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Parma B, Ramesh V, Gollavilli PN, Siddiqui A, Pinna L, Schwab A, Marschall S, Zhang S, Pilarsky C, Napoli F, Volante M, Urbanczyk S, Mielenz D, Schrøder HD, Stemmler M, Wurdak H, Ceppi P. Metabolic impairment of non-small cell lung cancers by mitochondrial HSPD1 targeting. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:248. [PMID: 34364401 PMCID: PMC8348813 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The identification of novel targets is of paramount importance to develop more effective drugs and improve the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Since cells alter their metabolic rewiring during tumorigenesis and along cancer progression, targeting key metabolic players and metabolism-associated proteins represents a valuable approach with a high therapeutic potential. Metabolic fitness relies on the functionality of heat shock proteins (HSPs), molecular chaperones that facilitate the correct folding of metabolism enzymes and their assembly in macromolecular structures. Methods Gene fitness was determined by bioinformatics analysis from available datasets from genetic screenings. HSPD1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from NSCLC patients. Real-time proliferation assays with and without cytotoxicity reagents, colony formation assays and cell cycle analyses were used to monitor growth and drug sensitivity of different NSCLC cells in vitro. In vivo growth was monitored with subcutaneous injections in immune-deficient mice. Cell metabolic activity was analyzed through extracellular metabolic flux analysis. Specific knockouts were introduced by CRISPR/Cas9. Results We show heat shock protein family D member 1 (HSPD1 or HSP60) as a survival gene ubiquitously expressed in NSCLC and associated with poor patients’ prognosis. HSPD1 knockdown or its chemical disruption by the small molecule KHS101 induces a drastic breakdown of oxidative phosphorylation, and suppresses cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. By combining drug profiling with transcriptomics and through a whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 screen, we demonstrate that HSPD1-targeted anti-cancer effects are dependent on oxidative phosphorylation and validated molecular determinants of KHS101 sensitivity, in particular, the creatine-transporter SLC6A8 and the subunit of the cytochrome c oxidase complex COX5B. Conclusions These results highlight mitochondrial metabolism as an attractive target and HSPD1 as a potential theranostic marker for developing therapies to combat NSCLC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-02049-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Parma
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vignesh Ramesh
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paradesi Naidu Gollavilli
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aarif Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Luisa Pinna
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Schwab
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Marschall
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shuman Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen- Nuremberg (FAU) and University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen- Nuremberg (FAU) and University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesca Napoli
- Department of Oncology At San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology At San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Sophia Urbanczyk
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Marc Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine-I, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko Wurdak
- Stem Cell and Brain Tumour Group, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Paolo Ceppi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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Abstract
After both sterile and infectious insults, damage is inflicted on tissues leading to accidental or programmed cell death. In addition, events of programmed cell death also take place under homeostatic conditions, such as in embryo development or in the turnover of hematopoietic cells. Mammalian tissues are seeded with myeloid immune cells, which harbor a plethora of receptors that allow the detection of cell death, modulating immune responses. The myeloid C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are one of the most prominent families of receptors involved in tailoring immunity after sensing dead cells. In this chapter, we will cover a diversity of signals arising from different forms of cell death and how they are recognized by myeloid CLRs. We will also explore how myeloid cells develop their sentinel function, exploring how some of these CLRs identify cell death and the type of responses triggered thereof. In particular, we will focus on DNGR-1 (CLEC9A), Mincle (CLEC4E), CLL-1 (CLEC12A), LOX-1 (OLR1), CD301 (CLEC10A) and DEC-205 (LY75) as paradigmatic death-sensing CLRs expressed by myeloid cells. The molecular processes triggered after cell death recognition by myeloid CLRs contribute to the regulation of immune responses in pathologies associated with tissue damage, such as infection, autoimmunity and cancer. A better understanding of these processes may help to improve the current approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Jackson JW, Rivera-Marquez GM, Beebe K, Tran AD, Trepel JB, Gestwicki JE, Blagg BS, Ohkubo S, Neckers LM. Pharmacologic dissection of the overlapping impact of heat shock protein family members on platelet function. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:1197-1209. [PMID: 32022992 PMCID: PMC7497839 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets play a pivotal role in hemostasis, wound healing, and inflammation, and are thus implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer. Platelet function is associated with release of granule content, cellular shape change, and upregulation of receptors that promote establishment of a thrombus and maintenance of hemostasis. OBJECTIVES The role of heat shock proteins (Hsps) in modulating platelet function has been studied for a number of years, but comparative roles of individual Hsps have not been thoroughly examined. METHODS We utilized a panel of specific inhibitors of Hsp40, Hsp70, Hsp90, and Grp94 (the endoplasmic reticulum homolog of Hsp90) to assess their impact on several aspects of platelet function. RESULTS Inhibition of each of the aforementioned Hsps reduced alpha granule release. In contrast, there was some selectivity in impacts on dense granule release. Thromboxane synthesis was impaired after exposure to inhibitors of Hsp40, Hsp90, and Grp94, but not after inhibition of Hsp70. Both expression of active glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) and fibrinogen-induced platelet shape change were diminished by our inhibitors. In contrast, aggregation was selectively abrogated after inhibition of Hsp40 or Hsp90. Lastly, activated platelet-cancer cell interactions were reduced by inhibition of both Hsp70 and Grp94. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the importance of Hsp networks in regulating platelet activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Jackson
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research,
National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Genesis M. Rivera-Marquez
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research,
National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristin Beebe
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research,
National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andy D. Tran
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jane B. Trepel
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer
Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jason E. Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the
Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California at San Francisco,
San Francisco, California
| | - Brian S.J. Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The
University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Illinois
| | - Shuichi Ohkubo
- Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Leonard M. Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research,
National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Tikhomirova TS, Galzitskaya OV. Functionally Significant Amino Acid Motifs of Heat Shock Proteins: Structural and Bioinformatics Analyses of Hsp60/Hsp10 in Five Classes of Chordata. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318050138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Analysis of the spleen proteome of chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1187-1199. [PMID: 28097424 PMCID: PMC5387025 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), a gammaretrovirus in the family Retroviridae, can result in immunosuppression and subsequent increased susceptibility to secondary infections. In the present study, we identified differentially expressed proteins in the spleens of chickens infected with the REV-A HLJ07I strain, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis on samples from time points coinciding with different phases of the REV life cycle. Differentially expressed proteins were identified using one-dimensional liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (1D LC ESI MS/MS). Comparative analysis of multiple gels revealed that the majority of changes occurred at early stages of infection. In total, 60 protein spots representing 28 host proteins were detected as either quantitatively (false discovery rate [FDR] ≤0.05 and fold change ≥2) or qualitatively differentially expressed at least once during different sampling points. The differentially expressed proteins identified in this study included antioxidants, molecular chaperones, cellular metabolism, formation of the cytoskeleton, signal transduction, cell proliferation and cellar aging. The present findings provide a basis for further studies to elucidate the role of these proteins in REV-host interactions. This could lead to a better understanding of REV infection mechanisms that cause immune suppression.
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Abstract
Historically, the brain has been considered an immune-privileged organ separated from the peripheral immune system by the blood-brain barrier. However, immune responses do occur in the brain in neurological conditions in which the integrity of the blood-brain barrier is compromised, exposing the brain to peripheral antigens and endogenous danger signals. While most of the associated pathological processes occur in the central nervous system, it is now clear that peripheral immune cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, that infiltrate into the injury site play a key role in modulating the progression of primary brain injury development. As inflammation is a necessary and critical component for the subsequent injury resolution process, understanding the contribution of mononuclear phagocytes on the regulation of inflammatory responses may provide novel approaches for potential therapies. Furthermore, predisposed comorbid conditions at the time of stroke cause the alteration of stroke-induced immune and inflammatory responses and subsequently influence stroke outcome. In this review, we summarize a role for microglia and monocytes/macrophages in acute ischemic stroke in the context of normal and metabolically compromised conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Kim
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine at Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine at Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA.
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Karmakar S, Banerjee D, Chakrabarti A. Platelet proteomics in thalassemia: Factors responsible for hypercoagulation. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:239-47. [PMID: 26403856 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thalassemias can be defined as a group with inherited hemolytic anemia due to differential expressions of α and β globin genes. Hemoglobin E combined with β thalassemia (HbEβ) creates high oxidative stress in platelets producing different degrees of pathophysiological severity. Numerous cases of thalassemia have been reported with thromboembolic complications due to the hypercoagulable state, the mechanism underlying that is not yet well understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have used 2DE and DIGE coupled with MALDI TOF/TOF-based MS identification and characterization of altered proteins in both splenectomized and nonsplenectomized HbEβ and β thalassemia to investigate the factors responsible for hypercoagulation. RESULTS The study revealed elevated levels of chaperones like HSP70, protein disulfide isomerase; oxidative stress proteins like peroxiredoxin2 and superoxide dismutase1 along with high ROS levels. Upregulation of translation initiation factor 5a observed in thalassemia is a novel finding and plays a protective role toward cell survival under oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The altered levels of chaperones and oxidative stress proteins indicate toward regulation of integrin binding and platelet activation under oxidative stress. Altogether, this comparative proteomics study of platelets in thalassemia could provide an insight into better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpita Karmakar
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Hematology Unit, Ramakrishna Mission Seva Prathisthan, Kolkata, India
- Clinical Haematology Service, Park Clinic, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijit Chakrabarti
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
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Gregory CD, Ford CA, Voss JJLP. Microenvironmental Effects of Cell Death in Malignant Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 930:51-88. [PMID: 27558817 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39406-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although apoptosis is well recognized as a cell death program with clear anticancer roles, accumulating evidence linking apoptosis with tissue repair and regeneration indicates that its relationship with malignant disease is more complex than previously thought. Here we review how the responses of neighboring cells in the microenvironment of apoptotic tumor cells may contribute to the cell birth/cell death disequilibrium that provides the basis for cancerous tissue emergence and growth. We describe the bioactive properties of apoptotic cells and consider, in particular, how apoptosis of tumor cells can engender a range of responses including pro-oncogenic signals having proliferative, angiogenic, reparatory, and immunosuppressive features. Drawing on the parallels between wound healing, tissue regeneration and cancer, we propose the concept of the "onco-regenerative niche," a cell death-driven generic network of tissue repair and regenerative mechanisms that are hijacked in cancer. Finally, we consider how the responses to cell death in tumors can be targeted to provide more effective and long-lasting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Gregory
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Catriona A Ford
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jorine J L P Voss
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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10
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Chen Y, Zhang C, Xie S, Cui Y, Wang Z. Label-free proteomic analysis of PBMCs reveals gender differences in response to long-term antiretroviral therapy of HIV. J Proteomics 2015; 126:46-53. [PMID: 26045010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The association of gender with the treatment outcome during long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients has been controversial. Here, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by using a label-free shotgun method with nano-LC-MS/MS to investigate the gender differences in responses to long-term ART. This analysis enrolled 30 HIV-infected patients (16 males and 14 females), as well as 20 healthy adults (10 males and 10 females) as control. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting were used to validate the results of proteomic approach. A total of 53 proteins showing differential expression (± 1.5 fold, p < 0.05) were identified in HIV-infected patients versus healthy adults. Of these proteins, 22 proteins showed identical regulation patterns in both men and women, while 31 proteins were gender-specific (21 men-specific and 10 women-specific proteins). Bioinformatics analysis indicated that long-term ART causes up-regulation of apoptosis, oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction while down-regulation of oxidative stress and immune system process in men compared to women. These findings point to a concept that gender has a significant influence on the outcomes of ART at protein level and women present a potential favorable immunological pattern and recovery during long-term ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhuoran Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiping Xie
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Yinglin Cui
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is typified by a robust microglial-mediated inflammatory response within the brain. Indeed, microglial accumulation around plaques in AD is one of the classical hallmarks of the disease pathology. Although microglia have the capacity to remove β-amyloid deposits and alleviate disease pathology, they fail to do so. Instead, they become chronically activated and promote inflammation-mediated impairment of cognition and cytotoxicity. However, if microglial function could be altered to engage their phagocytic response, promote their tissue maintenance functions, and prevent release of factors that promote tissue damage, this could provide therapeutic benefit. This review is focused on the current knowledge of microglial homeostatic mechanisms in AD, and mechanisms involved in the regulation of microglial phenotype in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja M Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland,
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12
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Brzeszczynska J, Samuel K, Greenhough S, Ramaesh K, Dhillon B, Hay DC, Ross JA. Differentiation and molecular profiling of human embryonic stem cell-derived corneal epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1597-606. [PMID: 24676408 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the isolation of scalable populations of limbal stem cells may lead to radical changes in ocular therapy. In particular, the derivation and transplantation of corneal stem cells from these populations may result in therapies providing clinical normality of the diseased or damaged cornea. Although feasible in theory, the lack of donor material in sufficient quantity and quality currently limits such a strategy. A potential scalable source of corneal cells could be derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). We developed an in vitro and serum-free corneal differentiation model which displays significant promise. Our stepwise differentiation model was designed with reference to development and gave rise to cells which displayed similarities to epithelial progenitor cells which can be specified to cells displaying a corneal epithelial phenotype. We believe our approach is novel, provides a robust model of human development and in the future, may facilitate the generation of corneal epithelial cells that are suitable for clinical use. Additionally, we demonstrate that following continued cell culture, stem cell-derived corneal epithelial cells undergo transdifferentiation and exhibit squamous metaplasia and therefore, also offer an in vitro model of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brzeszczynska
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - K Samuel
- SNBTS Cellular Therapy Group, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - S Greenhough
- Pluripotent Stem Cell Hepatocyte Development Group, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - K Ramaesh
- Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow G12 0YN, Scotland, UK
| | - B Dhillon
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Ophthalmology Section, Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9HA, Scotland, UK
| | - D C Hay
- Pluripotent Stem Cell Hepatocyte Development Group, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - J A Ross
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
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Feng MJ, Zhang L, Liu Z, Zhou P, Lu X. The expression and release of Hsp60 in 6-OHDA induced in vivo and in vitro models of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2180-9. [PMID: 23943523 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, dopaminergic neuron damage/death causes the release of soluble substances that are selectively toxic to neighboring/additional dopaminergic neurons through the activation of microglia. Hsp60 can be released from injured cells of central nervous system to activate microglia. However, its expression and role in Parkinson's disease has not been well understood. Here, we performed a 6-OHDA treated Parkinson's disease model in adult rats. Western blot analysis showed a time-course expression of Hsp60, which decreased gradually and then rose back. Immunofluorescence staining showed that Hsp60 was decreased in dopaminergic neuron, and most Hsp60 located on the surface of activated microglia. Furthermore, in cellular Parkinson's disease model, Hsp60 was obviously detected in the culture supernatants after 6-OHDA treatment, and a concomitant decrease in cell extracts. Taken together, our results suggested that Hsp60 could be released extracellularly to activate microglia in Parkinson's disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei jiang Feng
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,
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Henderson B, Fares MA, Lund PA. Chaperonin 60: a paradoxical, evolutionarily conserved protein family with multiple moonlighting functions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 88:955-87. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Henderson
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL-Eastman Dental Institute; University College London; London WC1X 8LD U.K
| | - Mario A. Fares
- Department of Genetics; University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
- Department of Abiotic Stress; Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC-UPV); Valencia 46022 Spain
| | - Peter A. Lund
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT U.K
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Sierra A, Abiega O, Shahraz A, Neumann H. Janus-faced microglia: beneficial and detrimental consequences of microglial phagocytosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013. [PMID: 23386811 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00006/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident brain macrophages and they have been traditionally studied as orchestrators of the brain inflammatory response during infections and disease. In addition, microglia has a more benign, less explored role as the brain professional phagocytes. Phagocytosis is a term coined from the Greek to describe the receptor-mediated engulfment and degradation of dead cells and microbes. In addition, microglia phagocytoses brain-specific cargo, such as axonal and myelin debris in spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis, amyloid-β deposits in Alzheimer's disease, and supernumerary synapses in postnatal development. Common mechanisms of recognition, engulfment, and degradation of the different types of cargo are assumed, but very little is known about the shared and specific molecules involved in the phagocytosis of each target by microglia. More importantly, the functional consequences of microglial phagocytosis remain largely unexplored. Overall, phagocytosis is considered a beneficial phenomenon, since it eliminates dead cells and induces an anti-inflammatory response. However, phagocytosis can also activate the respiratory burst, which produces toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phagocytosis has been traditionally studied in pathological conditions, leading to the assumption that microglia have to be activated in order to become efficient phagocytes. Recent data, however, has shown that unchallenged microglia phagocytose apoptotic cells during development and in adult neurogenic niches, suggesting an overlooked role in brain remodeling throughout the normal lifespan. The present review will summarize the current state of the literature regarding the role of microglial phagocytosis in maintaining tissue homeostasis in health as in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro-Basque Center for Neuroscience Zamudio, Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV Leioa, Spain ; Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao, Spain
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Sierra A, Abiega O, Shahraz A, Neumann H. Janus-faced microglia: beneficial and detrimental consequences of microglial phagocytosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:6. [PMID: 23386811 PMCID: PMC3558702 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident brain macrophages and they have been traditionally studied as orchestrators of the brain inflammatory response during infections and disease. In addition, microglia has a more benign, less explored role as the brain professional phagocytes. Phagocytosis is a term coined from the Greek to describe the receptor-mediated engulfment and degradation of dead cells and microbes. In addition, microglia phagocytoses brain-specific cargo, such as axonal and myelin debris in spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis, amyloid-β deposits in Alzheimer's disease, and supernumerary synapses in postnatal development. Common mechanisms of recognition, engulfment, and degradation of the different types of cargo are assumed, but very little is known about the shared and specific molecules involved in the phagocytosis of each target by microglia. More importantly, the functional consequences of microglial phagocytosis remain largely unexplored. Overall, phagocytosis is considered a beneficial phenomenon, since it eliminates dead cells and induces an anti-inflammatory response. However, phagocytosis can also activate the respiratory burst, which produces toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phagocytosis has been traditionally studied in pathological conditions, leading to the assumption that microglia have to be activated in order to become efficient phagocytes. Recent data, however, has shown that unchallenged microglia phagocytose apoptotic cells during development and in adult neurogenic niches, suggesting an overlooked role in brain remodeling throughout the normal lifespan. The present review will summarize the current state of the literature regarding the role of microglial phagocytosis in maintaining tissue homeostasis in health as in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro-Basque Center for Neuroscience Zamudio, Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV Leioa, Spain ; Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao, Spain
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Chenevert J, Pruliere G, Ishii H, Sardet C, Nishikata T. Purification of mitochondrial proteins HSP60 and ATP synthase from ascidian eggs: implications for antibody specificity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52996. [PMID: 23326373 PMCID: PMC3542361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of antibodies is a cornerstone of biological studies and it is important to identify the recognized protein with certainty. Generally an antibody is considered specific if it labels a single band of the expected size in the tissue of interest, or has a strong affinity for the antigen produced in a heterologous system. The identity of the antibody target protein is rarely confirmed by purification and sequencing, however in many cases this may be necessary. In this study we sought to characterize the myoplasm, a mitochondria-rich domain present in eggs and segregated into tadpole muscle cells of ascidians (urochordates). The targeted proteins of two antibodies that label the myoplasm were purified using both classic immunoaffinity methods and a novel protein purification scheme based on sequential ion exchange chromatography followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Surprisingly, mass spectrometry sequencing revealed that in both cases the proteins recognized are unrelated to the original antigens. NN18, a monoclonal antibody which was raised against porcine spinal cord and recognizes the NF-M neurofilament subunit in vertebrates, in fact labels mitochondrial ATP synthase in the ascidian embryo. PMF-C13, an antibody we raised to and purified against PmMRF, which is the MyoD homolog of the ascidian Phallusia mammillata, in fact recognizes mitochondrial HSP60. High resolution immunolabeling on whole embryos and isolated cortices demonstrates localization to the inner mitochondrial membrane for both ATP synthase and HSP60. We discuss the general implications of our results for antibody specificity and the verification methods which can be used to determine unequivocally an antibody's target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Chenevert
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie and CNRS, Developmental Biology Unit UMR7009, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.
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18
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Anraku I, Rajasuriar R, Dobbin C, Brown R, Lewin SR, Suhrbier A. Circulating heat shock protein 60 levels are elevated in HIV patients and are reduced by anti-retroviral therapy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45291. [PMID: 23028910 PMCID: PMC3460931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) and heat shock protein 10 (Hsp10) have been associated with pro- and anti-inflammatory activity, respectively. To determine whether these heat shock proteins might be associated with the immune activation seen in HIV-infected patients, the plasma levels of Hsp60 and Hsp10 were determined in a cohort of 20 HIV-infected patients before and after effective combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). We show for the first time that circulating Hsp60 levels are elevated in HIV-infected patients, with levels significantly reduced after cART, but still higher than those in HIV-negative individuals. Hsp60 levels correlated significantly with viral load, CD4 counts, and circulating soluble CD14 and lipopolysaccharide levels. No differences or correlations were seen for Hsp10 levels. Elevated circulating Hsp60 may contribute to the immune dysfunction and non-AIDS clinical events seen in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Anraku
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: .
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Chang CL, Hsu YT, Wu CC, Yang YC, Wang C, Wu TC, Hung CF. Immune mechanism of the antitumor effects generated by bortezomib. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3209-20. [PMID: 22896634 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, is a chemotherapeutic drug that is commonly used to treat a variety of human cancers. The antitumor effects of bortezomib-induced tumor cell immunogenicity have not been fully delineated. In this study, we examined the generation of immune-mediated antitumor effects in response to treatment by bortezomib in a murine ovarian tumor model. We observed that tumor-bearing mice that were treated with bortezomib had CD8+ T cell-mediated inhibition of tumor growth. Furthermore, the comparison of tumor cell-based vaccines that were produced from tumor cells treated or untreated with bortezomib showed vaccination with drug-treated tumor cell-based vaccines elicited potent tumor-specific CD8+ T cell immune response with improved therapeutic antitumor effect in tumor-bearing mice. Conversely, the untreated tumor cell-based vaccines led to no appreciable antitumor response. Treatment of tumor cells with bortezomib led to the upregulation of Hsp60 and Hsp90 on the cell surface and promoted their phagocytosis by dendritic cells (DCs). However, cell surface expression of Hsp60, instead of Hsp90, is the more important determinant of whether bortezomib-treated tumor cells can generate tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. CD11c+ DCs that were treated with bortezomib in vitro had enhanced phagocytic activities. In addition, CD11c+ DCs from bortezomib-treated tumor-bearing mice had increased maturation. At lower concentrations, bortezomib had no inhibitory effects on T cell proliferation. Taken together, our data indicate that bortezomib can render tumor cells immunogenic by upregulating the cell surface expression of heat shock protein 60 and heat shock protein 90, as well as improve DC function, which results in potent immune-mediated antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Long Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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20
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O'Neill S, Ross JA, Wigmore SJ, Harrison EM. The role of heat shock protein 90 in modulating ischemia-reperfusion injury in the kidney. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1535-48. [PMID: 22876854 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.713939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kidney transplantation is the gold standard treatment for end-stage renal disease. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an unavoidable consequence of the transplantation procedure and is responsible for delayed graft function and poorer long-term outcomes. AREAS COVERED Pharmacological induction of heat shock protein (Hsp) expression is an emerging pre-conditioning strategy aimed at reducing IRI following renal transplantation. Hsp90 inhibition up-regulates protective Hsps (especially Hsp70) and potentially down-regulates NF-κB by disruption of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex. However, the clinical application of Hsp90 inhibitors is currently limited by their toxicity profile and the exact mechanism of protection conferred is unknown. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a further regulator of NF-κB and recent studies suggest TLR4 plays a dominant role in mediating kidney damage following IRI. The full interaction of Hsps with TLRs is yet to be delineated and whether TLR4 signalling can be targeted by Hsp90 inhibition in IRI remains uncertain. EXPERT OPINION Pharmacological pre-conditioning by Hsp90 inhibition involves direct treatment to the kidney donor and/or organ, which aims to reduce injury prior to the onset of ischemia. The major challenges going forward are to establish the exact mechanism of protection offered by these drugs and the investgiation of less toxic analogues that could be safely translated into human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O'Neill
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Tissue Injury and Repair Group, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
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21
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An J, Shi J, He Q, Lui K, Liu Y, Huang Y, Sheikh MS. CHCM1/CHCHD6, novel mitochondrial protein linked to regulation of mitofilin and mitochondrial cristae morphology. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:7411-26. [PMID: 22228767 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.277103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural integrity of mitochondrial cristae is crucial for mitochondrial functions; however, the molecular events controlling the structural integrity and biogenesis of mitochondrial cristae remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we report the functional characterization of a novel mitochondrial protein named CHCM1 (coiled coil helix cristae morphology 1)/CHCHD6. CHCM1/CHCHD6 harbors a coiled coil helix-coiled coil helix domain at its C-terminal end and predominantly localizes to mitochondrial inner membrane. CHCM1/CHCHD6 knockdown causes severe defects in mitochondrial cristae morphology. The mitochondrial cristae in CHCM1/CHCHD6-deficient cells become hollow with loss of structural definitions and reduction in electron-dense matrix. CHCM1/CHCHD6 depletion also leads to reductions in cell growth, ATP production, and oxygen consumption. CHCM1/CHCHD6 through its C-terminal end strongly and directly interacts with the mitochondrial inner membrane protein mitofilin, which is known to also control mitochondrial cristae morphology. CHCM1/CHCHD6 also interacts with other mitofilin-associated proteins, including DISC1 and CHCHD3. Knockdown of CHCM1/CHCHD6 reduces mitofilin protein levels; conversely, mitofilin knockdown leads to reduction in CHCM1 levels, suggesting coordinate regulation between these proteins. Our results further indicate that genotoxic anticancer drugs that induce DNA damage down-regulate CHCM1/CHCHD6 expression in multiple human cancer cells, whereas mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors do not affect CHCM1/CHCHD6 levels. CHCM1/CHCHD6 knockdown in human cancer cells enhances chemosensitivity to genotoxic anticancer drugs, whereas its overexpression increases resistance. Collectively, our results indicate that CHCM1/CHCHD6 is linked to regulation of mitochondrial cristae morphology, cell growth, ATP production, and oxygen consumption and highlight its potential as a possible target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie An
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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