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Kepp KP, Robakis NK, Høilund-Carlsen PF, Sensi SL, Vissel B. The amyloid cascade hypothesis: an updated critical review. Brain 2023; 146:3969-3990. [PMID: 37183523 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Results from recent clinical trials of antibodies that target amyloid-β (Aβ) for Alzheimer's disease have created excitement and have been heralded as corroboration of the amyloid cascade hypothesis. However, while Aβ may contribute to disease, genetic, clinical, imaging and biochemical data suggest a more complex aetiology. Here we review the history and weaknesses of the amyloid cascade hypothesis in view of the new evidence obtained from clinical trials of anti-amyloid antibodies. These trials indicate that the treatments have either no or uncertain clinical effect on cognition. Despite the importance of amyloid in the definition of Alzheimer's disease, we argue that the data point to Aβ playing a minor aetiological role. We also discuss data suggesting that the concerted activity of many pathogenic factors contribute to Alzheimer's disease and propose that evolving multi-factor disease models will better underpin the search for more effective strategies to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- Section of Biophysical and Biomedicinal chemistry, DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Poul F Høilund-Carlsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, and Institute for Advanced Biotechnology (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
| | - Bryce Vissel
- St Vincent's Hospital Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Ramírez-Hernández E, Sánchez-Maldonado C, Patricio-Martínez A, Limón ID. Amyloid-β (25-35) induces the morphological alteration of dendritic spines and decreases NR2B and PSD-95 expression in the hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2023; 795:137030. [PMID: 36572143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.137030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Research on the memory impairment caused by the Amyloid-β 25-35 (Aβ25-35) peptide in animal models has provided an understanding of the causes that occurs in Alzheimer's disease. However, it is uncertain whether this cognitive impairment occurs due to disruption of information encoding and consolidation or impaired retrieval of stored memory. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the Aβ25-35 peptide on the morphology of dendritic spines and the changes in the expression of NR2B and PSD-95 in the hippocampus associated with learning and memory deficit. Vehicle or Aβ25-35 peptide (0.1 µg/µL) was bilaterally administered into the CA1 subfield of the rat hippocampus, then tested for spatial learning and memory in the Morris Water Maze. On Day 39, the morphological changes in the CA1 of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus were examined via Golgi-Cox stain. It was observed that the Aβ25-35 peptide administered in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus induced changes to the morphology of dendritic spines and the expression of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor co-localized with both the spatial memory and PSD-95 protein in the hippocampus of learning rats. We conclude that, in soluble form, the Aβ25-35 peptide perturbs synaptic plasticity, specifically in the formation of new synapses, thus promoting the progression of memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia Sánchez-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Aleidy Patricio-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ilhiucamina Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
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Tan FHP, Ting ACJ, Leow BG, Najimudin N, Watanabe N, Azzam G. Alleviatory effects of Danshen, Salvianolic acid A and Salvianolic acid B on PC12 neuronal cells and Drosophila melanogaster model of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114389. [PMID: 34217797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Danshen water extract (DWE), obtained from the Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Family Lamiaceae) root, is usually employed in Chinese traditional medicine as treatment to cardiovascular ailments and cerebrovascular diseases. Intriguingly, the extract was also found to contain vast beneficial properties in Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY Alzheimer's disease is the most significant type of neurodegenerative disorder plaguing societies globally. Its pathogenesis encompasses the hallmark aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ). Of all the Aβ oligomers formed in the brain, Aβ42 is the most toxic and aggressive. Despite this, the mechanism behind this disease remains elusive. In this study, DWE, and its major components, Salvianolic acid A (SalA) and Salvianolic acid B (SalB) were tested for their abilities to attenuate Aβ42's toxic effects. METHODS The composition of DWE was determined via Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). DWE, SalA and SalB were first verified for their capability to diminish Aβ42 fibrillation using an in vitro activity assay. Since Aβ42 aggregation results in neuronal degeneration, the potential Aβ42 inhibitors were next evaluated on Aβ42-exposed PC12 neuronal cells. The Drosophila melanogaster AD model was then employed to determine the effects of DWE, SalA and SalB. RESULTS DWE, SalA and SalB were shown to be able to reduce fibrillation of Aβ42. When tested on PC12 neuronal cells, DWE, SalA and SalB ameliorated cells from cell death associated with Aβ42 exposure. Next, DWE and its components were tested on the Drosophila melanogaster AD model and their rescue effects were further characterized. The UPLC analysis showed that SalA and SalB were present in the brains and bodies of Drosophila after DWE feeding. When human Aβ42 was expressed, the AD Drosophila exhibited degenerated eye structures known as the rough eye phenotype (REP), reduced lifespan and deteriorated locomotor ability. Administration of DWE, SalA and SalB partially reverted the REP, increased the age of AD Drosophila and improved most of the mobility of AD Drosophila. CONCLUSION Collectively, DWE and its components may have therapeutic potential for AD patients and possibly other forms of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Hui Ping Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | | | - Ban Guan Leow
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Nazalan Najimudin
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Nobumoto Watanabe
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; Bioprobe Application Research Unit, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Japan.
| | - Ghows Azzam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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Kose O, Altin A, Kurt Bayrakdar S, Bostan SA, Mercantepe T, Akyildiz K, Tumkaya L, Yilmaz A, Kose S, Yemenoglu H, Turker Sener L, Kuluslu G. Influences of periodontitis on hippocampal inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in rats. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:1154-1162. [PMID: 34486732 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The hippocampus, which has a central role in cognitive and behavioral activities, is one of the most sensitive parts of the brain to systemic inflammatory diseases. This animal study aims to comprehensively investigate the possible inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic effects of periodontitis on the hippocampus. METHODS Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to two groups: control and experimental periodontitis (Ep). In the Ep group, periodontitis was induced by placing 3.0 sutures sub-paramarginally around the necks of right and left mandibular first molars and maintaining the ligatures in place for 5 weeks. Following the euthanasia, mandibula and hippocampus samples were collected bilaterally. Alveolar bone loss was measured histomorphometrically and radiologically on the right and left mandibles. On the right hippocampal sections histological (Caspase-3, TNF-α, and 8-OHdG) and the left hippocampal sections, biochemical (IL-1β, Aβ1-42 , MDA, GSH, and TAS levels) evaluations were performed. RESULTS Histopathological changes associated with periodontitis were limited (p > .05). A slight increase in caspase-3 positive neuron density in EP rats showed that apoptotic changes were also limited (p > .05). 8-OHdG activity, on the other hand, was significantly higher compared to controls (p < .05). In biochemical analysis, there was a significant increase in IL-1β levels and oxidative membrane damage (MDA) (p < .05) whereas Aβ1-42 and antioxidant marker (GSH and TAS) levels were slightly increased (p > .05). CONCLUSION Periodontitis causes marked increases in IL-1β levels and oxidative stress in the hippocampus, but limited degenerative and apoptotic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oğuz Kose
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Altin
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Sevda Kurt Bayrakdar
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Semih Alperen Bostan
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Tolga Mercantepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Kerimali Akyildiz
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, School of Health Care Services Vocational, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Levent Tumkaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Sefanur Kose
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Hatice Yemenoglu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Leyla Turker Sener
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Göker Kuluslu
- 3D Medical and Industrial Design Laboratory, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Soares CB, Daré LR, Lima KR, Lopes LF, Santos AGD, Schimidt HL, Carpes FP, Lloret A, Viña J, Mello-Carpes PB. Multicomponent Training Prevents Memory Deficit Related to Amyloid-β Protein-Induced Neurotoxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:143-154. [PMID: 34275902 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of the amyloid-β peptide in the brain, leading to early oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. It has been suggested that physical exercise could be beneficial in preventing AD, but studies with multicomponent training are scanty. OBJECTIVE Verify the effects of multicomponent exercise training to prevent deficits in recognition memory related to Aβ neurotoxicity. METHODS We subjected Wistar rats to multicomponent training (including aerobic and anaerobic physical exercise and cognitive exercise) and then infused amyloid-β peptide into their hippocampus. RESULTS We show that long-term multicomponent training prevents the amyloid-β-associated neurotoxicity in the hippocampus. It reduces hippocampal lipid peroxidation, restores antioxidant capacity, and increases glutathione levels, finally preventing recognition memory deficits. CONCLUSION Multicomponent training avoids memory deficits related to amyloid-β neurotoxicity on an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leticia Rossi Daré
- Federal University of Pampa, campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jose Viña
- University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Sarkar S. Shaggy functions downstream of dMyc and their concurrent downregulation confers additive rescue against tau toxicity in Drosophila. Biofactors 2021; 47:461-477. [PMID: 33651466 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative tauopathies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are characterized by hyperphosphorylation of tau protein and their subsequent aggregation in the forms of paired helical filaments and/or neurofibrillary tangles in specific areas of the brain. Despite several attempts, it remains a challenge to develop reliable biomarkers or effective drugs against tauopathies. It is increasingly evident now that due to the involvement of multiple cellular cascades affected by the pathogenic tau molecules, a single genetic modifier or a molecule is unlikely to be efficient enough to provide an inclusive rescue. Hence, multitargets based combinatorial approach(s) have been suggested to provide an efficient rescue against tauopathies. We have reported earlier that targeted downregulation of dmyc (a Drosophila homolog of human cmyc proto-oncogene) restricts tau etiology by limiting tau hyperphosphorylation and heterochromatin loss. Although, dmyc generates a significant rescue; however, it is not proficient enough to provide a complete alleviation against tauopathies. Here, we report that tissue-specific concurrent downregulation of dmyc and gsk3β conveys a near-complete rescue against tau toxicity in Drosophila. We noted that combinatorial downregulation of dmyc and gsk3β reduces tau hyperphosphorylation, restricts the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and restores heterochromatin loss to the physiological level. Our subsequent investigations revealed that dmyc regulates gsk3β via protein phosphatase 2A (dPP2A) in a dose-dependent manner to regulate tau pathogenesis. We propose that dmyc and gsk3β candidates can be utilized in a synergistic manner for the development of an efficient combinatorial therapeutic approach against the devastating human tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Sarkar
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Xue J, Jia P, Zhang D, Yao Z. TTP488 ameliorates NLRP3-associated inflammation, viability, apoptosis, and ROS production in an Alzheimer's disease cell model by mediating the JAK1/STAT3/NFκB/IRF3 pathway. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:555-561. [PMID: 33724512 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent dementia, is identified as a neurodegenerative disease arising from a degenerative disturbance in the central nervous system. A previous study reported that TTP488 could ameliorate symptoms in patients with mild AD, but the underlying mechanisms need to be studied further. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the role of TTP488 in the development of an AD cell model. Administration of TTP448 in an AD cell model reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α], reversed the inhibitory role of Aβ on cell proliferation and viability, and decreased Aβ-triggered cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, Aβ treatment induced activation of JAK1/STAT3/NFκB/IRF3 pathway as well as NLRP3 expression, and TTP488 administration partially reversed the activation of this pathway and NLRP3 expression. Use of WP1160, a STAT3 agonist, re-activated the downstream STAT3/NFκB/IRF3 pathway and NLRP3 expression. Moreover, we found that WP1160 counteracted the role of TTP488 in Aβ-induced SH-SY5Y cells' viability, inflammation, apoptosis, and ROS production. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This study explores the role of TTP488 in the development of an Alzheimer's disease (AD) cell model and confirms that TTP488 administration notably promotes cell proliferation and reduces apoptosis, inflammatory factor expression, and reactive oxygen species generation. Further, this study suggests that the NLRP3-relevant JAK1/STAT3/P65/IRF3 signalling pathway is related to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xue
- Department of Neurology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen Yao
- Department of Neurology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Karki HP, Jang Y, Jung J, Oh J. Advances in the development paradigm of biosample-based biosensors for early ultrasensitive detection of alzheimer's disease. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:72. [PMID: 33750392 PMCID: PMC7945670 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights current developments, challenges, and future directions for the use of invasive and noninvasive biosample-based small biosensors for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with biomarkers to incite a conceptual idea from a broad number of readers in this field. We provide the most promising concept about biosensors on the basis of detection scale (from femto to micro) using invasive and noninvasive biosamples such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, urine, sweat, and tear. It also summarizes sensor types and detailed analyzing techniques for ultrasensitive detection of multiple target biomarkers (i.e., amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, tau protein, Acetylcholine (Ach), microRNA137, etc.) of AD in terms of detection ranges and limit of detections (LODs). As the most significant disadvantage of CSF and blood-based detection of AD is associated with the invasiveness of sample collection which limits future strategy with home-based early screening of AD, we extensively reviewed the future trend of new noninvasive detection techniques (such as optical screening and bio-imaging process). To overcome the limitation of non-invasive biosamples with low concentrations of AD biomarkers, current efforts to enhance the sensitivity of biosensors and discover new types of biomarkers using non-invasive body fluids are presented. We also introduced future trends facing an infection point in early diagnosis of AD with simultaneous emergence of addressable innovative technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Prakash Karki
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Yeongseok Jang
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Jinmu Jung
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
- Department of Nano-bio Mechanical System Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
| | - Jonghyun Oh
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
- Department of Nano-bio Mechanical System Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
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MicroRNA-107 Ameliorates Damage in a Cell Model of Alzheimer's Disease by Mediating the FGF7/FGFR2/PI3K/Akt Pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1589-1597. [PMID: 32472396 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent representation of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from the degenerative disturbance of the central nervous system. Previous studies have indicated that miR-107 is reduced in the brain neocortex of patients with AD; however, its underlying mechanism is not clear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the question of whether miR-107 participates in AD development. The study confirmed that the miR-107 expression levels were dramatically decreased in patients with AD and in beta-amyloid (Aβ) (Aβ)-treated SH-SY5Y cells compared with control groups. Upregulation of miR-107 reversed the inhibitory role of Aβ on cell proliferation and viability. In addition, miR-107 upregulation also ameliorated the Aβ-induced inflammation and apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, using bioinformatic prediction, dual-luciferase reporter assay (DLRA), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and Western blot (WB), miR-107 was confirmed to reduce the expression level of FGF7, and it subsequently deactivated the FGFR2/PI3K/Akt pathway. Moreover, FGF7 overexpression counteracted the role of miR-107 in the viability, proliferation, inflammation, and apoptosis of Aβ-induced SH-SY5Y cells.
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10
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Kepp KP, Squitti R. Copper imbalance in Alzheimer’s disease: Convergence of the chemistry and the clinic. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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11
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Mehra R, Kepp KP. Cell size effects in the molecular dynamics of the intrinsically disordered Aβ peptide. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:085101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5115085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rukmankesh Mehra
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemistry, Building 206, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper P. Kepp
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemistry, Building 206, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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12
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A quantitative model of human neurodegenerative diseases involving protein aggregation. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 80:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Ramírez E, Sánchez-Maldonado C, Mayoral MA, Mendieta L, Alatriste V, Patricio-Martínez A, Limón ID. Neuroinflammation induced by the peptide amyloid-β (25-35) increase the presence of galectin-3 in astrocytes and microglia and impairs spatial memory. Neuropeptides 2019; 74:11-23. [PMID: 30795916 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are animal lectins that bind to β-galactosides, such as lactose and N-acetyllactosamine, contained in glycoproteins or glycolipids. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and Galectin-3 (Gal-3) are involved in pathologies associated with the inflammatory process, cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. Recent evidence has shown that the administration of Amyloid-β 25-35 (Aβ25-35) into the hippocampus of rats increases the inflammatory response that is associated with memory impairment and neurodegeneration. Galectins could participate in the modulation of the neuroinflammation induced by the Aβ25-35. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Gal-1 and Gal-3 in the neuroinflammation induced by administration of Aβ25-35 into the hippocampus and to examine spatial memory in the Morris water maze. After the administration of Aβ25-35, animals were tested for learning and spatial memory in the Morris water maze. Behavioral performance showed that Aβ25-35 didn't affect spatial learning but did impair memory, with animals taking longer to find the platform. On the day 32, hippocampus was examined for astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (Iba1), Gal-1 and Gal-3 via immunohistochemical analysis, and the cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ by ELISA. This study's results showed a significant increase in the expression of Gal-3 in the microglia and astrocytes, while Gal-1 didn't increase in the dorsal hippocampus. The expression of galectins is associated with increased cytokines in the hippocampal formation of Aβ25-35 treated rats. These findings suggest that Gal-3 could participate in the inflammation induced by administration of Aβ25-35 and could be involved in the neurodegeneration progress and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, 105 C-FCQ BUAP, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | | | - Liliana Mendieta
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, 105 C-FCQ BUAP, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Aleidy Patricio-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, 105 C-FCQ BUAP, Puebla, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, BUAP, Puebla, Mexico
| | - I Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, 105 C-FCQ BUAP, Puebla, Mexico.
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14
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Link between the unfolded protein response and dysregulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1419-1431. [PMID: 30683981 PMCID: PMC6420888 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting more than 47.5 million people worldwide. Metabolic impairments are common hallmarks of AD, and amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau protein—the two foremost histopathological signs of AD—have been implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction. Many neurodegenerative disorders, including AD, show excessive amounts of mis-/unfolded proteins leading to an activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). In the present study, we aimed to characterize the link between ER stress and bioenergetics defects under normal condition (human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells: control cells) or under pathological AD condition [SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing either the human amyloid precursor protein (APP) or mutant tau (P301L)]. More specifically, we measured UPR gene expression, cell viability, and bioenergetics parameters, such as ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in basal condition and after an induced ER stress by thapsigargin. We detected highly activated UPR and dysregulated bioenergetics in basal condition in both AD cellular models. Strikingly, acute-induced ER stress increased the activity of the UPR in both AD cellular models, leading to up-regulation of apoptotic pathways, and further dysregulated mitochondrial function.
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Effect of amyloid beta on ATP-binding cassette transporter expression and activity in porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2314-2322. [PMID: 30048740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deposition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ(1-42)) within the brain is characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Little is known of the effects of Aβ(1-42) on blood-brain barrier (BBB) ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) efflux transporters which influence BBB permeability. The effects of Aβ(1-42) on ABCB1, ABCC5 and ABCG2 activity and expression and pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) transcription factors expression were determined in primary porcine brain endothelial cells (PBECs). METHODS The effect of Aβ(1-42) on transporter activity was determined by measurement of intracellular accumulation of the fluorescent probes calcein (ABCB1), GS-MF (ABCC5) and Hoechst 33342 (ABCG2). Expression of transporters and transcription factors was assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS Treatment of PBECs with Aβ(1-42) significantly decreased activity of ABCB1 (Aβ(1-42) at 10 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml), ABCC5 (Aβ(1-42) at 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml) and ABCG2 (Aβ(1-42) at 10 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml). Aβ(1-42) also significantly decreased expression of ABCB1 (p < 0.05 at 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml), ABCG2 (p < 0.05 at 25 μg/ml and p ≤ 0.001 at 50 μg/ml), ABCC5 (p < 0.05 at 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml), PXR (p < 0.05 at 10 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml Aβ(1-42)) and CAR (p < 0.05 at 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml Aβ(1-42)). CONCLUSION Aβ(1-42) inhibits multiple ABC transporters and PXR and CAR in PBECs. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Aβ(1-42) reduces ABC transporter activity and expression in BBB endothelial cells and has the potential to influence BBB permeability characteristics.
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Controlled delivery of rivastigmine using transdermal patch for effective management of alzheimer's disease. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Nahon-Crystal E, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Gupta R. VDAC1, mitochondrial dysfunction, and Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 131:87-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wang GH, Wang LH, Wang C, Qin LH. Spore powder of Ganoderma lucidum for the treatment of Alzheimer disease: A pilot study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0636. [PMID: 29742702 PMCID: PMC5959386 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the feasible efficacy and safety of the Spore Powder of Ganoderma Lucidum (SPGL) for treating patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS Forty-two eligible patients with AD were recruited. These patients were randomly allocated to an intervention group and a control group equally. The patients in the intervention group underwent SPGL, whereas the subjects in the control received placebo. All patients were treated for a total of 6 weeks. The primary outcome was measured by Alzheimer's disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-cog). The secondary outcomes were measured by the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and Neuropsychiatric Index (NPI). The adverse events were also recorded during the treatment period. RESULTS At the end of the treatment, GLSP did not show more encouraging outcomes in symptoms improvement, measured by the ADAS-cog (P = .31), and NPI (P = .79); and quality of life enhancement, measured by the WHOQOL-BREF (physical, P = .62; psychological, P = .69; social relationships, P = .75; environment, P = .82; overall quality of life, P = .74), compared with the control group. In addition, all adverse events were mild, and no significant differences were found between 2 groups. CONCLUSION The results of this study did not find the promising efficacy of SPGL for the treatment of AD after 6-week treatment. It may be because of the relative short-term of intervention. Future clinical trials with larger sample size and longer treatment period are urgently needed.
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Ramírez E, Mendieta L, Flores G, Limón ID. Neurogenesis and morphological-neural alterations closely related to amyloid β-peptide (25-35)-induced memory impairment in male rats. Neuropeptides 2018; 67:9-19. [PMID: 29129405 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Memory impairment by the Amyloid-β 25-35 (Aβ25-35) peptide in animal models has provided an understanding of the causes behind the similar deterioration that occurs in Alzheimer's disease. However, it is uncertain if a decrease of dendritic spines and neurogenesis conduces to cognitive impairment by an impairment in the retrieval of stored memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consequences of impairment on spatial memory caused by the administration of the Aβ25-35 peptide in the hippocampus, which is associated whit morphological changes and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG). The vehicle or Aβ25-35 peptide (0.1μg/μL) were bilaterally administered in the CA1 subfield of the rat hippocampus. The animals were tested for spatial learning and memory in the Morris Water Maze. In the day's 11, 18 and 32 after administration of the Aβ25-35 peptide were examined the morphological changes in the DG using a Golgi-Cox stain. In the day 32, the neurogenesis was evaluated by the immunoreactivity to 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 100mg/kg, i.p.) that corresponding to cellular proliferation post damage, the neuronal specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and doublecortin (DCX). This study found a memory retrieval impairment occurring at day 17, a cognitive deficit which had increased significantly at day 31 after the administration of Aβ25-35 peptide. These results are related to morphological changes in the granular cells of the DG, such as a shorter dendritic length and a decrease in the number of dendritic spines. In neurogenesis, the total number of cells positive to BrdU, NeuN and DCX in the hippocampal granule cell layer was found to have declined in animals treated with Aβ25-35. The results suggest that the Aβ25-35 peptide impairs memory retrieval by decreasing the number of dendritic spines and altering neurogenesis in the DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología edificio 105 C - FCQ, BUAP, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Liliana Mendieta
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología edificio 105 C - FCQ, BUAP, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría IF, BUAP, Puebla, Mexico
| | - I Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología edificio 105 C - FCQ, BUAP, Puebla, Mexico.
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Karelina T, Demin O, Demin O, Duvvuri S, Nicholas T. Studying the Progression of Amyloid Pathology and Its Therapy Using Translational Longitudinal Model of Accumulation and Distribution of Amyloid Beta. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 6:676-685. [PMID: 28913897 PMCID: PMC5658285 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long‐term effects of amyloid targeted therapy can be studied using a mechanistic translational model of amyloid beta (Aβ) distribution and aggregation calibrated on published data in mouse and human species. Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology is modeled utilizing age‐dependent pathological evolution for rate constants and several variants of explicit functions for Aβ toxicity influencing cognitive outcomes (Adas‐cog). Preventive Aβ targeted therapies were simulated to minimize the Aβ difference from healthy physiological levels. Therapeutic targeted simulations provided similar predictions for mouse and human studies. Our model predicts that: (1) at least 1 year (2 years for preclinical AD) of treatment is needed to observe cognitive effects; (2) under the hypothesis with functional importance of Aβ, a 15% decrease in Aβ (using an imaging biomarker) is related to 15–20% cognition improvement by immunotherapy. Despite negative outcomes in clinical trials, Aβ continues to remain a prospective target demanding careful assessment of mechanistic effect and duration of trial design.
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Afreen S, Riherd Methner DN, Ferreira A. Tau 45-230 association with the cytoskeleton and membrane-bound organelles: Functional implications in neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2017; 362:104-117. [PMID: 28844006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of posttranslational modifications of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) tau plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders. Thus, we have previously shown that beta amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity was mediated, at least in part, by tau cleavage into the tau45-230 fragment. However, the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of tau45-230 remain unknown. To get insights into such mechanisms, we first determined the subcellular localization of this tau fragment in hippocampal neurons. Tau45-230 was easily detectable in cell bodies and processes extended by these neurons. In addition, cell extraction experiments performed using Triton X-100 and saponin showed that a pool of tau45-230 was associated with the cytoskeleton and the cytoskeleton plus membrane-bound organelles, respectively, in cultured hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, they suggested that these associations were independent of the presence of full-length tau. We also assessed whether this tau fragment could alter axonal transport. Our results indicated that tau45-230 significantly reduced the number of organelles transported along hippocampal axons. This altered axonal transport did not correlate with changes in the total number of organelles present in these cells or in motor protein levels. Together these results suggested that tau45-230 could exert its toxic effects by partially blocking axonal transport along microtubules thus contributing to the early pathology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Afreen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - D Nicole Riherd Methner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Adriana Ferreira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Abstract
Several tau posttranslational modifications have been implicated in neuronal degeneration. Among them, tau fragmentation has been identified not only in brain samples obtained from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorder subjects but also in AD culture and animal models. Some of these tau fragments have not been extensively studied. In contrast, data obtained recently showed that tau fragmentation mediated by enhanced or abnormal calpain, caspase 2, caspase 3, and asparagine endopeptidase activity results in the formation of toxic fragments. These cleaved tau forms induce neuronal death, synapse loss, and/or behavioral deficits. Here, we described protease activity assays and methods to study the effects of tau fragments on neuronal viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ferreira
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Sana Afreen
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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24
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Chemerovski‐Glikman M, Frenkel‐Pinter M, Mdah R, Abu‐Mokh A, Gazit E, Segal D. Inhibition of the Aggregation and Toxicity of the Minimal Amyloidogenic Fragment of Tau by Its Pro‐Substituted Analogues. Chemistry 2017; 23:9618-9624. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Chemerovski‐Glikman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & BiotechnologySagol Interdisciplinary School of NeurosciencesGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Moran Frenkel‐Pinter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & BiotechnologySagol Interdisciplinary School of NeurosciencesGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Ragad Mdah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & BiotechnologySagol Interdisciplinary School of NeurosciencesGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Amjaad Abu‐Mokh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & BiotechnologySagol Interdisciplinary School of NeurosciencesGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & BiotechnologySagol Interdisciplinary School of NeurosciencesGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringIby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of EngineeringTel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Daniel Segal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & BiotechnologySagol Interdisciplinary School of NeurosciencesGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel
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Kepp KP. Ten Challenges of the Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 55:447-457. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Grimm MOW, Regner L, Mett J, Stahlmann CP, Schorr P, Nelke C, Streidenberger O, Stoetzel H, Winkler J, Zaidan SR, Thiel A, Endres K, Grimm HS, Volmer DA, Hartmann T. Tocotrienol Affects Oxidative Stress, Cholesterol Homeostasis and the Amyloidogenic Pathway in Neuroblastoma Cells: Consequences for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111809. [PMID: 27801864 PMCID: PMC5133810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the characteristics of Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is an increased amyloid load and an enhanced level of reactive oxidative species (ROS). Vitamin E has known beneficial neuroprotective effects, and previously, some studies suggested that vitamin E is associated with a reduced risk of AD due to its antioxidative properties. However, epidemiological studies and nutritional approaches of vitamin E treatment are controversial. Here, we investigate the effect of α-tocotrienol, which belongs to the group of vitamin E, on AD-relevant processes in neuronal cell lines. In line with the literature, α-tocotrienol reduced the ROS level in SH-SY5Y cells. In the presence of tocotrienols, cholesterol and cholesterol esters, which have been shown to be risk factors in AD, were decreased. Besides the unambiguous positive effects of tocotrienol, amyloid-β (Aβ) levels were increased accompanied by an increase in the activity of enzymes responsible for Aβ production. Proteins and gene expression of the secretases and their components remained unchanged, whereas tocotrienol accelerates enzyme activity in cell-free assays. Besides enhanced Aβ production, tocotrienols inhibited Aβ degradation in neuro 2a (N2a)-cells. Our results might help to understand the controversial findings of vitamin E studies and demonstrate that besides the known positive neuroprotective properties, tocotrienols also have negative characteristics with respect to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O W Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Liesa Regner
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Janine Mett
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Christoph P Stahlmann
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Pascal Schorr
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Christopher Nelke
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Olga Streidenberger
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Hannah Stoetzel
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Jakob Winkler
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Shatha R Zaidan
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Andrea Thiel
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Research Group, University Medical Centre Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Heike S Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Research Group, University Medical Centre Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Bodea L, Eckert A, Ittner LM, Piguet O, Götz J. Tau physiology and pathomechanisms in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J Neurochem 2016; 138 Suppl 1:71-94. [PMID: 27306859 PMCID: PMC5094566 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) has been associated with toxic intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau (FTLD-tau). Moreover, genetic studies identified mutations in the MAPT gene encoding tau in familial cases of the disease. In this review, we cover a range of aspects of tau function, both in the healthy and diseased brain, discussing several in vitro and in vivo models. Tau structure and function in the healthy brain is presented, accentuating its distinct compartmentalization in neurons and its role in microtubule stabilization and axonal transport. Furthermore, tau-driven pathology is discussed, introducing current concepts and the underlying experimental evidence. Different aspects of pathological tau phosphorylation, the protein's genomic and domain organization as well as its spreading in disease, together with MAPT-associated mutations and their respective models are presented. Dysfunction related to other post-transcriptional modifications and their effect on normal neuronal functions such as cell cycle, epigenetics and synapse dynamics are also discussed, providing a mechanistic explanation for the observations made in FTLD-tau cases, with the possibility for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we cover aspects of tau function, both in the healthy and diseased brain, referring to different in vitro and in vivo models. In healthy neurons, tau is compartmentalized, with higher concentrations found in the distal part of the axon. Cargo molecules are sensitive to this gradient. A disturbed tau distribution, as found in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-tau), has severe consequences for cellular physiology: tau accumulates in the neuronal soma and dendrites, leading among others to microtubule depolymerization and impaired axonal transport. Tau forms insoluble aggregates that sequester additional molecules stalling cellular physiology. Neuronal communication is gradually lost as toxic tau accumulates in dendritic spines with subsequent degeneration of synapses and synaptic loss. Thus, by providing a mechanistic explanation for the observations made in FTLD-tau cases, arises a possibility for therapeutic interventions. This article is part of the Frontotemporal Dementia special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liviu‐Gabriel Bodea
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia ResearchQueensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Anne Eckert
- Neurobiology LaboratoryPsychiatric University Clinics BaselUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Lars Matthias Ittner
- Dementia Research UnitSchool of Medical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia ResearchQueensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
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Karout M, Miesch M, Geoffroy P, Kraft S, Hofmann HD, Mensah-Nyagan AG, Kirsch M. Novel analogs of allopregnanolone show improved efficiency and specificity in neuroprotection and stimulation of proliferation. J Neurochem 2016; 139:782-794. [PMID: 27256158 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The natural neurosteroid allopregnanolone exerts beneficial effects in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, nervous system injury and peripheral neuropathies. It not only has anti-apoptotic activity, but also promotes proliferation of progenitor cells. With respect to using it as a therapeutic tool, such pleiotropic actions might create unwanted side effects. Therefore, we have synthesized allopregnanolone analogs and analyzed their neuroprotective and proliferative effects to identify compounds with higher efficiency and less ambiguous biological actions. Proliferation-promoting effects of 3α and 3β isomers of 3-O-allyl-allopregnanolone and 12 oxo-allopregnanolone were studied in adult subventricular zone stem cell cultures and in primary hippocampal cultures by measuring 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation. Neuroprotective activity against amyloid beta 42-induced cell death was determined by quantifying caspase 3/7 activity. The 3α isomers significantly stimulated proliferation in all culture systems, whereas the 3β isomers were ineffective. The stimulatory effect of 3α-O-allyl-allopregnanolone was significantly higher than that of allopregnanolone. In neural stem cell cultures, 3α-O-allyl-allopregnanolone specifically enhanced proliferation of Nestin-positive progenitors. In addition, it promoted the differentiation of doublecortin-positive neurons. In neural stem cell cultures treated with amyloid beta 42, both the α and β isomers of O-allyl- allopregnanolone showed increased neuroprotective activity as compared to allopregnanolone, completely preventing amyloid-induced caspase 3/7 activation. The 12 oxo-allopregnanolone analogs were ineffective. These results identify structural allopregnanolone analogs with higher anti-apoptotic and proliferation-promoting activity than the natural neurosteroid. Interestingly, stereoisomers of the analogs were found to have distinct profiles of activity raising the possibility of exploiting the neuroprotective properties of neurosteroids with or without simultaneously stimulating neurogenesis. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Karout
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, ZfN, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 23, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, UMR 7177, Institut de Chimie de l'Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Geoffroy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, UMR 7177, Institut de Chimie de l'Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stephanie Kraft
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, ZfN, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 23, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Hofmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, ZfN, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 23, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ayikoe Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, ZfN, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 23, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Kepp KP. Alzheimer's disease due to loss of function: A new synthesis of the available data. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 143:36-60. [PMID: 27327400 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a highly complex disease involving a broad range of clinical, cellular, and biochemical manifestations that are currently not understood in combination. This has led to many views of AD, e.g. the amyloid, tau, presenilin, oxidative stress, and metal hypotheses. The amyloid hypothesis has dominated the field with its assumption that buildup of pathogenic β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide causes disease. This paradigm has been criticized, yet most data suggest that Aβ plays a key role in the disease. Here, a new loss-of-function hypothesis is synthesized that accounts for the anomalies of the amyloid hypothesis, e.g. the curious pathogenicity of the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, the loss of Aβ caused by presenilin mutation, the mixed phenotypes of APP mutations, the poor clinical-biochemical correlations for genetic variant carriers, and the failure of Aβ reducing drugs. The amyloid-loss view accounts for recent findings on the structure and chemical features of Aβ variants and their coupling to human patient data. The lost normal function of APP/Aβ is argued to be metal transport across neuronal membranes, a view with no apparent anomalies and substantially more explanatory power than the gain-of-function amyloid hypothesis. In the loss-of-function scenario, the central event of Aβ aggregation is interpreted as a loss of soluble, functional monomer Aβ rather than toxic overload of oligomers. Accordingly, new research models and treatment strategies should focus on remediation of the functional amyloid balance, rather than strict containment of Aβ, which, for reasons rationalized in this review, has failed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemistry, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Zhao C, Lv C, Li H, Du S, Liu X, Li Z, Xin W, Zhang W. Geniposide Protects Primary Cortical Neurons against Oligomeric Aβ1-42-Induced Neurotoxicity through a Mitochondrial Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152551. [PMID: 27046221 PMCID: PMC4821580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The accumulation of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) in the brains of AD patients is thought to be closely related to neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Therefore, protecting mitochondria from Aβ-induced neurotoxicity is an effective strategy for AD therapeutics. In a previous study, we found that geniposide, a pharmacologically active compound purified from gardenia fruit, has protective effects on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in AD transgenic mouse models. However, whether geniposide has a protective effect on Aβ-induced neuronal dysfunction remains unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that geniposide protects cultured primary cortical neurons from Aβ-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction by recovering ATP generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) and caspase 3/9 activity; by reducing ROS production and cytochrome c leakage; as well as by inhibiting apoptosis. These findings suggest that geniposide may attenuate Aβ-induced neuronal injury by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Lv
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of science, Jinan, China
- College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Li
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shijing Du
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sanqi Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical, Yun Nan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Xin
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sanqi Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical, Yun Nan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- College of Resources Science Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sanqi Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical, Yun Nan Province, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Grimm A, Biliouris EE, Lang UE, Götz J, Mensah-Nyagan AG, Eckert A. Sex hormone-related neurosteroids differentially rescue bioenergetic deficits induced by amyloid-β or hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:201-15. [PMID: 26198711 PMCID: PMC4700074 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease marked by a progressive cognitive decline. Metabolic impairments are common hallmarks of AD, and amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau protein--the two foremost histopathological signs of AD--have been implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction. Neurosteroids have recently shown promise in alleviating cognitive and neuronal sequelae of AD. The present study evaluates the impact of neurosteroids belonging to the sex hormone family (progesterone, estradiol, estrone, testosterone, 3α-androstanediol) on mitochondrial dysfunction in cellular models of AD: human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) stably transfected with constructs encoding (1) the human amyloid precursor protein (APP) resulting in overexpression of APP and Aβ, (2) wild-type tau (wtTau), and (3) mutant tau (P301L), that induces abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation. We show that while APP and P301L cells both display a drop in ATP levels, they present distinct mitochondrial impairments with regard to their bioenergetic profiles. The P301L cells presented a decreased maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity, while APP cells exhibited, in addition, a decrease in basal respiration, ATP turnover, and glycolytic reserve. All neurosteroids showed beneficial effects on ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential in APP/Aβ overexpressing cells while only progesterone and estradiol increased ATP levels in mutant tau cells. Of note, testosterone was more efficient in alleviating Aβ-induced mitochondrial deficits, while progesterone and estrogen were the most effective neurosteroids in our model of AD-related tauopathy. Our findings lend further support to the neuroprotective effects of neurosteroids in AD and may open new avenues for the development of gender-specific therapeutic approaches in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Grimm
- Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment 3 de la Faculté de Médecine, 11 rue Humann, 67 000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emily E Biliouris
- Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Ayikoe Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment 3 de la Faculté de Médecine, 11 rue Humann, 67 000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Eckert
- Neurobiology Laboratory for Brain Aging and Mental Health, Transfaculty Research Platform, Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland.
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland.
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Venigalla M, Gyengesi E, Münch G. Curcumin and Apigenin - novel and promising therapeutics against chronic neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1181-5. [PMID: 26487830 PMCID: PMC4590215 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.162686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by deposition of amyloid beta, neurofibrillary tangles, astrogliosis and microgliosis, leading to neuronal dysfunction and loss in the brain. Current treatments for Alzheimer's disease primarily focus on enhancement of cholinergic transmission. However, these treatments are only symptomatic, and no disease-modifying drug is available for Alzheimer's disease patients. This review will provide an overview of the proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloidogenic, neuroprotective, and cognition-enhancing effects of curcumin and apigenin and discuss the potential of these compounds for Alzheimer's disease prevention and treatment. We suggest that these compounds might delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease or slow down its progression, and they should enter clinical trials as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Venigalla
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Erika Gyengesi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia ; Molecular Medicine Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia ; National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia ; Molecular Medicine Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Charkhkar H, Meyyappan S, Matveeva E, Moll JR, McHail DG, Peixoto N, Cliff RO, Pancrazio JJ. Amyloid beta modulation of neuronal network activity in vitro. Brain Res 2015; 1629:1-9. [PMID: 26453830 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays offer a means of screening potential therapeutics and accelerating the drug development process. Here, we utilized neuronal cultures on planar microelectrode arrays (MEA) as a functional assay to assess the neurotoxicity of amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ42), a biomolecule implicated in the Alzheimer׳s disease (AD). In this approach, neurons harvested from embryonic mice were seeded on the substrate-integrated microelectrode arrays. The cultured neurons form a spontaneously active network, and the spiking activity as a functional endpoint could be detected via the MEA. Aβ42 oligomer, but not monomer, significantly reduced network spike rate. In addition, we demonstrated that the ionotropic glutamate receptors, NMDA and AMPA/kainate, play a role in the effects of Aβ42 on neuronal activity in vitro. To examine the utility of the MEA-based assay for AD drug discovery, we tested two model therapeutics for AD, methylene blue (MB) and memantine. Our results show an almost full recovery in the activity within 24h after administration of Aβ42 in the cultures pre-treated with either MB or memantine. Our findings suggest that cultured neuronal networks may be a useful platform in screening potential therapeutics for Aβ induced changes in neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Charkhkar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Susheela Meyyappan
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Evgenia Matveeva
- Adlyfe Inc., 9430 Key West Avenue, Suite 219, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jonathan R Moll
- Adlyfe Inc., 9430 Key West Avenue, Suite 219, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Daniel G McHail
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, The Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Nathalia Peixoto
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Richard O Cliff
- System of Systems Analytics, Inc. (SoSACorp), 11250 Waples Mill Road, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Joseph J Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Bello I, Salerno M. Evidence against a role of P-glycoprotein in the clearance of the Alzheimer's disease Aβ1-42 peptides. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:421-30. [PMID: 25591827 PMCID: PMC4406933 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that the amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) cause the neuronal degeneration in the Alzheimer's disease brain. An imbalance between peptide production at the neuronal level and their elimination across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) results in peptide accumulation inside the brain. The identification and functional characterization of the transport systems in the BBB with the capacity to transport Aβ is crucial for the understanding of Aβ peptide traffic from the brain to the blood. In this context, it has been suggested that the P-glycoprotein (P-gp), expressed in endothelial cells of the BBB, plays a role in the elimination of Aβ. However, there is little, if any, experimental evidence to support this; therefore, the aim of this investigation was to determine whether P-gp is capable of transporting Aβ peptides. Our results show that ATPase activity measured in plasma membrane vesicles of K562 cells overexpressing P-gp is not increased by the presence of Aβ42, suggesting that Aβ42 is not a P-gp substrate. Similarly, P-gp of pirarubicin was unaffected by Aβ42. Moreover, the overexpression of P-gp does not protect cells against Aβ42 toxicity. Taken together, our results support the conclusion that Aβ42 is not transported by P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bello
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), UFR-SMBH, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Milena Salerno
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), UFR-SMBH, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France
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35
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Wilcox KC, Marunde MR, Das A, Velasco PT, Kuhns BD, Marty MT, Jiang H, Luan CH, Sligar SG, Klein WL. Nanoscale Synaptic Membrane Mimetic Allows Unbiased High Throughput Screen That Targets Binding Sites for Alzheimer's-Associated Aβ Oligomers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125263. [PMID: 25928376 PMCID: PMC4415972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their value as sources of therapeutic drug targets, membrane proteomes are largely inaccessible to high-throughput screening (HTS) tools designed for soluble proteins. An important example comprises the membrane proteins that bind amyloid β oligomers (AβOs). AβOs are neurotoxic ligands thought to instigate the synapse damage that leads to Alzheimer's dementia. At present, the identities of initial AβO binding sites are highly uncertain, largely because of extensive protein-protein interactions that occur following attachment of AβOs to surface membranes. Here, we show that AβO binding sites can be obtained in a state suitable for unbiased HTS by encapsulating the solubilized synaptic membrane proteome into nanoscale lipid bilayers (Nanodiscs). This method gives a soluble membrane protein library (SMPL)--a collection of individualized synaptic proteins in a soluble state. Proteins within SMPL Nanodiscs showed enzymatic and ligand binding activity consistent with conformational integrity. AβOs were found to bind SMPL Nanodiscs with high affinity and specificity, with binding dependent on intact synaptic membrane proteins, and selective for the higher molecular weight oligomers known to accumulate at synapses. Combining SMPL Nanodiscs with a mix-incubate-read chemiluminescence assay provided a solution-based HTS platform to discover antagonists of AβO binding. Screening a library of 2700 drug-like compounds and natural products yielded one compound that potently reduced AβO binding to SMPL Nanodiscs, synaptosomes, and synapses in nerve cell cultures. Although not a therapeutic candidate, this small molecule inhibitor of synaptic AβO binding will provide a useful experimental antagonist for future mechanistic studies of AβOs in Alzheimer's model systems. Overall, results provide proof of concept for using SMPLs in high throughput screening for AβO binding antagonists, and illustrate in general how a SMPL Nanodisc system can facilitate drug discovery for membrane protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C. Wilcox
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Marunde
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois—Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois—Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Pauline T. Velasco
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Benjamin D. Kuhns
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Marty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois—Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Haoming Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Chi-Hao Luan
- High Throughput Analysis Laboratory and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Stephen G. Sligar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois—Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois—Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - William L. Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
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36
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Benseny-Cases N, Klementieva O, Cotte M, Ferrer I, Cladera J. Microspectroscopy (μFTIR) reveals co-localization of lipid oxidation and amyloid plaques in human Alzheimer disease brains. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12047-54. [PMID: 25415602 DOI: 10.1021/ac502667b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid peptides are the main component of one of the characteristic pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD): senile plaques. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, amyloid peptides may play a central role in the sequence of events that leads to neurodegeneration. However, there are other factors, such as oxidative stress, that may be crucial for the development of the disease. In the present paper, we show that it is possible, by using Fourier tranform infrared (FTIR) microscopy, to co-localize amyloid deposits and lipid peroxidation in tissue slides from patients affected by Alzheimer's disease. Plaques and lipids can be analyzed in the same sample, making use of the characteristic infrared bands for peptide aggregation and lipid oxidation. The results show that, in samples from patients diagnosed with AD, the plaques and their immediate surroundings are always characterized by the presence of oxidized lipids. As for samples from non-AD individuals, those without amyloid plaques show a lower level of lipid oxidation than AD individuals. However, it is known that plaques can be detected in the brains of some non-AD individuals. Our results show that, in such cases, the lipid in the plaques and their surroundings display oxidation levels that are similar to those of tissues with no plaques. These results point to lipid oxidation as a possible key factor in the path that goes from showing the typical neurophatological hallmarks to suffering from dementia. In this process, the oxidative power of the amyloid peptide, possibly in the form of nonfibrillar aggregates, could play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Benseny-Cases
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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37
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Genereux JC, Qu S, Zhou M, Ryno LM, Wang S, Shoulders MD, Kaufman RJ, Lasmézas CI, Kelly JW, Wiseman RL. Unfolded protein response-induced ERdj3 secretion links ER stress to extracellular proteostasis. EMBO J 2014; 34:4-19. [PMID: 25361606 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) indirectly regulates extracellular proteostasis through transcriptional remodeling of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis pathways. This remodeling attenuates secretion of misfolded, aggregation-prone proteins during ER stress. Through these activities, the UPR has a critical role in preventing the extracellular protein aggregation associated with numerous human diseases. Here, we demonstrate that UPR activation also directly influences extracellular proteostasis through the upregulation and secretion of the ER HSP40 ERdj3/DNAJB11. Secreted ERdj3 binds misfolded proteins in the extracellular space, substoichiometrically inhibits protein aggregation, and attenuates proteotoxicity of disease-associated toxic prion protein. Moreover, ERdj3 can co-secrete with destabilized, aggregation-prone proteins in a stable complex under conditions where ER chaperoning capacity is overwhelmed, preemptively providing extracellular chaperoning of proteotoxic misfolded proteins that evade ER quality control. This regulated co-secretion of ERdj3 with misfolded clients directly links ER and extracellular proteostasis during conditions of ER stress. ERdj3 is, to our knowledge, the first metazoan chaperone whose secretion into the extracellular space is regulated by the UPR, revealing a new mechanism by which UPR activation regulates extracellular proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Genereux
- Department of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Song Qu
- Department of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Minghai Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Lisa M Ryno
- Department of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Degenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Corinne I Lasmézas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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38
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Amini R, Yazdanparast R, Ghaffari SH. Apigenin modulates the expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators to reduce the human insulin amyloid-induced oxidant damages in SK-N-MC cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 34:642-53. [PMID: 25304968 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114554046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid depositions of proteins play crucial roles in a wide variety of degenerative disorders called amyloidosis. Although the exact mechanisms involved in amyloid-mediated cytotoxicity remain unknown, increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species and overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines are believed to play key roles in the process. In that regard, we investigated the effect of apigenin, a common dietary flavonoid with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties on potential factors involved in cytotoxicity of human insulin amyloids. Pretreatment of SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells with apigenin increased cell viability and reduced the apoptosis induced by insulin fibrils. In addition, apigenin attenuated insulin fibril-induced ROS production and lipid peroxidation. Our result also demonstrated that pretreatment of the fibril-affected cells with apigenin caused an increase in catalase activity and the intracellular glutathione content along with reduction in nitric oxide production and nuclear factor κB, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 6 gene expression based on real-time polymerase chain reaction evaluation. In accordance with these results, apigenin could be a promising candidate in the design of natural-based drugs for treatment or prevention of amyloid-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Amini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - R Yazdanparast
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S H Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Asih PR, Chatterjee P, Verdile G, Gupta VB, Trengove RD, Martins RN. Clearing the amyloid in Alzheimer's: progress towards earlier diagnosis and effective treatments – an update for clinicians. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2014; 4:363-78. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.14.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY A beta (Aβ or β-amyloid) is a key molecule in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. According to the ‘amyloid hypothesis’, the gradual accumulation of Aβ triggers events which results in neuronal loss in regions of the brain involved with memory and learning. Diverse agents have been developed to reduce brain Aβ accumulation or to enhance its clearance. Some have progressed to human trials, however all have failed to improve cognition in patients. This has led researchers to question whether Aβ is really the problem. However, the trials have been targeting end stages of AD, by which stage extensive irreversible neuronal damage has already occurred. Intervention is required preclinically, therefore preclinical AD biomarkers are needed. In this regard, amyloid imaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers are leading the way, with plasma biomarkers and eye tests also being investigated. This review covers the current state of knowledge of Aβ as an early diagnostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prita R Asih
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
- Separation Science & Metabolomics Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
- School of Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
- School of Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Veer B Gupta
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Australia
| | - Robert D Trengove
- Separation Science & Metabolomics Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
- School of Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Australia
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40
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Expression and purification of the aortic amyloid polypeptide medin. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 98:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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41
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Kakkar V, Meister-Broekema M, Minoia M, Carra S, Kampinga HH. Barcoding heat shock proteins to human diseases: looking beyond the heat shock response. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:421-34. [PMID: 24719117 PMCID: PMC3974453 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.014563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous human diseases that are associated with protein misfolding and the formation of toxic protein aggregates. Activating the heat shock response (HSR)--and thus generally restoring the disturbed protein homeostasis associated with such diseases--has often been suggested as a therapeutic strategy. However, most data on activating the HSR or its downstream targets in mouse models of diseases associated with aggregate formation have been rather disappointing. The human chaperonome consists of many more heat shock proteins (HSPs) that are not regulated by the HSR, however, and researchers are now focusing on these as potential therapeutic targets. In this Review, we summarize the existing literature on a set of aggregation diseases and propose that each of them can be characterized or 'barcoded' by a different set of HSPs that can rescue specific types of aggregation. Some of these 'non-canonical' HSPs have demonstrated effectiveness in vivo, in mouse models of protein-aggregation disease. Interestingly, several of these HSPs also cause diseases when mutated--so-called chaperonopathies--which are also discussed in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Kakkar
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Meister-Broekema
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melania Minoia
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Serena Carra
- Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Harm H. Kampinga
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mate I, Cruces J, Vida C, Sanfeliu C, Manassra R, Giménez-Llort L, De la Fuente M. [Premature immunosenescence in triple-transgenic mice for Alzheimer's disease]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2013; 49:15-9. [PMID: 24315805 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A deterioration of the neuroimmunoendocrine network has been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the peripheral immune response has hardly been investigated in this pathology. Since some immune function parameters have been established as good markers of the rate of ageing, and can predict longevity, the aim of the present work was to study some of these functions in splenic leucocytes in transgenic mice for AD of different ages. MATERIAL AND METHODS Young female (4 ± 1 months), adult (9 ± 1 months), and mature (12 ± 1 months) triple-transgenic mice for AD (3 xTgAD) and non-transgenic (NTg) control mice of the same ages were used. The chemotaxis, the anti-tumour activity of « natural killer » (NK) cells and the lymphoproliferative response in the presence of the mitogens concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide, functions that decrease with age, were determined in splenic leucocytes. In addition, the differences in lifespan between 3 xTgAD and NTg were studied in parallel using other animals, until their death through natural causes. RESULTS In 3 xTgAD, with respect to NTg, chemotaxis decreased at all ages studied, whereas in lymphoproliferative response this reduction was shown at 4 months and 9 months. NK activity was diminished only in young 3 xTgAD with respect to NTg. The 3 xTgAD showed a shorter lifespan than the NTg control group. CONCLUSIONS The 3 xTgAD mice show a premature immunosenescence, which could explain their early mortality. The determination of these immune functions at peripheral level could serve as a marker of the progression of the Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianire Mate
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Julia Cruces
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Carmen Vida
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, España
| | - Rashed Manassra
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, España
| | - Mónica De la Fuente
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España.
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Edrey YH, Oddo S, Cornelius C, Caccamo A, Calabrese V, Buffenstein R. Oxidative damage and amyloid-β metabolism in brain regions of the longest-lived rodents. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:195-205. [PMID: 24273049 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Naked mole rats (NMRs) are the longest-lived rodents, with young individuals having high levels of Aβ in their brains. The purpose of this study was twofold: to assess the distribution of Aβ in key regions of NMR brains (cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum) and to understand whether the accumulation of Aβ is due to enhanced production or decreased degradation. Recent evidence indicates that lipid peroxides directly participate in induction of cytoprotective proteins, such as heat shock proteins (Hsps), which play a central role in the cellular mechanisms of stress tolerance. Amyloid precursor protein processing, lipid peroxidation, Hsps, redox status, and protein degradation processes were therefore assessed in key NMR brain regions. NMR brains had high levels of lipid peroxidation compared with mice, and the NMR hippocampus had the highest levels of the most toxic moiety of Aβ (soluble Aβ1 - 42 ). This was due not to increased Aβ production but rather to low antioxidant potential, which was associated with low induction of Hsp70 and heme oxygenase-1 as well as low ubiquitin-proteasome activity. NMRs may therefore serve as natural models for understanding the relationship between oxidative stress and Aβ levels and its effects on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael H Edrey
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; The Barshop Institute for Aging and Longevity Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Agholme L, Nath S, Domert J, Marcusson J, Kågedal K, Hallbeck M. Proteasome inhibition induces stress kinase dependent transport deficits--implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 58:29-39. [PMID: 24270002 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation of two misfolded and aggregated proteins, β-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau. Both cellular systems responsible for clearance of misfolded and aggregated proteins, the lysosomal and the proteasomal, have been shown to be malfunctioning in the aged brain and more so in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. This malfunction could be contributing to β-amyloid and tau accumulation, eventually aggregating in plaques and tangles. We have investigated the impact of decreased proteasome activity on tau phosphorylation as well as on microtubule stability and transport. To do this, we used our recently developed neuronal model where human SH-SY5Y cells obtain neuronal morphology and function through differentiation. We found that exposure to low doses of the proteasome inhibitor MG-115 caused tau phosphorylation, microtubule destabilization and disturbed neuritic transport. Furthermore, reduced proteasome activity activated several proteins implicated in tau phosphorylation and AD pathology, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase, c-Jun and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2. Restoration of the microtubule transport was achieved by inhibiting ERK 1/2 activation, and simultaneous inhibition of both ERK 1/2 and c-Jun reversed the proteasome inhibition-induced tau phosphorylation. Taken together, this study suggests that a decrease in proteasome activity can, through activation of c-Jun and ERK 1/2, result in several events related to neurodegenerative diseases. Restoration of proteasome activity or modulation of ERK 1/2 and c-Jun function can open new treatment possibilities against neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Agholme
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jakob Domert
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Marcusson
- Geriatric, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Katarina Kågedal
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Hallbeck
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Pathology, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
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Amini R, Yazdanparast R, Bahramikia S. Apigenin reduces human insulin fibrillation in vitro and protects SK-N-MC cells against insulin amyloids. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 60:334-40. [PMID: 23777711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of proteins is a key pathogenic feature of more than 20 amyloid-related diseases. Inhibiting or reversing amyloid aggregation via the use of small molecules is proposed as two useful approaches in hampering the development of these diseases. In this research, we examined the inhibitory and disruptive effects of apigenin, a common dietary flavonoid with multiple pharmacological properties, against human insulin fibrillization. Besides, we investigated the potential cytotoxicity of insulin fibrils on SK-N-MC cells in the presence and absence of apigenin. The increase in Thioflavin T (ThT) and anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescent intensities and Congo red absorbance were inhibited by simultaneous incubation of various concentrations of apigenin with insulin, in a dose-dependent manner. The spectroscopy results were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, where lower extent of fibrillar structures was observed in the presence of apigenin. In addition, the cell exposure to the co-incubated insulin amyloids with apigenin led to the increased viability and decreased LDH release dose-dependently, compared to cells exposed to insulin fibrils alone. Co-incubation with apigenin also attenuated the extent of apoptotic cell death induced by insulin fibrils. It can be concluded that apigenin possess in vitro anti-amyloidogenic activities as well as protective effects against insulin amyloids cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Amini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, P. O. Box 13145-1384, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Amyloid β precursor protein as a molecular target for amyloid β--induced neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2525-37. [PMID: 23714735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A role of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide aggregation and deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis is widely accepted. Significantly, abnormalities induced by aggregated Aβ have been linked to synaptic and neuritic degeneration, consistent with the "dying-back" pattern of degeneration that characterizes neurons affected in AD. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the toxic effect of aggregated Aβ remain elusive. In the last 2 decades, a variety of aggregated Aβ species have been identified and their toxic properties demonstrated in diverse experimental systems. Concurrently, specific Aβ assemblies have been shown to interact and misregulate a growing number of molecular effectors with diverse physiological functions. Such pleiotropic effects of aggregated Aβ posit a mayor challenge for the identification of the most cardinal Aβ effectors relevant to AD pathology. In this review, we discuss recent experimental evidence implicating amyloid β precursor protein (APP) as a molecular target for toxic Aβ assemblies. Based on a significant body of pathologic observations and experimental evidence, we propose a novel pathologic feed-forward mechanism linking Aβ aggregation to abnormalities in APP processing and function, which in turn would trigger the progressive loss of neuronal connectivity observed early in AD.
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47
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Wright AL, Zinn R, Hohensinn B, Konen LM, Beynon SB, Tan RP, Clark IA, Abdipranoto A, Vissel B. Neuroinflammation and neuronal loss precede Aβ plaque deposition in the hAPP-J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59586. [PMID: 23560052 PMCID: PMC3613362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent human trials of treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been largely unsuccessful, raising the idea that treatment may need to be started earlier in the disease, well before cognitive symptoms appear. An early marker of AD pathology is therefore needed and it is debated as to whether amyloid-βAβ? plaque load may serve this purpose. We investigated this in the hAPP-J20 AD mouse model by studying disease pathology at 6, 12, 24 and 36 weeks. Using robust stereological methods, we found there is no neuron loss in the hippocampal CA3 region at any age. However loss of neurons from the hippocampal CA1 region begins as early as 12 weeks of age. The extent of neuron loss increases with age, correlating with the number of activated microglia. Gliosis was also present, but plateaued during aging. Increased hyperactivity and spatial memory deficits occurred at 16 and 24 weeks. Meanwhile, the appearance of plaques and oligomeric Aβ were essentially the last pathological changes, with significant changes only observed at 36 weeks of age. This is surprising given that the hAPP-J20 AD mouse model is engineered to over-expresses Aβ. Our data raises the possibility that plaque load may not be the best marker for early AD and suggests that activated microglia could be a valuable marker to track disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis
- Alzheimer Disease/genetics
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/pathology
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/cytology
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Disease Models, Animal
- Early Diagnosis
- Gene Expression
- Gliosis/diagnosis
- Gliosis/genetics
- Gliosis/metabolism
- Gliosis/pathology
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Male
- Memory Disorders/diagnosis
- Memory Disorders/genetics
- Memory Disorders/metabolism
- Memory Disorders/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Plaque, Amyloid/diagnosis
- Plaque, Amyloid/genetics
- Plaque, Amyloid/metabolism
- Plaque, Amyloid/pathology
- Stereotaxic Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Wright
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raphael Zinn
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barbara Hohensinn
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lyndsey M. Konen
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah B. Beynon
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard P. Tan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian A. Clark
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrea Abdipranoto
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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MacDonald JF, Belrose JC, Xie YF, Jackson MF. Nonselective cation channels and links to hippocampal ischemia, aging, and dementia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 961:433-47. [PMID: 23224901 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4756-6_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a very strong risk factor for dementia. Furthermore, ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share a number of overlapping mechanisms of neuron loss and dysfunction, including those induced by the inappropriate activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). These receptors form a major subtype of excitatory glutamate receptor. They are nonselective cation channels with appreciable Ca(2+) permeability, and their overactivation leads to neurotoxicity in the cortex and hippocampus. NMDARs have therefore been therapeutic targets in both conditions, but they have failed in the treatment of stroke, and there is limited rationale for using them in treating AD. In this chapter, we discuss current understanding of subtypes of NMDARs and their potential roles in -ischemic stroke and AD. We also discuss the properties of several other nonselective cation channels, transient receptor potential melastatin 2 and 7 channels, and their implications in linking these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F MacDonald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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49
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Nabar NR, Yuan F, Lin X, Wang L, Bai G, Mayl J, Li Y, Zhou SF, Wang J, Cai J, Cao C. Cell therapy: a safe and efficacious therapeutic treatment for Alzheimer's disease in APP+PS1 mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49468. [PMID: 23226497 PMCID: PMC3513317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, our lab was the first to report the use of antigen-sensitized dendritic cells as a vaccine against Alzheimer's disease (AD). In preparation of this vaccine, we sensitized the isolated dendritic cells ex vivo with Aβ peptide, and administered these sensitized dendritic cells as a therapeutic agent. This form of cell therapy has had success in preventing and/or slowing the rate of cognitive decline when administered prior to the appearance of Aβ plaques in PDAPP mice, but has not been tested in 2 × Tg models. Herein, we test the efficacy and safety of this vaccine in halting and reversing Alzheimer's pathology in 9-month-old APP + PS1 mice. The results showed that administration of this vaccine elicits a long-lasting antibody titer, which correlated well with a reduction of Aβ burden upon histological analysis. Cognitive function in transgenic responders to the vaccine was rescued to levels similar to those found in non-transgenic mice, indicating that the vaccine is capable of providing therapeutic benefit in APP+PS1 mice when administered after the onset of AD pathology. The vaccine also shows indications of circumventing past safety problems observed in AD immunotherapy, as Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines were not elevated after long-term vaccine administration. Moreover, microhemorrhaging and T-cell infiltration into the brain are not observed in any of the treated subjects. All in all, this vaccine has many advantages over contemporary vaccines against Alzheimer's disease, and may lead to a viable treatment for the disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel R. Nabar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fang Yuan
- Chinese People Liberty Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lin
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Li Wang
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ge Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Mayl
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yaqiong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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50
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Schonrock N, Götz J. Decoding the non-coding RNAs in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3543-59. [PMID: 22955374 PMCID: PMC11114718 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are integral components of biological networks with fundamental roles in regulating gene expression. They can integrate sequence information from the DNA code, epigenetic regulation and functions of multimeric protein complexes to potentially determine the epigenetic status and transcriptional network in any given cell. Humans potentially contain more ncRNAs than any other species, especially in the brain, where they may well play a significant role in human development and cognitive ability. This review discusses their emerging role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a human pathological condition characterized by the progressive impairment of cognitive functions. We discuss the complexity of the ncRNA world and how this is reflected in the regulation of the amyloid precursor protein and Tau, two proteins with central functions in AD. By understanding this intricate regulatory network, there is hope for a better understanding of disease mechanisms and ultimately developing diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schonrock
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute (VCCRI), Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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