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Maldonado J, Huang JH, Childs EW, Tharakan B. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: Pathophysiology, Outcomes, and Future Directions. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:502-513. [PMID: 36029219 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in the United States, exacting a debilitating physical, social, and financial strain. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the impact of TBI on medically underserved communities in the U.S. The purpose of the current study was to review the literature on TBI for evidence of racial/ethnic differences in the U.S. Results of the review showed significant racial/ethnic disparities in TBI outcome and several notable differences in other TBI variables. American Indian/Alaska Natives have the highest rate and number of TBI-related deaths compared with all other racial/ethnic groups; Blacks/African Americans are significantly more likely to incur a TBI from violence when compared with Non-Hispanic Whites; and minorities are significantly more likely to have worse functional outcome compared with Non-Hispanic Whites, particularly among measures of community integration. We were unable to identify any studies that looked directly at underlying racial/ethnic biological variations associated with different TBI outcomes. In the absence of studies on racial/ethnic differences in TBI pathobiology, taking an indirect approach, we looked for studies examining racial/ethnic differences in oxidative stress and inflammation outside the scope of TBI as they are known to heavily influence TBI pathobiology. The literature indicates that Blacks/African Americans have greater inflammation and oxidative stress compared with Non-Hispanic Whites. We propose that future studies investigate the possibility of racial/ethnic differences in inflammation and oxidative stress within the context of TBI to determine whether there is any relationship or impact on TBI outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Maldonado
- Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason H Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott and White Health and Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Ed W Childs
- Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Binu Tharakan
- Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Okutucu M, Arpa M. Evaluation of serum semaphorin 3A and interleukin 6 levels in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 43:1995-2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Susilo H, Thaha M, Pikir BS, Alsagaff MY, Suryantoro SD, Wungu CDK, Pratama NR, Pakpahan C, Oceandy D. The Role of Plasma Interleukin-6 Levels on Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk Scores in Javanese Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1122. [PMID: 35887619 PMCID: PMC9323412 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been identified as an important pro-inflammatory factor involved in mediating the severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study sought to determine the effect of plasma IL-6 levels on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and cardiovascular mortality risk scores in Javanese CKD patients. We also analyzed the frequency of IL-6 G174C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the population. This study was a cross-sectional study involving seventy-three patients of Javanese ethnic origin with stable chronic kidney disease. We assessed the ASCVD risk score, cardiovascular mortality score, genotyping of IL-6 G174C SNP, and plasma IL-6 levels in these patients. The genotype distribution and allele frequencies of the IL-6 G174C SNP were predominated by the G genotype/allele (GG: 97.26%, GC: 1.37%, CC: 1.37%, G-allele: 97.95%, and C-allele: 2.05%). Despite the fact that plasma IL-6 levels did not directly affect cardiovascular mortality risk, further analysis revealed its direct effect on the ASCVD risk score (path coefficient = 0.184, p = 0.043, 95% CI = 0.018−0.380), which in turn affected cardiovascular mortality risk (path coefficient = 0.851, p = <0.01, 95% CI = 0.714−0.925). In conclusion, plasma IL-6 levels play important roles on ASCVD risk and cardiovascular mortality risk in Javanese patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendri Susilo
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia;
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
| | - Mochammad Thaha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
| | - Budi Susetyo Pikir
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Mochamad Yusuf Alsagaff
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Satriyo Dwi Suryantoro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu
- Department of Physiology and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | | | - Cennikon Pakpahan
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia;
| | - Delvac Oceandy
- Division of Cardiovascular Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PR, UK;
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NFKB1 gene rs28362491 ins/del variation is associated with higher susceptibility to myocardial infarction in a Chinese Han population. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19518. [PMID: 33177541 PMCID: PMC7658993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide, is a disease in which multiple environmental and genetic factors are involved. Recently, researches suggested that insertion/deletion (ins/del) variation of NFKB1 gene rs28362491 is a functional polymorphism. In the present study, we aimed to explore the relation between variation of NFKB1 gene rs28362491 and MI by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 359 MI patients and 1085 control participants. Gensini score was used to evaluate the degree of coronary artery stenosis in MI patients. The plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, malonaldehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were randomly measured by ELISA both in MI patients and control participants. We found that the detected frequencies of D allele (41.2% vs. 36.4%, P = 0.021) and DD genotype (17.5% vs. 12.0%, P = 0.022) were significantly higher in MI patients than in control participants. Compared with II or ID genotype carriers, the Gensini score in MI patients with DD genotype was 32-43% higher (both P < 0.001). Moreover, DD genotype carries had more diseased coronary arteries (P = 0.001 vs. II or ID genotype). Of note, IL-6 levels in MI patients carrying DD genotype were significantly higher than that in control participants and other genotype carriers in MI patients (both P < 0.05). In conclusion, NFKB1 gene rs28362491 DD genotype was associated with a higher risk of MI and more severe coronary artery lesion, which also had a potential influence on the level of inflammatory cytokine IL-6.
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The RPE Cell and the Immune System. RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7121222 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28384-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The RPE cell plays a pivotal role in retinal immunity. In fact, the RPE cell orchestrates both innate and adaptive immunity and contains a plethora of factors to regulate the immune response. Many immunoregulatory activities of the RPE cell are accomplished through cytokine production, toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, complement regulation and antigen presentation. The RPE cells immune regulatory network plays an essential role in retinal immunity and autoimmunity, retinal infections and in a variety of retinal degenerative disorders. Understanding the immune regulatory properties of this cell may provide additional clues to disease mechanisms that may lead to future treatments for many human retinal diseases.
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Lin A, Lacy ME, Eaton C, Correa A, Wu WC. Inflammatory Obesity Phenotypes, Gender Effects, and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 36:2431-2438. [PMID: 27856456 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reasons for variations in atherosclerotic burden among individuals with similar levels of obesity are poorly understood, especially in African Americans. This study examines whether high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is useful for discriminating between benign and high-risk obesity phenotypes for subclinical atherosclerosis in African Americans. APPROACH AND RESULTS Participants from the Jackson Heart Study (n=4682) were stratified into 4 phenotypes based on the presence of National Heart and Lung and Blood Institute definition of obesity or obesity-equivalent (body mass index ≥30 or body mass index 25-30 with waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women) and inflammation by hsCRP ≥2 mg/L. Using multivariate regression models, we conducted cross-sectional analyses of the association between inflammatory obesity phenotypes and subclinical atherosclerosis determined by carotid intima-media thickness or coronary artery calcium scores. Sex-specific analyses were conducted given significant interaction for gender (P=0.03). The prevalence of obesity or equivalent was 65%, of which 30% did not have inflammation. Conversely, 37% of nonobese individuals had inflammation. Among nonobese men, hsCRP ≥2 mg/L identified a subset of individuals with higher carotid intima-media thickness (adjusted mean difference =0.05, 95% confidence interval 0.02, 0.08 mm) compared with their noninflammatory counterparts. Among obese men, hsCRP <2 mg/L identified a subset of individuals with lower coronary artery calcium compared with their inflammatory counterparts. Among women, associations between hsCRP and carotid intima-media thickness or coronary artery calcium were not found. CONCLUSIONS In the largest African American population-based cohort to date, hsCRP was useful in identifying a subset of nonobese men with higher carotid intima-media thickness, but not in women. hsCRP did not identify a subset of obese individuals with less subclinical atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lin
- From the Center of Innovation Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS), Veterans Affairs Hospital, Providence, RI (A.L., M.E.L., W.-C.W.); Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L., W.-C.W.); Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI (M.E.L., W.-C.W.); Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Department of Family Medicine, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket (C.E.); and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (A.C.)
| | - Mary E Lacy
- From the Center of Innovation Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS), Veterans Affairs Hospital, Providence, RI (A.L., M.E.L., W.-C.W.); Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L., W.-C.W.); Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI (M.E.L., W.-C.W.); Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Department of Family Medicine, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket (C.E.); and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (A.C.)
| | - Charles Eaton
- From the Center of Innovation Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS), Veterans Affairs Hospital, Providence, RI (A.L., M.E.L., W.-C.W.); Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L., W.-C.W.); Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI (M.E.L., W.-C.W.); Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Department of Family Medicine, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket (C.E.); and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (A.C.)
| | - Adolfo Correa
- From the Center of Innovation Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS), Veterans Affairs Hospital, Providence, RI (A.L., M.E.L., W.-C.W.); Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L., W.-C.W.); Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI (M.E.L., W.-C.W.); Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Department of Family Medicine, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket (C.E.); and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (A.C.)
| | - Wen-Chih Wu
- From the Center of Innovation Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS), Veterans Affairs Hospital, Providence, RI (A.L., M.E.L., W.-C.W.); Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L., W.-C.W.); Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI (M.E.L., W.-C.W.); Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Department of Family Medicine, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket (C.E.); and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (A.C.).
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Atkinson MA, Juraschek SP, Bertenthal MS, Detrick B, Furth SL, Miller ER. Pilot study of the effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on hepcidin in children with chronic kidney disease: Results of the D-fense Trial. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:859-868. [PMID: 28013381 PMCID: PMC5735842 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin is a key mediator of the anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is emerging evidence that 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) regulates hepcidin production. METHODS A randomized controlled trial of daily vitamin D supplementation for 12 weeks was performed with the aim to test the effects of 4000 versus 400 IU of cholecalciferol on serum hepcidin levels in children with non-dialysis CKD recruited at a tertiary care children's hospital. Hepcidin was quantified using a validated competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 25D levels were measured using the chemiluminescence Liaison 25(OH)D assay system. Co-variables included hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and serum calcium and phosphorus for safety monitoring. RESULTS A total of 34 subjects were randomized to either the intervention or control group, of whom 26.5% were female and 23.5% were African American. The mean age of the study cohort was 10.9 [standard deviation (SD) 5.8] years, the mean baseline glomerular filtration rate was 60 (SD 17.6) ml/min/1.73 m2, and mean baseline 25D level was 29.7 (SD 11.5) ng/ml. At baseline, 50% of subjects were 25D deficient. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the intervention and control groups. Treatment with 4000 IU cholecalciferol was not associated with significant change in hepcidin level at 4 or 12 weeks, and multivariable generalized estimating equation regression demonstrated no significant difference in change in hepcidin over the treatment period in either arm. The median C-reactive protein level decreased significantly at 12 weeks in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS These results do not suggest that daily nutritional vitamin D supplementation modifies serum hepcidin levels in children with CKD. Further study will be required to determine whether supplementation may be effective in children with more advanced CKD or those on dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Atkinson
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Stephen P Juraschek
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael S Bertenthal
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan L Furth
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edgar R Miller
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Li M, Yao W, Li S, Xi J. Norepinephrine induces the expression of interleukin-6 via β-adrenoreceptor-NAD(P)H oxidase system -NF-κB dependent signal pathway in U937 macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:1029-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zhang X, Lu J, Zhang S, Wang C, Wang B, Guo P, Dong L. Effects of simulated heat waves on cardiovascular functions in senile mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:7841-55. [PMID: 25101768 PMCID: PMC4143836 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110807841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the effects of simulated heat waves on cardiovascular disease in senile mice was investigated. Heat waves were simulated in a TEM1880 meteorological environment simulation chamber, according to a heat wave that occurred in July 2001 in Nanjing, China. Eighteen senile mice were divided into control, heat wave, and heat wave BH4 groups, respectively. Mice in the heat wave and heat wave BH4 groups were exposed to simulated heat waves in the simulation chamber. The levels of ET-1, NO, HSP60, SOD, TNF, sICAM-1, and HIF-1α in each group of mice were measured after heat wave simulation. Results show that heat waves decreased SOD activity in the myocardial tissue of senile mice, increased NO, HSP60, TNF, sICAM-1, and HIF-1α levels, and slightly decreased ET-1 levels, BH4 can relieve the effects of heat waves on various biological indicators. After a comprehensive analysis of the experiments above, we draw the followings conclusions regarding the influence of heat waves on senile mice: excess HSP60 activated immune cells, and induced endothelial cells and macrophages to secrete large amounts of ICAM-1, TNF-α, and other inflammatory cytokines, it also activated the inflammation response in the body and damaged the coronary endothelial cell structure, which increased the permeability of blood vessel intima and decreased SOD activity in cardiac tissues. The oxidation of lipoproteins in the blood increased, and large amounts of cholesterol were generated. Cholesterol penetrated the intima and deposited on the blood vessel wall, forming atherosclerosis and leading to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease in senile mice. These results maybe are useful for studying the effects of heat waves on elderly humans, which we discussed in the discussion chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiakun Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Jing Lu
- Computer Science Department, Oklahoma State University, 219 MSCS, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, 2070 Donggang East Road, Lanzhou 730020, China.
| | - Chunling Wang
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Baojian Wang
- Lanzhou Central Meteorological Observatory, 2070 Donggang East Road, Lanzhou 730020, China.
| | - Pinwen Guo
- School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Lina Dong
- School of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Nallegowda M, Lee E, Brandstater M, Kartono AB, Kumar G, Foster GP. Amputation and cardiac comorbidity: analysis of severity of cardiac risk. PM R 2012; 4:657-66. [PMID: 22698850 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate population-based cardiovascular risk scores and coronary artery calcification scores (CACS) in amputees. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of 1300 veterans in a cardiac computed tomography database. SETTING 1B Veterans Administration medical center. PARTICIPANTS A total of 76 amputees and similar number of age-, gender-, and Framingham Risk Scores (FRS)-matched control subjects. METHODS The amputee population was identified and compared for CACS and traditional cardiac risk factors. Two control groups were used: control group 1, with known risk factors including diabetes mellitus, and control group 2, with all risk factors without diabetes mellitus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Statistical associations between amputee and control group FRS scores, CACS, and other cardiac risk factors were assessed. RESULTS The study included 57 nontraumatic and 19 traumatic amputees with an average age of 62.4 years. Sixty-six amputees were in the low-to-intermediate cardiac risk groups according to FRS. Despite this classification, the mean CACS were significantly higher in amputees (1285 ± 18) than in either of the control groups: control group 1 (540 ± 84) and control group 2 (481 ± 11), P < .001. CACS also were significantly higher in the nontraumatic subject group (1595 ± 12) compared with the traumatic group (356 ± 57; P < .001). Upon categorization of CACS based on probability of coronary artery disease (CAD), 76% of amputees had a CACS >100 and 38% of amputees had a CACS >1000. Interestingly, CACS were almost the same in finger/toe amputations compared with an above-knee amputation, indicating an already ongoing CAD process irrespective of level of amputation. The predominant clinical significant cardiac risk factors in amputees are hypertension (89.5%), P < .005; chronic kidney disease (31.6%), P < .001; dyslipidemia (72.4%), P < .04; and insulin resistance. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein levels were nonsignificantly low in all amputees. Triglycerides were particularly higher in traumatic patients compared with nontraumatic patients, with the triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein ratio >7. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that amputees have a much greater burden of underlying atherosclerotic disease as detected by CACS than do control subjects matched by Framingham risk stratification. Early screening for CAD and aggressive targeted interventions may be an important part of management to reduce early mortality after amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Nallegowda
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Ayele FT, Doumatey A, Huang H, Zhou J, Charles B, Erdos M, Adeleye J, Balogun W, Fasanmade O, Johnson T, Oli J, Okafor G, Amoah A, Eghan BA, Agyenim-Boateng K, Acheampong J, Adebamowo CA, Herbert A, Gerry N, Christman M, Chen G, Shriner D, Adeyemo A, Rotimi CN. Genome-wide associated loci influencing interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1Ra, and IL-6 levels in African Americans. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:351-9. [PMID: 22205395 PMCID: PMC3418332 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukins (ILs) are key mediators of the immune response and inflammatory process. Plasma levels of IL-10, IL-1Ra, and IL-6 are associated with metabolic conditions, show large inter-individual variations, and are under strong genetic control. Therefore, elucidation of the genetic variants that influence levels of these ILs provides useful insights into mechanisms of immune response and pathogenesis of diseases. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of IL-10, IL-1Ra, and IL-6 levels in 707 non-diabetic African Americans using 5,396,780 imputed and directly genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with adjustment for gender, age, and body mass index. IL-10 levels showed genome-wide significant associations (p < 5 × 10(-8)) with eight SNPs, the most significant of which was rs5743185 in the PMS1 gene (p = 2.30 × 10(-10)). We tested replication of SNPs that showed genome-wide significance in 425 non-diabetic individuals from West Africa, and successfully replicated rs17365948 in the YWHAZ gene (p = 0.02). IL-1Ra levels showed suggestive associations with two SNPs in the ASB3 gene (p = 2.55 × 10(-7)), ten SNPs in the IL-1 gene family (IL1F5, IL1F8, IL1F10, and IL1Ra, p = 1.04 × 10(-6) to 1.75 × 10(-6)), and 23 SNPs near the IL1A gene (p = 1.22 × 10(-6) to 1.63 × 10(-6)). We also successfully replicated rs4251961 (p = 0.009); this SNP was reported to be associated with IL-1Ra levels in a candidate gene study of Europeans. IL-6 levels showed genome-wide significant association with one SNP (RP11-314E23.1; chr6:133397598; p = 8.63 × 10(-9)). To our knowledge, this is the first GWAS on IL-10, IL-1Ra, and IL-6 levels. Follow-up of these findings may provide valuable insight into the pathobiology of IL actions and dysregulations in inflammation and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasil Tekola Ayele
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ayo Doumatey
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanxia Huang
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bashira Charles
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mike Erdos
- Genome Technology Branch, Molecular Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Johnnie Oli
- University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | | | - Albert Amoah
- University of Ghana Medical School, Department of Medicine, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benjamin A. Eghan
- University of Science and Technology, Department of Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Joseph Acheampong
- University of Science and Technology, Department of Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Clement A. Adebamowo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan Herbert
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Norman Gerry
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | - Guanjie Chen
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Shriner
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adebowale Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles N. Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Guan X, Yang W, Sun X, Wang L, Ma B, Li H, Zhou J. Association of influenza virus infection and inflammatory cytokines with acute myocardial infarction. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:591-8. [PMID: 22373653 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the potential relationship between previous influenza virus (IV) infection and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and the mechanism of atherosclerosis, we conducted a case-control study and examined inflammatory cytokines to assess the association of previous IV infection and AMI. METHODS A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to collect information about demographic characteristics and heart disease risk factors. Fasting blood samples were obtained to measure immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies to influenza virus A (IV-A), influenza virus B (IV-B), cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type-1 and type-2, adenovirus, rubella virus and Chlamydia pneumoniae, and to measure the level of certain biochemistry markers: interleukin-2, 6, 10 and 18 (IL-2, 6, 10 and 18), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), endothelin-1 (ET-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1). RESULTS Compared with the controls, the cases were more likely to have positive IgG antibodies to IV-A and IV-B [IV-A: odds ratio (OR): 3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5-6.4; IV-B: OR: 10.2, 95% CI: 5.7-20.0]. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, the risk of AMI was still associated with the presence of IgG antibodies to IV-A (adjusted OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 1.3-23.0) and IV-B (adjusted OR: 20.3, 95% CI: 5.6-40.8). The levels of IL-2, 6, 10 and18, TNF-α, IFN-γ, ET-1, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in patients with AMI were significantly higher than those of the controls (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the hypothesis that previous IV infection is associated with AMI. Inflammatory cytokines may take part in the development of atherosclerosis and trigger the occurrence of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuru Guan
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
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Brown MD, Feairheller DL, Thakkar S, Veerabhadrappa P, Park JY. Racial differences in tumor necrosis factor-α-induced endothelial microparticles and interleukin-6 production. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2011; 7:541-50. [PMID: 21966220 PMCID: PMC3180509 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s22930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
African Americans (AA) tend to have heightened systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial microparticles (EMP) are released from activated/apoptotic endothelial cells (EC) when stimulated by inflammation. The purpose of our study was to assess EMP responses to inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, SOD) conditions in human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) obtained from AA and Caucasians. EMPs were measured under four conditions: control (basal), TNF-α, SOD, and TNF-α + SOD. Culture supernatant was collected for EMP analysis by flow cytometry and IL-6 assay by ELISA. IL-6 protein expression was assessed by Western blot. AA HUVECs had greater EMP levels under the TNF-α condition compared to the Caucasian HUVECs (6.8 ± 1.1 vs 4.7% ± 0.4%, P = 0.04). The EMP level increased by 89% from basal levels in the AA HUVECs under the TNF-α condition (P = 0.01) compared to an 8% increase in the Caucasian HUVECs (P = 0.70). Compared to the EMP level under the TNF-α condition, the EMP level in the AA HUVECs was lower under the SOD only condition (2.9% ± 0.3%, P = 0.005) and under the TNF-α + SOD condition (2.1% ± 0.4%, P = 0.001). Basal IL-6 concentrations were 56.1 ± 8.8 pg/mL/μg in the AA and 30.9 ± 14.9 pg/mL/μg in the Caucasian HUVECs (P = 0.17), while basal IL-6 protein expression was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the AA HUVECs. These preliminary observational results suggest that AA HUVECs may be more susceptible to the injurious effects of the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Brown
- Hypertension, Molecular and Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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Li J, Chen CX, Shen YH. Effects of total glucosides from paeony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall) roots on experimental atherosclerosis in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 135:469-475. [PMID: 21453765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Total glucosides of paeony (TGP), compounds extracted from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall, have been used as an anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China. Inflammation plays a critical role in the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Risk of cardiovascular diseases is significantly higher in patients with RA than in normal population. It has a great significance to study the effects of TGP on atherosclerosis. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effects of TGP on atherosclerosis induced by excessive administration of vitamin D and cholesterol in rats and study the mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Atherosclerosis was induced by excessive administration of vitamin D and cholesterol in rats. TGP was intragastrically administered for 15 weeks. The serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured by automatic biochemistry analyzer. Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were determined by immunoturbidimetry method, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The morphological changes of aorta were observed with optical microscopy. RESULTS Compared to controls, TGP significantly lowered the serum level of TC, TG, LDL-C, ApoB, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and CRP, increased the ratios of HDL-C/LDL-C and ApoA1/ApoB, decreased the intima-media thickness (IMT) of abdominal aortal wall and improved the morphological change of the aorta. CONCLUSIONS TGP may attenuate the development of atherosclerotic disease. The beneficial effects are associated with its lowering blood lipids and inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203 Shanghai, PR China
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Lai H, Fishman EK, Gerstenblith G, Brinker JA, Tong W, Bhatia S, Detrick B, Lai S. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with significant coronary stenoses in asymptomatic African American chronic cocaine users. Int J Cardiol 2011; 158:211-6. [PMID: 21295360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cocaine use may lead to premature atherosclerosis, however, the prevalence of and risk factors for coronary artery disease in asymptomatic cocaine users have not been reported. METHODS Between August 2007 and June 2010, 385 African American chronic cocaine users aged 25 to 54 years were consecutively enrolled in a study to investigate the prevalence of CT angiographically-defined significant (≥ 50%) coronary stenosis and related risk factors. Sociodemographic, drug-use behavior, medical history and medication data were obtained by interview and confirmed by medical chart review. Clinical examinations were performed as well as extensive laboratory tests including those for fasting lipid profiles, HIV, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and vitamin D. Contrast-enhanced coronary CT angiography was performed. RESULTS Significant coronary stenosis was detected in 52 of 385 participants (13.5%). The prevalences were 12% and 30% in those with low risk and with middle-high risk Framingham score, respectively. In those with low risk scores, the prevalences of significant stenosis were 10% and 18% in those without and with vitamin D deficiency, defined as serum 25-(OH) vitamin D< 10 ng/mL (p=0.08). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that vitamin D deficiency (adjusted OR=2.18, 95% CI: 1.07-4.43) is independently associated with the presence of significant coronary stenosis after controlling for traditional risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that the prevalence of significant coronary stenoses is high in asymptomatic young and middle-aged African American chronic cocaine users. These findings emphasize the importance of aggressive reduction of risk factors, including vitamin D deficiency in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lai
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Computational pharmacological studies on cardiovascular disease by Qishen Yiqi Diwan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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