, the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and exosomal PD-L1 expression were both upregulated in HFF-1. Recombinant human CXCL10 induced JAK-STAT and PD-L1, while the CXCL10-CXCR3 and JAK-STAT inhibitors AMG487 or ruxolitinib reduced the expression of PD-L1 in HFF-1 cells. Furthermore, the upregulated expression of PD-L1 was verified in HPV+ but not HPV-negative (HPV-) patients with cervical cancers by analysis of tissue microarray cores in 25 cervical lesion patients (P < 0.05). The results indicate that HPV infection can induce cervical cancer cells to secrete CXCL10, which binds to CXCR3 in the surrounding fibroblast cells,leading to JAK-STAT pathway activation and the subsequent upregulated expression of exosomal PD-L1. These mechanisms may help HPV to escape immune response attack, leading to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Chen
- Center for Clinical Research and Innovation (CCRI), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui He
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Center for Clinical Research and Innovation (CCRI), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ayshamgul Hasim
- Department of Pathology, Basic College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jianlin Yuan
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Min Ye
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Clinical Research and Innovation (CCRI), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Hao
- Department of Ultrasound, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xia Guo
- Center for Clinical Research and Innovation (CCRI), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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4
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Kudela E, Liskova A, Samec M, Koklesova L, Holubekova V, Rokos T, Kozubik E, Pribulova T, Zhai K, Busselberg D, Kubatka P, Biringer K. The interplay between the vaginal microbiome and innate immunity in the focus of predictive, preventive, and personalized medical approach to combat HPV-induced cervical cancer. EPMA J 2021; 12:199-220. [PMID: 34194585 PMCID: PMC8192654 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HPVs representing the most common sexually transmitted disease are a group of carcinogenic viruses with different oncogenic potential. The immune system and the vaginal microbiome represent the modifiable and important risk factors in HPV-induced carcinogenesis. HPV infection significantly increases vaginal microbiome diversity, leading to gradual increases in the abundance of anaerobic bacteria and consequently the severity of cervical dysplasia. Delineation of the exact composition of the vaginal microbiome and immune environment before HPV acquisition, during persistent/progressive infections and after clearance, provides insights into the complex mechanisms of cervical carcinogenesis. It gives hints regarding the prediction of malignant potential. Relative high HPV prevalence in the general population is a challenge for modern and personalized diagnostics and therapeutic guidelines. Identifying the dominant microbial biomarkers of high-grade and low-grade dysplasia could help us to triage the patients with marked chances of lesion regression or progression. Any unnecessary surgical treatment of cervical dysplasia could negatively affect obstetrical outcomes and sexual life. Therefore, understanding the effect and role of microbiome-based therapies is a breaking point in the conservative management of HPV-associated precanceroses. The detailed evaluation of HPV capabilities to evade immune mechanisms from various biofluids (vaginal swabs, cervicovaginal lavage/secretions, or blood) could promote the identification of new immunological targets for novel individualized diagnostics and therapy. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of local immune and microbial environment and associated risk factors constitutes the critical background for preventive, predictive, and personalized medicine that is essential for improving state-of-the-art medical care in patients with cervical precanceroses and cervical cancer. The review article focuses on the influence and potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of the local innate immune system and the microbial markers in HPV-related cancers in the context of 3P medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kudela
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Alena Liskova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marek Samec
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Holubekova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Rokos
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Erik Kozubik
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Terezia Pribulova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Kevin Zhai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, 24144 Doha, Qatar
| | - Dietrich Busselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, 24144 Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, EPMA, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kamil Biringer
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kollarova 2, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
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5
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Zheng X, Li S, Yang H. Roles of Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Human Tumors. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667454. [PMID: 33986756 PMCID: PMC8111175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is an important member of the TLR family, which is an important group of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLR3 can recognize double-stranded RNA and induce activation of NF-κB and the production of type I interferons. In addition to its immune-associated role, TLR3 has also been detected in some tumors. However TLR3 can play protumor or antitumor roles in different tumors or cell lines. Here, we review the basic signaling associated with TLR3 and the pro- or antitumor roles of TLR3 in different types of tumors and discuss the possible reasons for the opposing roles of TLR3 in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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6
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Teng Z, Sun S, Luo X, Zhang Z, Seo H, Xu X, Huang J, Dong H, Mu S, Du P, Zhang Z, Guo H. Bi-functional gold nanocages enhance specific immunological responses of foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles vaccine as a carrier and adjuvant. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 33:102358. [PMID: 33484882 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines have become one of the dominant vaccine candidates for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). To further enhance the immunogenicity of VLP vaccines, gold nanocages (AuNCs) were selected as an adjuvant for the vaccine. Our experiments demonstrated that AuNCs had little biotoxicity in vivo and in vitro and improved the uptake of VLP in BHK-21 and RAW264.7 cell lines. The VLP-AuNCs activated DCs mainly through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and promoted the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. The conjugation of VLP and AuNCs triggered a strong immune response against FMD virus (FMDV) in mice and guinea pigs. The VLP-AuNCs significantly enhanced the proliferation of CD8+ T cells (P < 0.05) and the secretion of cellular immune-related cytokines (IFN-γ, P < 0.05; IL-12p70, P < 0.01) compared with VLP. The present study demonstrated that AuNCs, as a great potential adjuvant for FMDV VLP vaccines, significantly enhance the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hoseong Seo
- Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nano biomedicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Nano Science, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou,China
| | - Jie Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nano biomedicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Nano Science, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou,China
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Suyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ping Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nano biomedicine, CAS Center for Excellence in Nano Science, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou,China.
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, PR China..
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7
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High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses and DNA Repair. Recent Results Cancer Res 2020. [PMID: 33200365 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small DNA viruses that infect basal epithelial cells and are the causative agents of cervical, anogenital, as well as oral cancers. High-risk HPVs are responsible for nearly half of all virally induced cancers. Viral replication and amplification are intimately linked to the stratified epithelium differentiation program. The E6 and E7 proteins contribute to the development of cancers in HPV positive individuals by hijacking cellular processes and causing genetic instability. This genetic instability induces a robust DNA damage response and activating both ATM and ATR repair pathways. These pathways are critical for the productive replication of high-risk HPVs, and understanding how they contribute to the viral life cycle can provide important insights into HPV's role in oncogenesis. This review will discuss the role that differentiation and the DNA damage responses play in productive replication of high-risk HPVs as well as in the development of cancer.
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8
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Autophagy is induced in human keratinocytes during human papillomavirus 11 pseudovirion entry. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:23017-23028. [PMID: 33197887 PMCID: PMC7746385 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV11) is one of the main causes of condyloma acuminatum, a widespread sexually transmitted disease. During infection of its primary target cell, keratinocytes, it is likely to encounter the autophagy pathway, which is an intracellular maintenance process that is also able to target invading pathogens. It is currently unknown whether HPV11 is targeted by autophagy or whether it is able to escape autophagy-mediated killing. Here, we investigated the autophagy response during HPV11 pseudovirion (PsV) entry in human keratinocytes. Transmission electron microscopy showed that intracellular PsVs were sequestered in lumen of double-membrane autophagosomes that subsequently appeared to fuse with lysosomes, while confocal microscopy showed induction LC3 puncta, the hallmark of induced autophagy activity. Furthermore, quantitative infection assays showed that high autophagy activity resulted in reduced HPV11 PsV infectivity. Therefore, the autophagy pathway seemed to actively target invading HPV11 PsVs for destruction in the autolysosome. Western analysis on the phosphorylation state of autophagy regulators and upstream pathways indicated that autophagy was activated through interplay between Erk and Akt signaling. In conclusion, autophagy functions as a cellular protection mechanism against intracellular HPV11 and therefore therapies that stimulate autophagy may prevent recurrent condyloma acuminatum by helping eliminate latent HPV11 infections.
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9
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Olmedo-Nieva L, Muñoz-Bello JO, Manzo-Merino J, Lizano M. New insights in Hippo signalling alteration in human papillomavirus-related cancers. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109815. [PMID: 33148514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is an etiologic factor for the development of different types of cancers, mainly attributed to the continuous expression of E6 and E7 HPV oncoproteins, which regulate several cell signalling pathways including the Hippo pathway. It has been demonstrated that E6 proteins promote the increase of the Hippo elements YAP, TAZ and TEAD, at protein level, as well as their transcriptional targets. Also, E6 and E7 oncoproteins promote nuclear YAP localization and a decrease in YAP negative regulators such as MST1, PTPN14 or SOCS6. Interestingly, Hippo signalling components modulate HPV activity, such as TEAD1 and the transcriptional co-factor VGLL1, induce the activation of HPV early and late promoters, while hyperactivation of YAP in specific cells facilitates virus infection by increasing putative HPV receptors and by evading innate immunity. Additionally, alterations in Hippo signalling elements have been found in HPV-related cancers and particularly, the involvement of HPV oncoproteins on the regulation of some of these Hippo components has been also proposed, although the precise mechanisms remain unclear. The present review addresses the recent findings describing the interplay between HPV and Hippo signalling in HPV-related cancers, a fact that highlights the importance of developing more in-depth studies in this field to establish key therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Olmedo-Nieva
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - J Omar Muñoz-Bello
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede sur, Mexico City 14330, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Manzo-Merino
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Cátedras CONACyT-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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10
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Jee B, Yadav R, Pankaj S, Shahi SK. Immunology of HPV-mediated cervical cancer: current understanding. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 40:359-378. [PMID: 32853049 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1811859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) has emerged as a primary cause of cervical cancer worldwide. HPV is a relatively small (55 nm in diameter) and non-enveloped virus containing approximately 8 kb long double stranded circular DNA genome. To date, 228 genotypes of HPV have been identified. Although all HPV infections do not lead to the development of malignancy of cervix, only persistent infection of high-risk types of HPV (mainly with HPV16 and HPV18) results in the disease. In addition, the immunity of the patients also acts as a key determinant in the carcinogenesis. Since, no HPV type specific medication is available for the patient suffering with cervical cancer, hence, a deep understanding of the disease etiology may be vital for developing an effective strategy for its prevention and management. From the immunological perspectives, the entire mechanisms of disease progression still remain unclear despite continuous efforts. In the present review, the recent developments in immunology of HPV-mediated cervix carcinoma were discussed. At the end, the prevention of disease using HPV type specific recombinant vaccines was also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babban Jee
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Sangeeta Pankaj
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Shivendra Kumar Shahi
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
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11
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Hull R, Mbele M, Makhafola T, Hicks C, Wang SM, Reis RM, Mehrotra R, Mkhize-Kwitshana Z, Kibiki G, Bates DO, Dlamini Z. Cervical cancer in low and middle-income countries. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:2058-2074. [PMID: 32782524 PMCID: PMC7400218 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a malignant tumour that occurs in the cervix and is classified into two histological types, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); SCC is more common and accounts for 70% of all cases. In 2018 there were ~569,000 new cases of cervical cancer diagnosed worldwide and ~311,000 deaths were attributed to cervical cancer. Of these, between 84 and 90% occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as South Africa, India, China and Brazil. The most common cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection caused by the sexually transmitted human papilloma virus. Other factors that contribute to the incidence of cervical cancer include geography, traditional practices and beliefs, the screening levels, socioeconomic status, healthcare access, public awareness, use of oral contraceptives, smoking and co-infection with HIV. An estimated 11 million women from LMICs will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in the next 10-20 years. The aim of this review was to explore various types of genetic and epigenetic factors that influence the development, progression or suppression of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Hull
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Mzwandile Mbele
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Tshepiso Makhafola
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Chindo Hicks
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Centre, School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shao-Ming Wang
- National Cancer Centre, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Centre, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Sao Paulo 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Gibson Kibiki
- East African Health Research Commission, East African Community, Bujumbura, Bujumbura Mairie 350, Burundi
| | - David O Bates
- Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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12
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Daskalopoulos AG, Avgoustidis D, Chaisuparat R, Karanikou M, Lazaris AC, Sklavounou A, Nikitakis NG. Assessment of TLR4 and TLR9 signaling and correlation with human papillomavirus status and histopathologic parameters in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 129:493-513. [PMID: 32173390 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may promote or inhibit tumor progression. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of TLR4 and TLR9 and their downstream targets in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) in correlation with histopathologic parameters and human papillomavirus (HPV) status. STUDY DESIGN OTSCC (fully or superficially invasive and in situ) were studied. Immunohistochemical expression of TLR4, TLR9, nuclear factor-κΒ (NF-κΒ/p65), and interferon-β (IFN-β) was evaluated in tumor and inflammatory cells and in adjacent morphologically normal mucosa. HPV status was also determined. RESULTS TLR4 showed increased expression levels in tumor and infiltrating inflammatory cells compared with adjacent mucosa, especially in fully invasive cases; a negative correlation between TLR4 levels in inflammatory cells and tumor grade was observed. TLR9 was upregulated in tumor and infiltrating inflammatory cells compared with the adjacent mucosa; its expression in inflammatory cells was higher in well differentiated tumors. NF-κΒ and IFN-β were elevated in cancerous tissues, especially in fully invasive cases, and positively correlated with TLR4 and/or TLR9. HPV positivity (detected in 15.9% of the cases) demonstrated positive correlation with TLR9 and NF-κΒ levels. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 and TLR9 are upregulated in OTSCC and its microenvironment and, by affecting important downstream molecules, such as NF-κB and IFN-β, may play a role in oral cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios G Daskalopoulos
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Avgoustidis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "Evaggelismos" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Risa Chaisuparat
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkom University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maria Karanikou
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas C Lazaris
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Sklavounou
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos G Nikitakis
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Tantawy EA, El-Beyali AA, Gohar MK, Ibrahim ZS, Nasr M, Marei A. Association of TLR2 and TLR4 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to wart infections and their response to candida antigen immunotherapy. J DERMATOL TREAT 2020; 33:166-172. [DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1732285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enas A. Tantawy
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdallah A. El-Beyali
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Maha K. Gohar
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Zynab S. Ibrahim
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nasr
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ayman Marei
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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14
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Tang Y, Zhu X, Han R, Zhou Q, Cheng H. Expressionof langerhans cell and plasmacytoid dendritic cell markers, and toll-like receptor 7/9 signaling pathway proteins in verruca vulgaris lesions. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19214. [PMID: 32080113 PMCID: PMC7034720 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play an important role in the cutaneous immune response to viral infection. Verruca vulgaris (VV) is a chronic benign disease caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.To investigate the possible roles of LCs, pDCs and toll-like receptor (TLR)7/9 signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of VV, we detected the expression of CD1a, CD2AP, CD123, TLR7/9, IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) in VV lesions.The expression of CD1a, CD2AP, CD123, TLR7/9, IRF7, and IRAK1 in 20 VV lesions was tested by immunohistochemistry. The density and number of stained cells were compared between VV lesions and the perilesional normal skin.The density and number of CD1a-, CD2AP-, CD123-, TLR9-, and IRAK1-positive cells in the papillary layer of VV lesions were significantly higher than those in the perilesional normal skin (P < .05). There were no significant differences in the density and positive rate of CD1a+ cells in the epidermis and of TLR7 and IRF7 cells in the dermis between VV lesions and the perilesional normal skin at the edge (P > .05).In VV, the number of LCs increases only in the dermis, indicating that LC's antigen-presenting function might not be inhibited. The increased number of pDCs in VV lesions suggests that HPV infection may recruit the pDCs to the virus-infected epithelium. We speculate that the TLR7/9 downstream signaling pathway is not fully activated in VV, leading to difficulty of HPV removal and the relapse of HPV-infected lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Human papillomavirus 16 infection alters the Toll-like receptors and downstream signaling cascade: A plausible early event in cervical squamous cell carcinoma development. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 155:151-160. [PMID: 31375269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptors constitute an important component of innate immune mechanism. HPV is a known etiological factor of cervical cancer and is known to interfere with the expression of TLRs and downstream signaling pathway. It remains poorly understood whether HPV modulates the expression of TLRs. Hence, understanding HPV mediated immune alterations might aid in identifying novel therapeutic targets. The aim was to study the relative gene expression of TLRs & downstream signaling pathway in cervical carcinoma. METHODS Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) and normal cervical tissues were obtained. Subsequent to HPV genotyping, mRNA expression profiling using PCR Array was performed. Protein expression of relevant genes with western blot was studied. Levels of cytokines in cervicovaginal washes were estimated using a Luminex multiplex platform. RESULTS All cases of cervical cancer were HR-HPV positive and predominant subtype was HPV16 (71.1%). Significant TLR4 upregulation and TLR2,7 downregulation were observed in HR-HPV infected cervix. TLR4,7 demonstrated low expression in CSCC. Molecules from cancer allied pathways; RELA, AKT, CDKN2A, and MDM2 demonstrated upregulation in CSCC. Protein expression data corroborated with gene expression profile. A diminished level of Th1 cytokines TNF-α, IFN-ɣ, IL-17, and IL-12 was observed in CSCC. Significantly increased levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-2 were detected in HR-HPV infected cervix. Kaplan Meier curve demonstrated high TLR4 and low TLR7 expression was associated with poor prognosis. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates the HPV mediated dampening of the innate immune response in CSCC and provides support for exploring potential TLR2, 7 agonists as an adjunct therapy in CSCC patients.
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Han R, Song YJ, Sun SY, Zhou Q, Chen XZ, Zheng QL, Cheng H. Influence of Human Papillomavirus E7 Oncoprotein on Maturation and Function of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells In Vitro. Virol Sin 2018; 33:493-501. [PMID: 30569289 PMCID: PMC6335218 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The major difficulties of human papillomavirus (HPV) treatment are its persistence and recurrence. The HPV E7 oncoprotein-loaded dendritic cells have been evaluated as cellular vaccine in previous reports. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play an essential role of connecting the innate immune response and adaptive immune response in the immune system. But they function in HPV E7 loading is unclear. To investigate whether loading of the HPV type 6b, 11, and 16 E7 proteins affects the activity of pDCs, human peripheral blood-separated pDCs and mouse bone marrow-derived pDCs were pulsed with the HPV E7 proteins. The expression levels of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC II were significantly upregulated in pDCs upon HPV 6b/11 E7 protein pulse. The secretion and gene expression of type I IFN and IL-6 were both upregulated by HPV 6b/11 E7 proteins, more significant than HPV 16 E7 protein. The expression of essential factors of TLR signaling pathway and JNK/p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway were all increased in HPV 6b/11 E7 proteins pulsed pDCs. Our results suggest that HPV E7 proteins could promote the differentiation and maturation of pDCs and activate the TLR and MAPK pathway to induce host innate immune response. It might be conducive to explore novel immunotherapy targeting HPV infection with HPV E7 loaded pDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Han
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yin-Jing Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Si-Yuan Sun
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xian-Zhen Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Qiao-Li Zheng
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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Involvement of the Toll-Like Receptor/Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Cervical Cancer Caused by High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017. [PMID: 28626766 PMCID: PMC5463171 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7830262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) can activate Toll-like receptor (TLR)/nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathways; however, whether the TLR/NO pathway is involved in cervical cancer caused by high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) remains unclear. In this study, 43 HR-HPV-positive patients with cervical cancer (CC group), 39 HR-HPV-positive patients with a healthy cervix (HR-HPV group), and 33 HR-HPV-negative controls were recruited. NO concentration in cervical canal and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in cervical tissues were detected. Expressions of key TLR/NO pathway genes (TLR3/4/7/8, NF-κB p65, and iNOS) in cervical epithelial cells were detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Expressions of TLR4, NF-κB p65, and iNOS in CaSki, HeLa, and C33a cells were determined by Western blot. NO concentration in cervical canal of CC group was significantly higher than in other groups (P < 0.05). Positive rates of iNOS in cervical tissues were 72.1%, 28.2%, and 3.1% in the CC group, HR-HPV group, and controls, respectively (P < 0.05). Levels of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, NF-κB p65, and iNOS in cervical epithelial cells were higher in CC group than in other groups (P < 0.05). Both mRNA and protein levels of TLR4, NF-κB p65, and iNOS were higher in HPV-positive HeLa and CaSki cells than in HPV-negative C33a cells (P < 0.05). Together, these results suggest that TLR/NO signaling pathway may be involved in pathogenesis of cervical cancer caused by HR-HPV.
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18
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Lu Y, Li S, Zhu S, Gong Y, Shi J, Xu L. Methylated DNA/RNA in Body Fluids as Biomarkers for Lung Cancer. Biol Proced Online 2017; 19:2. [PMID: 28331435 PMCID: PMC5356409 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-017-0051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA/RNA methylation plays an important role in lung cancer initiation and progression. Liquid biopsy makes use of cells, nucleotides and proteins released from tumor cells into body fluids to help with cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Methylation of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has gained increasing attention as biomarkers for lung cancer. Here we briefly introduce the biological basis and detection method of ctDNA methylation, and review various applications of methylated DNA in body fluids in lung cancer screening, diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring and treatment prediction. We also discuss the emerging role of RNA methylation as biomarkers for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- No.2 oncology department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.110, Ganhe Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Shulin/Sl Li
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, the university of Texas, 1840 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX USA
| | - Shiguo/Sg Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yabin/Yb Gong
- No.2 oncology department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.110, Ganhe Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun/J Shi
- No.2 oncology department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.110, Ganhe Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling/L Xu
- No.2 oncology department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.110, Ganhe Rd, Shanghai, China
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Fehri E, Ennaifer E, Ardhaoui M, Ouerhani K, Laassili T, Bel Haj Rhouma R, Guizani I, Boubaker S. Expression of Toll-like receptor 9 increases with progression of cervical neoplasia in Tunisian women--a comparative analysis of condyloma, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 15:6145-50. [PMID: 25124588 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.15.6145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in immune and tumor cells and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Cervical cancer (CC) is directly linked to a persistent infection with high risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) and could be associated with alteration of TLRs expression. TLR9 plays a key role in the recognition of DNA viruses and better understanding of this signaling pathway in CC could lead to the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches. The present study was undertaken to determine the level of TLR9 expression in cervical neoplasias from Tunisian women with 53 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens, including 22 samples of invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC), 18 of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 7 of condyloma and 6 normal cervical tissues as control cases. Quantification of TLR9 expression was based on scoring four degrees of extent and intensity of immunostaining in squamous epithelial cells. TLR9 expression gradually increased from CIN1 (80% weak intensity) to CIN2 (83.3% moderate), CIN3 (57.1% strong) and ICC (100% very strong). It was absent in normal cervical tissue and weak in 71.4% of condyloma. The mean scores of TLR9 expression were compared using the Kruskall-Wallis test and there was a statistical significance between normal tissue and condyloma as well as between condyloma, CINs and ICC. These results suggest that TLR9 may play a role in progression of cervical neoplasia in Tunisian patients and could represent a useful biomarker for malignant transformation of cervical squamous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Fehri
- HPV Unit Research. Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology Applied to Infectious Diseases, le Belvedere, Tunis, Tunisia E-mail :
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TLR4-MyD88-TRAF6-TAK1 Complex-Mediated NF-κB Activation Contribute to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of V8 in LPS-Induced Human Cervical Cancer SiHa Cells. Inflammation 2016; 39:172-181. [PMID: 26276130 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic compound 7-4-[Bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino]-butoxy-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one (V8) is a novel flavonoid-derived compound. In this study, we investigated the effects of V8 on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammatory reaction in human cervical cancer SiHa cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TLR4 activity in cervical cancer SiHa (HPV16+) cells, but not in HeLa (HPV18+) and C33A (HPV-) cells. In addition, V8 inhibited LPS-induced expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6 and phosphorylation of TAK1, and their interaction with TLR4 in SiHa cells, resulting in an inhibition of TLR4-MyD88-TRAF6-TAK1 complex. Moreover, V8 blocked LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκB and IKK, resulting in inhibition of the nuclear translocation of P65-NF-κB in SiHa cells. We also found that V8 reduced the expression of NF-κB target genes, such as those for COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, IL-8, CCL-2, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated SiHa cells. These results suggested that V8 exerted an anti-inflammatory effect on SiHa cells by inhibiting the TLR4-MyD88-TRAF6-TAK1 complex-mediated NF-κB activation.
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21
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Passmore JAS, Williamson AL. Host Immune Responses Associated with Clearance or Persistence of Human Papillomavirus Infections. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-016-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Zheng X, Li S, Zang Z, Hu J, An J, Pei X, Zhu F, Zhang W, Yang H. Evidence for possible role of toll-like receptor 3 mediating virus-induced progression of pituitary adenomas. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 426:22-32. [PMID: 26891958 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-related viruses are known to be involved in initiation and progression of certain tumors. However, the relationship between virus and pituitary adenomas (PAs) remains unknown. Here, we investigated infection status of three types of viruses (HPV16, HHV6B and HSV1) and expression level of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in 60 human PA samples. We also determined the role of TLR3 signaling pathway on a PA cell line (GH3). We firstly found that positive rates of HPV16 and HHV6B infection were significantly higher in invasive PA samples than in noninvasive samples (P < 0.01). Similarly, TLR3 mRNA and protein expression also increased in invasive PA samples (P < 0.01). In vitro analysis indicated that GH3 cell proliferation and survival were enhanced by TLR3 activation, which was accompanied by NF-κB activation. Our data indicate that HPV16 and HHV6B viruses may be involved in promoting the progression of PA by activating the TLR3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Song Li
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhenle Zang
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jintao Hu
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jiayin An
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xiangdong Pei
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Innovative Drug Research Centre, University of Chongqing, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Hui Yang
- Multidisciplinary Center for Pituitary Adenomas of Chongqing, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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Kim JH, Key EY, Song MJ, Lee SJ, Kim CJ, Hur SY, Park TC, Kim TG, Park JS. Toll-like receptor 2 gene polymorphisms in Korean women with human papillomavirus-related cervical neoplasia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2016; 95:829-35. [DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwi Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Eun Young Key
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Min Jong Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Sung Jong Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Chan Joo Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Soo Young Hur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Tae Chul Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
| | - Jong Sup Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; Seoul Korea
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Maity A, Das B. N6-methyladenosine modification in mRNA: machinery, function and implications for health and diseases. FEBS J 2015; 283:1607-30. [PMID: 26645578 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m(6) A) modification in mRNA is extremely widespread, and functionally modulates the eukaryotic transcriptome to influence mRNA splicing, export, localization, translation, and stability. Methylated adenines are present in a large subset of mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Methylation is reversible, and this is accomplished by the orchestrated action of highly conserved methyltransferase (m(6) A writer) and demethylase (m(6) A eraser) enzymes to shape the cellular 'epitranscriptome'. The engraved 'methyl code' is subsequently decoded and executed by a group of m(6) A reader/effector components, which, in turn, govern the fate of the modified transcripts, thereby dictating their potential for translation. Reversible mRNA methylation thus adds another layer of regulation at the post-transcriptional level in the gene expression programme of eukaryotes that finely sculpts a highly dynamic proteome in order to respond to diverse cues during cellular differentiation, immune tolerance, and neuronal signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Maity
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswadip Das
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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Aggarwal R, Misra S, Guleria C, Suri V, Mangat N, Sharma M, Nijhawan R, Minz R. Characterization of Toll-like receptor transcriptome in squamous cell carcinoma of cervix: A case-control study. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 138:358-62. [PMID: 26024767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a proven etiological agent for cervical cancer However, not all HPV infections result in cervical cancer. The mechanisms of host immune system to prevent/control HPV infection remain poorly understood. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a system of innate immune defense. HPV has been demonstrated to modulate TLR expression and interfere in TLR signaling pathways, leading to persistent viral infection and carcinogenesis. The aim was to study the relative gene expression of TLRs in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS Gene expression profile of TLRs 1 to 9 was examined in 30 cervical SCCs and an equal number of normal cervical tissue samples using a PCR array platform. Gene expression studies for TLRs 3 and 7 were validated by western blotting. RESULTS HPV was detected in all cases and in none of the controls (p<0.0001). HPV16 was the preponderant (83.3%) subtype. A significant downregulation in the relative gene expression of TLR3 (p<0.0001), TLR4 (p<0.0005) and TLR5 (p<0.0001) was observed in cases. A significant upregulation for TLR1 was observed (p=0.006). Although TLRs 2, 7, 8 and 9 were upregulated and TLR6 was downregulated, it was not significant. The western blot performed with antibodies against TLRs 3 and 7 confirmed the findings of the gene expression studies. CONCLUSIONS A significant downregulation in the gene expression of TLRs 3, 4 and 5 and upregulation of TLR1 was observed in cervical SCC as compared to controls. Study results evoke the proposition for investigating TLRs 3, 4 and 5 agonists for therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Aggarwal
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Sunayana Misra
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Charu Guleria
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vanita Suri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navdeep Mangat
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhulika Sharma
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Raje Nijhawan
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjana Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Immune Escape and Immunotherapy of HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer: Has the Future Arrived? CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-015-0079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chandola U, Das R, Panda B. Role of the N6-methyladenosine RNA mark in gene regulation and its implications on development and disease. Brief Funct Genomics 2014; 14:169-79. [PMID: 25305461 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elu039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is a field that encompasses chemical modifications of DNA and histone proteins, both of which alter gene expression without changing the underlying nucleotide sequence. DNA methylation and modifications of histone tails have been studied in detail and are now known to be global gene regulatory mechanisms. An analogous post-transcriptional modification is chemical modification of specific nucleotides in RNA. Study of RNA modifications is a nascent field as yet, and the significance of these marks in controlling cell growth and differentiation is just beginning to be appreciated. The addition of a methyl group to adenosine (N-methyl-6-adenosine) or m6A is the most abundant modification in mammalian mRNAs. Though identified four decades ago, interest in this particular modification was set off by the discovery that the obesity gene FTO was an RNA demethylase. Since then, many studies have investigated m6A modification in different species. In this review, we summarize the current literature and hypotheses about the presence and function of this ubiquitous RNA modification in mammals, viruses, yeast and plants in terms of the consensus sequence and the methyltransferase/demethylation machinery identified thus far. We discuss its potential role in regulating molecular and physiological processes in each of these organisms, especially its role in RNA splicing, RNA degradation and development. We also enlist the methodologies developed so far, both locus-specific and transcriptome-wide, to study this modification. Lastly, we discuss whether m6A alterations have consequences on modulating disease aetiology, and speculate about its potential role in cancer.
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Sariol CA, White LJ. Utility, limitations, and future of non-human primates for dengue research and vaccine development. Front Immunol 2014; 5:452. [PMID: 25309540 PMCID: PMC4174039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is considered the most important emerging, human arboviruses, with worldwide distribution in the tropics. Unfortunately, there are no licensed dengue vaccines available or specific anti-viral drugs. The development of a dengue vaccine faces unique challenges. The four serotypes co-circulate in endemic areas, and pre-existing immunity to one serotype does not protect against infection with other serotypes, and actually may enhance severity of disease. One foremost constraint to test the efficacy of a dengue vaccine is the lack of an animal model that adequately recapitulates the clinical manifestations of a dengue infection in humans. In spite of this limitation, non-human primates (NHP) are considered the best available animal model to evaluate dengue vaccine candidates due to their genetic relatedness to humans and their ability to develop a viremia upon infection and a robust immune response similar to that in humans. Therefore, most dengue vaccines candidates are tested in primates before going into clinical trials. In this article, we present a comprehensive review of published studies on dengue vaccine evaluations using the NHP model, and discuss critical parameters affecting the usefulness of the model. In the light of recent clinical data, we assess the ability of the NHP model to predict immunological parameters of vaccine performances in humans and discuss parameters that should be further examined as potential correlates of protection. Finally, we propose some guidelines toward a more standardized use of the model to maximize its usefulness and to better compare the performance of vaccine candidates from different research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Sariol
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus , San Juan, PR , USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus , San Juan, PR , USA
| | - Laura J White
- Global Vaccine Incorporation , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
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Di Paolo NC. Recognition of human oncogenic viruses by host pattern-recognition receptors. Front Immunol 2014; 5:353. [PMID: 25101093 PMCID: PMC4105630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human oncogenic viruses include Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papilloma virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus, Kaposi's associated sarcoma virus, and Merkel cell polyomavirus. It would be expected that during virus-host interaction, the immune system would recognize these pathogens and eliminate them. However, through evolution, these viruses have developed a number of strategies to avoid such an outcome and successfully establish chronic infections. The persistent nature of the infection caused by these viruses is associated with their oncogenic potential. In this article, we will review the latest information on the interaction between oncogenic viruses and the innate immune system of the host. In particular, we will summarize the available knowledge on the recognition by host pattern-recognition receptors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns present in the incoming viral particle or generated during the virus' life cycle. We will also review the data on the recognition of cell-derived danger associated molecular patterns generated during the virus infection that may impact the outcome of the host-pathogen interaction and the development cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson C Di Paolo
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University , Atlanta, GA , USA
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is clinically very common. It is usually a major risk factor in the development of cutaneous benign lesions, cervical cancer and a variety of other malignancies. The biological function of ubiquitination as an intracellular proteasomal-mediated form of protein degradation and an important modulator in the regulation of many fundamental cellular processes has been increasingly recognized over the last decade. HPV proteins have been demonstrated to evolve different strategies to utilize the ubiquitin system for their own purposes. The putative roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in HPV-induced carcinogenesis have become increasingly apparent, although the mechanisms remain unclear. In this review we provide an update on the mechanisms of the involvement of E3 ubiquitin ligases in HPV-induced carcinogenesis, focusing on their interaction with HPV proteins and their roles in several signalling pathways. Targeting the E3 ubiquitin ligases might offer potential therapeutic strategies for HPV-related diseases in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Lou
- Department of Dentistry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Yang H, Barnie PA, Yang P, Su Z, Chen J, Jiao Z, Lu L, Wang S, Xu H. The expression of Toll-like receptor 8 and its relationship with VEGF and Bcl-2 in cervical cancer. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:608-13. [PMID: 24782650 PMCID: PMC4003546 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide, often associated with the infection of human papillomavirus (HPV). Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8), a pattern recognition receptor, is involved in viral nucleic acid sensing. Recently TLR8 has been shown to be expressed in cancer cells, and it has been suggested that it may help cancer cell growth and tumor development. The objective of this study is to investigate the expression of TLR8 expression and its relationship with Bcl-2 and VEGF in cervical cancer cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL The mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2, VEGF and TLR-7,-8,-9 in newly diagnosed cervical cancer patients were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT- PCR). Epifluorescence microscope was used to determine the presence of TLR8 protein in Hela cells. The cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometer, and the cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. Our data showed the increased mRNA levels of TLR8 in human cervical cancer samples as well as in HeLa cells, a cell line derived from a human cervical cancer. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the expression levels of TLR8 and Bcl-2 and VEGF in cervical cancer patients. When Hela cells were treated with TLR8 agonist CL075, the percentage of cells in G2/M +S was remarkably increased, accompanied by increased COX-2, BCL-2 and VEGF mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The mRNA expression level of TLR8 in the patients with cervical cancer and Hela cells were up-regulated, it consistent with the increased expression of VEGF and Bcl-2. The results suggest that TLR8 may be an interesting therapeutic target in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- 1. Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Heng Yang
- 1. Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Prince Amoah Barnie
- 1. Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Peifang Yang
- 2. Department of gynaecology and obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- 1. Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- 2. Department of gynaecology and obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Zhijun Jiao
- 2. Department of gynaecology and obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, PR China
| | - Liwei Lu
- 3. Department of Pathology and Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- 1. Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- 1. Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
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