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Abstract
The complement and hemostatic systems are complex systems, and both involve enzymatic cascades, regulators, and cell components-platelets, endothelial cells, and immune cells. The two systems are ancestrally related and are defense mechanisms that limit infection by pathogens and halt bleeding at the site of vascular injury. Recent research has uncovered multiple functional interactions between complement and hemostasis. On one side, there are proteins considered as complement factors that activate hemostasis, and on the other side, there are coagulation proteins that modulate complement. In addition, complement and coagulation and their regulatory proteins strongly interact each other to modulate endothelial, platelet and leukocyte function and phenotype, creating a potentially devastating amplifying system that must be closely regulated to avoid unwanted damage and\or disseminated thrombosis. In view of its ability to amplify all complement activity through the C3b-dependent amplification loop, the alternative pathway of complement may play a crucial role in this context. In this review, we will focus on available and emerging evidence on the role of the alternative pathway of complement in regulating hemostasis and vice-versa, and on how dysregulation of either system can lead to severe thromboinflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Noris
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Miriam Galbusera
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and a Fresh View on Shiga Toxin-Binding Glycosphingolipids of Primary Human Kidney and Colon Epithelial Cells and Their Toxin Susceptibility. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136884. [PMID: 35805890 PMCID: PMC9266556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are the human pathogenic subset of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC are responsible for severe colon infections associated with life-threatening extraintestinal complications such as the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and neurological disturbances. Endothelial cells in various human organs are renowned targets of Stx, whereas the role of epithelial cells of colon and kidneys in the infection process has been and is still a matter of debate. This review shortly addresses the clinical impact of EHEC infections, novel aspects of vesicular package of Stx in the intestine and the blood stream as well as Stx-mediated extraintestinal complications and therapeutic options. Here follows a compilation of the Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs), globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) and their various lipoforms present in primary human kidney and colon epithelial cells and their distribution in lipid raft-analog membrane preparations. The last issues are the high and extremely low susceptibility of primary renal and colonic epithelial cells, respectively, suggesting a large resilience of the intestinal epithelium against the human-pathogenic Stx1a- and Stx2a-subtypes due to the low content of the high-affinity Stx-receptor Gb3Cer in colon epithelial cells. The review closes with a brief outlook on future challenges of Stx research.
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3
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Detzner J, Püttmann C, Pohlentz G, Humpf HU, Mellmann A, Karch H, Müthing J. Primary Human Colon Epithelial Cells (pHCoEpiCs) Do Express the Shiga Toxin (Stx) Receptor Glycosphingolipids Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer and Are Largely Refractory but Not Resistant towards Stx. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810002. [PMID: 34576167 PMCID: PMC8472147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is released by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) into the human intestinal lumen and transferred across the colon epithelium to the circulation. Stx-mediated damage of human kidney and brain endothelial cells and renal epithelial cells is a renowned feature, while the sensitivity of the human colon epithelium towards Stx and the decoration with the Stx receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer, Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer, GalNAcβ1-3Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer) is a matter of debate. Structural analysis of the globo-series GSLs of serum-free cultivated primary human colon epithelial cells (pHCoEpiCs) revealed Gb4Cer as the major neutral GSL with Cer (d18:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1, C22:1/C22:0) and Cer (d18:1, C24:2/C24:1) accompanied by minor Gb3Cer with Cer (d18:1, C16:0) and Cer (d18:1, C24:1) as the dominant lipoforms. Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer co-distributed with cholesterol and sphingomyelin to detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) used as microdomain analogs. Exposure to increasing Stx concentrations indicated only a slight cell-damaging effect at the highest toxin concentration of 1 µg/mL for Stx1a and Stx2a, whereas a significant effect was detected for Stx2e. Considerable Stx refractiveness of pHCoEpiCs that correlated with the rather low cellular content of the high-affinity Stx-receptor Gb3Cer renders the human colon epithelium questionable as a major target of Stx1a and Stx2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Detzner
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Charlotte Püttmann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.P.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)251-8355192
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4
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Detzner J, Klein AL, Pohlentz G, Krojnewski E, Humpf HU, Mellmann A, Karch H, Müthing J. Primary Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells (pHRPTEpiCs): Shiga Toxin (Stx) Glycosphingolipid Receptors, Stx Susceptibility, and Interaction with Membrane Microdomains. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080529. [PMID: 34437399 PMCID: PMC8402424 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular epithelial cells of the human kidney are considered as targets of Shiga toxins (Stxs) in the Stx-mediated pathogenesis of hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Stx-releasing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Analysis of Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of primary human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (pHRPTEpiCs) yielded globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) with Cer (d18:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1, C22:0), and Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0) as the dominant lipoforms. Investigation of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) and nonDRMs, serving as equivalents for the liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered membrane phase, respectively, revealed the prevalence of Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer together with cholesterol and sphingomyelin in DRMs, suggesting lipid raft association. Stx1a and Stx2a exerted strong cellular damage with half-maximal cytotoxic doses (CD50) of 1.31 × 102 pg/mL and 1.66 × 103 pg/mL, respectively, indicating one order of magnitude higher cellular cytotoxicity of Stx1a. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) real-time interaction analysis using biosensor surfaces coated with DRM or nonDRM fractions gave stronger binding capability of Stx1a versus Stx2a that correlated with the lower cytotoxicity of Stx2a. Our study underlines the substantial role of proximal tubular epithelial cells of the human kidney being associated with the development of Stx-mediated HUS at least for Stx1a, while the impact of Stx2a remains somewhat ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Detzner
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Anna-Lena Klein
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Elisabeth Krojnewski
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (A.-L.K.); (G.P.); (E.K.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Gao S, Ni C, Huang W, Hao H, Jiang H, Lv Q, Zheng Y, Liu P, Kong D, Jiang Y. The interaction between flagellin and the glycosphingolipid Gb3 on host cells contributes to Bacillus cereus acute infection. Virulence 2021; 11:769-780. [PMID: 32507026 PMCID: PMC7567440 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1773077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause emetic or diarrheal foodborne illness. Previous studies have identified multiple pathogenic B. cereus strains and characterized a variety of virulence factors. Here, we demonstrate that the virulence and lethality of B. cereus for mammalian cells and host animals involve the interaction of B. cereus flagellin proteins and the host-cell-surface-localized glycosphingolipid Gb3 (CD77, Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-Cer). We initially found that B. cereus infection was less lethal for Gb3-deficiencient A4galt−/- mice than for wild-type mice. Subsequent experiments established that some factor other than secreted toxins must account of the observed differential lethality: Gb3-deficiencient A4galt−/- mice were equally susceptible to secreted-virulence-factor-mediated death as WT mice, and we observed no differences in the bacterial loads of spleens or livers of mice treated with B. cereus strain vs. mice infected with a mutant variant of incapable of producing many secreted toxins. A screen for host-interacting B. cereus cell wall components identified the well-known flagellin protein, and both flagellin knockout strain assays and Gb3 inhibitor studies confirmed that flagellin does interact with Gb3 in a manner that affects B. cereus infection of host cells. Finally, we show that treatment with polyclonal antibody against flagellin can protect mice against B. cereus infection. Thus, beyond demonstrating a previously unappreciated interaction between a bacterial motor protein and a mammalian cell wall glycosphingolipid, our study will provide useful information for the development of therapies to treat infection of B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Chengpei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Huaijie Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Decong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
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6
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Detzner J, Krojnewski E, Pohlentz G, Steil D, Humpf HU, Mellmann A, Karch H, Müthing J. Shiga Toxin (Stx)-Binding Glycosphingolipids of Primary Human Renal Cortical Epithelial Cells (pHRCEpiCs) and Stx-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020139. [PMID: 33673393 PMCID: PMC7918848 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human kidney epithelial cells are supposed to be directly involved in the pathogenesis of the hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). The characterization of the major and minor Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer), respectively, of primary human renal cortical epithelial cells (pHRCEpiCs) revealed GSLs with Cer (d18:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1, C22:0), and Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0) as the dominant lipoforms. Using detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) and non-DRMs, Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer prevailed in the DRM fractions, suggesting their association with microdomains in the liquid-ordered membrane phase. A preference of Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer endowed with C24:0 fatty acid accompanied by minor monounsaturated C24:1-harboring counterparts was observed in DRMs, whereas the C24:1 fatty acid increased in relation to the saturated equivalents in non-DRMs. A shift of the dominant phospholipid phosphatidylcholine with saturated fatty acids in the DRM to unsaturated species in the non-DRM fractions correlated with the GSL distribution. Cytotoxicity assays gave a moderate susceptibility of pHRCEpiCs to the Stx1a and Stx2a subtypes when compared to highly sensitive Vero-B4 cells. The results indicate that presence of Stx-binding GSLs per se and preferred occurrence in microdomains do not necessarily lead to a high cellular susceptibility towards Stx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Detzner
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Elisabeth Krojnewski
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Daniel Steil
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (E.K.); (G.P.); (D.S.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Detzner J, Pohlentz G, Müthing J. Thin-Layer Chromatography in Structure and Recognition Studies of Shiga Toxin Glycosphingolipid Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2291:229-252. [PMID: 33704756 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1339-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) consist of a ceramide (Cer) lipid anchor, which is typically composed of the long-chain aminoalcohol sphingosine (d18:1) and a fatty acid (mostly C16-C24) and a sugar moiety harboring to a great extent one to five monosaccharides. GSLs of the globo-series are well-recognized receptors of Shiga toxins (Stxs) released by Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Receptors for the Stx subtypes Stx1a and Stx2a are globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer), whereby Gb3Cer represents their high-affinity and Gb4Cer their low-affinity receptor. In addition to Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer, Gb5Cer and Forssman GSL are further receptors of the Stx2e subtype rendering Stx2e unique among the various Stx subtypes. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a convenient and ubiquitously employed method for analyzing GSL mixtures of unknown composition. In particular, TLC immunochemical overlay detection allows for sensitive identification of Stx-binding GSLs in complex mixtures directly on the TLC plate. For this purpose, specific anti-GSL antibodies or Stxs themselves in conjunction with anti-Stx antibodies can be used. The described protocols of antibody-mediated detection of TLC-separated globo-series GSLs and corresponding identification of Stx-binding globo-series GSLs will provide detailed advice for successful GSL analysis and particularly highlight the power of the TLC overlay technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Detzner
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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8
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Singh P, Cubillos G, Kirshteyn G, Bosilevac JM. High-resolution melting real-time PCR assays for detection of Escherichia coli O26 and O111 strains possessing Shiga toxin genes. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Dadhich R, Kapoor S. Various Facets of Pathogenic Lipids in Infectious Diseases: Exploring Virulent Lipid-Host Interactome and Their Druggability. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:399-423. [PMID: 32833058 PMCID: PMC7443855 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipids form an integral, structural, and functional part of all life forms. They play a significant role in various cellular processes such as membrane fusion, fission, endocytosis, protein trafficking, and protein functions. Interestingly, recent studies have revealed their more impactful and critical involvement in infectious diseases, starting with the manipulation of the host membrane to facilitate pathogenic entry. Thereafter, pathogens recruit specific host lipids for the maintenance of favorable intracellular niche to augment their survival and proliferation. In this review, we showcase the lipid-mediated host pathogen interplay in context of life-threatening viral and bacterial diseases including the recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. We evaluate the emergent lipid-centric approaches adopted by these pathogens, while delineating the alterations in the composition and organization of the cell membrane within the host, as well as the pathogen. Lastly, crucial nexus points in their interaction landscape for therapeutic interventions are identified. Lipids act as critical determinants of bacterial and viral pathogenesis by altering the host cell membrane structure and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Dadhich
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
- Wadhwani Research Centre for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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10
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Volokhina EB, Feitz WJC, Elders LM, van der Velden TJAM, van de Kar NCAJ, van den Heuvel LPWJ. Shiga Toxin Selectively Upregulates Expression of Syndecan-4 and Adhesion Molecule ICAM-1 in Human Glomerular Microvascular Endothelium. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E435. [PMID: 32635212 PMCID: PMC7405002 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a severe renal disease that is often preceded by infection with Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). The exact mechanism of Stx-mediated inflammation on human glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (HGMVECs) during HUS is still not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of Stx1 on the gene expression of proteins involved in leucocyte-mediated and complement-mediated inflammation. Our results showed that Stx1 enhances the mRNA and protein expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) syndecan-4 in HGMVECs pre-stimulated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). CD44 was upregulated on mRNA but not on protein level; no effect on the mRNA expression of other tested HSPGs glypican-1 and betaglycan was observed. Furthermore, Stx1 upregulated the mRNA, cell surface expression, and supernatant levels of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in HGMVECs. Interestingly, no effect on the protein levels of alternative pathway (AP) components was observed, although C3 mRNA was upregulated. All observed effects were much stronger in HGMVECs than in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs), a common model cell type used in endothelial studies. Our results provide new insights into the role of Stx1 in the pathogenesis of HUS. Possibilities to target the overexpression of syndecan-4 and ICAM-1 for STEC-HUS therapy should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena B. Volokhina
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. C. Feitz
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Lonneke M. Elders
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Thea J. A. M. van der Velden
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Nicole C. A. J. van de Kar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Lambertus P. W. J. van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Valid Presumption of Shiga Toxin-Mediated Damage of Developing Erythrocytes in EHEC-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060373. [PMID: 32512916 PMCID: PMC7354503 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of clinical diseases caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is an issue of great concern. EHEC release Shiga toxins (Stxs) as their key virulence factors, and investigations on the cell-damaging mechanisms toward target cells are inevitable for the development of novel mitigation strategies. Stx-mediated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), characterized by the triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal injury, is the most severe outcome of an EHEC infection. Hemolytic anemia during HUS is defined as the loss of erythrocytes by mechanical disruption when passing through narrowed microvessels. The formation of thrombi in the microvasculature is considered an indirect effect of Stx-mediated injury mainly of the renal microvascular endothelial cells, resulting in obstructions of vessels. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent data providing evidence that HUS-associated hemolytic anemia may arise not only from intravascular rupture of erythrocytes, but also from the extravascular impairment of erythropoiesis, the development of red blood cells in the bone marrow, via direct Stx-mediated damage of maturing erythrocytes, leading to “non-hemolytic” anemia.
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Molecular Biology of Escherichia Coli Shiga Toxins' Effects on Mammalian Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050345. [PMID: 32456125 PMCID: PMC7290813 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs), syn. Vero(cyto)toxins, are potent bacterial exotoxins and the principal virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), a subset of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC strains, e.g., strains of serovars O157:H7 and O104:H4, may cause individual cases as well as large outbreaks of life-threatening diseases in humans. Stxs primarily exert a ribotoxic activity in the eukaryotic target cells of the mammalian host resulting in rapid protein synthesis inhibition and cell death. Damage of endothelial cells in the kidneys and the central nervous system by Stxs is central in the pathogenesis of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans and edema disease in pigs. Probably even more important, the toxins also are capable of modulating a plethora of essential cellular functions, which eventually disturb intercellular communication. The review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the time course and the consecutive steps of Stx/cell interactions at the molecular level. Intervention measures deduced from an in-depth understanding of this molecular interplay may foster our basic understanding of cellular biology and microbial pathogenesis and pave the way to the creation of host-directed active compounds to mitigate the pathological conditions of STEC infections in the mammalian body.
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Kehl A, Kuhn R, Detzner J, Steil D, Müthing J, Karch H, Mellmann A. Modeling Native EHEC Outer Membrane Vesicles by Creating Synthetic Surrogates. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050673. [PMID: 32384757 PMCID: PMC7284840 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a zoonotic pathogen responsible for life-threating diseases such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. While its major virulence factor, the Shiga toxin (Stx), is known to exert its cytotoxic effect on various endothelial and epithelial cells when in its free, soluble form, Stx was also recently found to be associated with EHEC outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). However, depending on the strain background, other toxins can also be associated with native OMVs (nOMVs), and nOMVs are also made up of immunomodulatory agents such as lipopolysaccharides and flagellin. Thus, it is difficult to determine to which extent a single virulence factor in nOMVs, such as Stx, contributes to the molecular pathogenesis of EHEC. To reduce this complexity, we successfully developed a protocol for the preparation of synthetic OMVs (sOMVs) with a defined lipid composition resembling the E. coli outer membrane and loaded with specific proteins, i.e., bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a proxy for functional Stx2a. Using BSA for parameter evaluation, we found that (1) functional sOMVs can be prepared at room temperature instead of potentially detrimental higher temperatures (e.g., 45 °C), (2) a 1:10 ratio of protein to lipid, i.e., 100 µg protein with 1 mg of lipid mixture, yields homogenously sized sOMVs, and (3) long-term storage for up to one year at 4 °C is possible without losing structural integrity. Accordingly, we reproducibly generated Stx2a-loaded sOMVs with an average diameter of 132.4 ± 9.6 nm that preserve Stx2a’s injuring activity, as determined by cytotoxicity assays with Vero cells. Overall, we successfully created sOMVs and loaded them with an EHEC toxin, which opens the door for future studies on the degree of virulence associated with individual toxins from EHEC and other bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kehl
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.K.); (J.D.); (D.S.); (J.M.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (A.M.); Tel.: +49-(0)251-83-55233 (A.K.); +49-(0)251-83-55361 (A.M.)
| | - Ronja Kuhn
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.K.); (J.D.); (D.S.); (J.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Johanna Detzner
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.K.); (J.D.); (D.S.); (J.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Daniel Steil
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.K.); (J.D.); (D.S.); (J.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.K.); (J.D.); (D.S.); (J.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.K.); (J.D.); (D.S.); (J.M.); (H.K.)
- National Consulting Laboratory for Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.K.); (J.D.); (D.S.); (J.M.); (H.K.)
- National Consulting Laboratory for Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (A.M.); Tel.: +49-(0)251-83-55233 (A.K.); +49-(0)251-83-55361 (A.M.)
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RAB5A and TRAPPC6B are novel targets for Shiga toxin 2a inactivation in kidney epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4945. [PMID: 32188865 PMCID: PMC7080763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59694-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardinal virulence factor of human-pathogenic enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is Shiga toxin (Stx), which causes severe extraintestinal complications including kidney failure by damaging renal endothelial cells. In EHEC pathogenesis, the disturbance of the kidney epithelium by Stx becomes increasingly recognised, but how this exactly occurs is unknown. To explore this molecularly, we investigated the Stx receptor content and transcriptomic profile of two human renal epithelial cell lines: highly Stx-sensitive ACHN cells and largely Stx-insensitive Caki-2 cells. Though both lines exhibited the Stx receptor globotriaosylceramide, RNAseq revealed strikingly different transcriptomic responses to an Stx challenge. Using RNAi to silence factors involved in ACHN cells’ Stx response, the greatest protection occurred when silencing RAB5A and TRAPPC6B, two host factors that we newly link to Stx trafficking. Silencing these factors alongside YKT6 fully prevented the cytotoxic Stx effect. Overall, our approach reveals novel subcellular targets for potential therapies against Stx-mediated kidney failure.
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Detzner J, Gloerfeld C, Pohlentz G, Legros N, Humpf HU, Mellmann A, Karch H, Müthing J. Structural Insights into Escherichia coli Shiga Toxin (Stx) Glycosphingolipid Receptors of Porcine Renal Epithelial Cells and Inhibition of Stx-Mediated Cellular Injury Using Neoglycolipid-Spiked Glycovesicles. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110582. [PMID: 31752441 PMCID: PMC6920957 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause the edema disease in pigs by releasing the swine-pathogenic Stx2e subtype as the key virulence factor. Stx2e targets endothelial cells of animal organs including the kidney harboring the Stx receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer, Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer, GalNAcβ1-3Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer). Since the involvement of renal epithelial cells in the edema disease is unknown, in this study, we analyzed the porcine kidney epithelial cell lines, LLC-PK1 and PK-15, regarding the presence of Stx-binding GSLs, their sensitivity towards Stx2e, and the inhibitory potential of Gb3- and Gb4-neoglycolipids, carrying phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as the lipid anchor, towards Stx2e. Immunochemical and mass spectrometric analysis revealed various Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer lipoforms as the dominant Stx-binding GSLs in both LLC-PK1 and PK-15 cells. A dihexosylceramide with proposed Galα1-4Gal-sequence (Gal2Cer) was detected in PK-15 cells, whereas LLC-PK1 cells lacked this compound. Both cell lines were susceptible towards Stx2e with LLC-PK1 representing an extremely Stx2e-sensitive cell line. Gb3-PE and Gb4-PE applied as glycovesicles significantly reduced the cytotoxic activity of Stx2e towards LLC-PK1 cells, whereas only Gb4-PE exhibited some protection against Stx2e for PK-15 cells. This is the first report identifying Stx2e receptors of porcine kidney epithelial cells and providing first data on their Stx2e-mediated damage suggesting possible involvement in the edema disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Detzner
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Caroline Gloerfeld
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Nadine Legros
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)251-8355192
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16
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Tang C, Lu Z. Health promoting activities of probiotics. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12944. [PMID: 31368544 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, probiotics have received increasing attention and become one type of popular functional food because of their many biological functions. Among these desirable biological functions, the immune regulation, antioxidative activities, and antimicrobial effects are essential properties to maintain host health. Probiotics can regulate the immune system and improve the antioxidative system by producing microbial components and metabolites. Meanwhile, probiotics also possess antimicrobial abilities owing to their competition for nutrient requirements and mucus adherence, reducing pathogenic toxins, producing antimicrobial metabolites (short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, reuterin, linoleic acid, and secondary bile acids) and enhancing intestinal, or systemic immunity. Therefore, probiotics could be used to alleviate heavy metal toxicity and metabolic disorders by improving immunity, the antioxidative system, and intestinal micro-environment. This comprehensive review mainly highlights the potential health promoting activities of probiotics based on their antioxidative, antimicrobial, and immune regulatory effects. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The antioxidative defense and the immune system are essential to maintain human health. However, many factors may result in microbial dysbiosis in the gut, which subsequently leads to pathogenic expansion, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Therefore, it is important to explore beneficial foods to prevent or suppress these abnormal responses. Successful application of probiotics in the functional foods has attracted increasing attention due to their immune regulatory, antioxidative, and antimicrobial properties. The aim of this review is to introduce immune regulatory antioxidative and antimicrobial effects of probiotics, which provides some basic theories for scientific research and development of potential functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Response to Questions Posed by the Food and Drug Administration Regarding Virulence Factors and Attributes that Define Foodborne Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as Severe Human Pathogens †. J Food Prot 2019; 82:724-767. [PMID: 30969806 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
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- NACMCF Executive Secretariat, * U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, PP3, 9-178, 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-3700, USA
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18
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Zoja C, Buelli S, Morigi M. Shiga toxin triggers endothelial and podocyte injury: the role of complement activation. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:379-388. [PMID: 29214442 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the offending agent in post-diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and acute kidney failure, with thrombi occluding the renal microvasculature. Endothelial dysfunction has been recognized as the trigger event in the development of microangiopathic processes. Glomerular endothelial cells are susceptible to the toxic effects of Stxs that, via nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, induce the expression of genes encoding for adhesion molecules and chemokines, culminating in leukocyte adhesion and platelet thrombus formation on the activated endothelium. Complement activation via the alternative pathway has been seen in patients during the acute phase of STEC-associated HUS. Experimental evidence has highlighted the role of complement proteins in driving glomerular endothelium toward a thrombogenic phenotype. At the glomerular level, podocytes are also an important target of Stx-induced complement activation. Glomerular injury as a consequence of podocyte dysfunction and loss is thus a mechanism that might affect long-term renal outcomes in the disease. New approaches to targeting the complement system may be useful therapeutic options for patients with STEC-HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlamaria Zoja
- Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via Stezzano, 87, 24126, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Simona Buelli
- Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via Stezzano, 87, 24126, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marina Morigi
- Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via Stezzano, 87, 24126, Bergamo, Italy
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19
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Brigotti M, Orth-Höller D, Carnicelli D, Porcellini E, Galassi E, Tazzari PL, Ricci F, Manoli F, Manet I, Talasz H, Lindner HH, Speth C, Erbeznik T, Fuchs S, Posch W, Chatterjee S, Würzner R. The structure of the Shiga toxin 2a A-subunit dictates the interactions of the toxin with blood components. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13000. [PMID: 30578712 PMCID: PMC6492301 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (eHUS) is a severe complication of human infections with Shiga toxins (Stxs)-producing Escherichia coli. A key step in the pathogenesis of eHUS is the interaction of Stxs with blood components before the targeting of renal endothelial cells. Here, we show that a single proteolytic cleavage in the Stx2a A-subunit, resulting into two fragments (A1 and A2) linked by a disulfide bridge (cleaved Stx2a), dictates different binding abilities. Uncleaved Stx2a was confirmed to bind to human neutrophils and to trigger leukocyte/platelet aggregate formation, whereas cleaved Stx2a was ineffective. Conversely, binding of complement factor H was confirmed for cleaved Stx2a and not for uncleaved Stx2a. It is worth noting that uncleaved and cleaved Stx2a showed no differences in cytotoxicity for Vero cells or Raji cells, structural conformation, and contaminating endotoxin. These results have been obtained by comparing two Stx2a batches, purified in different laboratories by using different protocols, termed Stx2a(cl; cleaved toxin, Innsbruck) and Stx2a(uncl; uncleaved toxin, Bologna). Stx2a(uncl) behaved as Stx2a(cl) after mild trypsin treatment. In this light, previous controversial results obtained with purified Stx2a has to be critically re-evaluated; furthermore, characterisation of the structure of circulating Stx2a is mandatory to understand eHUS-pathogenesis and to develop therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Brigotti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dorothea Orth-Höller
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Domenica Carnicelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Porcellini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Galassi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Tazzari
- Servizio di Immunoematologia e Trasfusionale, Ospedale S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Ricci
- Servizio di Immunoematologia e Trasfusionale, Ospedale S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Manoli
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilse Manet
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Heribert Talasz
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocentre, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert H Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocentre, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Speth
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Erbeznik
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Fuchs
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sneha Chatterjee
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Buelli S, Zoja C, Remuzzi G, Morigi M. Complement Activation Contributes to the Pathophysiology of Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7010015. [PMID: 30634669 PMCID: PMC6352217 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections have become a threat to public health globally because of the severe illnesses that they can trigger, such as hemorrhagic colitis and the post-diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney failure. Glomerular endothelial cells are primary targets of Stx which, after binding to its specific receptor globotriaosylceramide, upregulates proinflammatory proteins involved both in the recruitment and adhesion of leukocytes and thrombus formation at the site of endothelial injury. In this review, we discuss the role of complement activation in promoting glomerular microvascular dysfunction, providing evidence from experimental models and patients with STEC-HUS. Within the glomerulus, an important target for Stx-induced complement activation is the podocyte, a cell type that is in close contact with endothelial cells and participates in maintaining the filtration barrier. Recently, podocyte injury and loss have been indicated as potential risk factors for long-term renal sequelae in patients with STEC-HUS. Therapeutic approaches targeting the complement system, that may be useful options for patients with STEC-HUS, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Buelli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Carlamaria Zoja
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy.
- L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marina Morigi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy.
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21
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Brigotti M, Arfilli V, Carnicelli D, Ricci F, Tazzari PL, Ardissino G, Scavia G, Morabito S, He X. Soluble Toll-Like Receptor 4 Impairs the Interaction of Shiga Toxin 2a with Human Serum Amyloid P Component. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10090379. [PMID: 30231570 PMCID: PMC6162853 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a) is the main virulence factor produced by pathogenic Escherichia coli strains (Stx-producing E. coli, STEC) responsible for hemorrhagic colitis and the life-threatening sequela hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. The toxin released in the intestine by STEC targets the globotriaosylceramide receptor (Gb3Cer) present on the endothelial cells of the brain and the kidney after a transient blood phase during which Stx2a interacts with blood components, such as neutrophils, which, conversely, recognize Stx through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Among non-cellular blood constituents, human amyloid P component (HuSAP) is considered a negative modulating factor that specifically binds Stx2a and impairs its toxic action. Here, we show that the soluble extracellular domain of TLR4 inhibits the binding of Stx2a to neutrophils, assessed by indirect flow cytometric analysis. Moreover, by using human sensitive Gb3Cer-expressing cells (Raji cells) we found that the complex Stx2a/soluble TLR4 escaped from capture by HuSAP allowing the toxin to target and damage human cells, as assayed by measuring translation inhibition, the typical Stx-induced functional impairment. Thus, soluble TLR4 stood out as a positive modulating factor for Stx2a. In the paper, these findings have been discussed in the context of the pathogenesis of hemolytic uremic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Brigotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Valentina Arfilli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Domenica Carnicelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ricci
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Center, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Pier Luigi Tazzari
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Center, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Ardissino
- Center for HUS Control, Prevention and Management, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Gaia Scavia
- European Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Morabito
- European Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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22
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Legros N, Pohlentz G, Steil D, Müthing J. Shiga toxin-glycosphingolipid interaction: Status quo of research with focus on primary human brain and kidney endothelial cells. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:1073-1084. [PMID: 30224239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-mediated injury of the kidneys and the brain represent the major extraintestinal complications in humans upon infection by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Damage of renal and cerebral endothelial cells is the key event in the pathogenesis of the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Stxs are AB5 toxins and the B-pentamers of the two clinically important Stx subtypes Stx1a and Stx2a preferentially bind to the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer, Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer) and to less extent to globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer, GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1), which are expected to reside in lipid rafts in the plasma membrane of the human endothelium. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the Stx glycosphingolipid receptors and their lipid membrane ensemble in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (pHBMECs) and primary human renal glomerular endothelial cells (pHRGECs). Increasing knowledge on the precise initial molecular mechanisms by which Stxs interact with cellular targets will help to develop specific therapeutics and/or preventive measures to combat EHEC-caused diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Legros
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Steil
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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23
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Steil D, Pohlentz G, Legros N, Mormann M, Mellmann A, Karch H, Müthing J. Combining Mass Spectrometry, Surface Acoustic Wave Interaction Analysis, and Cell Viability Assays for Characterization of Shiga Toxin Subtypes of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Bacteria. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8989-8997. [PMID: 29939014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) as a human pathogenic subgroup of STEC are characterized by releasing Stx AB5-toxin as the major virulence factor. Worldwide disseminated EHEC strains cause sporadic infections and outbreaks in the human population and swine pathogenic STEC strains represent greatly feared pathogens in pig breeding and fattening plants. Among the various Stx subtypes, Stx1a and Stx2a are of eminent clinical importance in human infections being associated with life-threatening hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, whereas Stx2e subtype is associated with porcine edema disease with a generalized fatal outcome for the animals. Binding toward the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) is a common feature of all Stx subtypes analyzed so far. Here, we report on the development of a matched strategy combining (i) miniaturized one-step affinity purification of native Stx subtypes from culture supernatant of bacterial wild-type strains using Gb3-functionalized magnetic beads, (ii) structural analysis and identification of Stx holotoxins by electrospray ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry (ESI MS), (iii) functional Stx-receptor real-time interaction analysis employing the surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology, and (iv) Vero cell culture assays for determining Stx-caused cytotoxic effects. Structural investigations revealed diagnostic tryptic peptide ions for purified Stx1a, Stx2a, and Stx2e, respectively, and functional analysis resulted in characteristic binding kinetics of each Stx subtype. Cytotoxicity studies revealed differing toxin-mediated cell damage ranked with Stx1a > Stx2a > Stx2e. Collectively, this matched procedure represents a promising clinical application for the characterization of life-endangering Stx subtypes at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Steil
- Institute for Hygiene , University of Münster , Robert-Koch-Strasse 41 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute for Hygiene , University of Münster , Robert-Koch-Strasse 41 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Nadine Legros
- Institute for Hygiene , University of Münster , Robert-Koch-Strasse 41 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Michael Mormann
- Institute for Hygiene , University of Münster , Robert-Koch-Strasse 41 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute for Hygiene , University of Münster , Robert-Koch-Strasse 41 , D-48149 Münster , Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster , Domagkstrasse 3 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene , University of Münster , Robert-Koch-Strasse 41 , D-48149 Münster , Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster , Domagkstrasse 3 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene , University of Münster , Robert-Koch-Strasse 41 , D-48149 Münster , Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster , Domagkstrasse 3 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
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24
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Brigotti M, Carnicelli D, Arfilli V, Porcellini E, Galassi E, Valerii MC, Spisni E. Human monocytes stimulated by Shiga toxin 1a via globotriaosylceramide release proinflammatory molecules associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:940-946. [PMID: 29983334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The life-threatening sequela of hemorrhagic colitis induced by Shiga toxins (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in humans is hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), the main cause of acute renal failure in early childhood. The key step in the pathogenesis of HUS is the appearance of Stx in the blood of infected patients because these powerful virulence factors are capable of inducing severe microangiopathic lesions in the kidney. During precocious toxemia, which occurs in patients before the onset of HUS during the intestinal phase, Stx bind to several different circulating cells. An early response of these cells might include the release of proinflammatory mediators associated with the development of HUS. Here, we show that primary human monocytes stimulated with Shiga toxin 1a (Stx1a) through the glycolipid receptor globotriaosylceramide released larger amounts of proinflammatory molecules (IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, G-CSF, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL4) than Stx1a-treated neutrophils. The mediators (except IL-1β) are among the top six proinflammatory mediators found in the sera from patients with HUS in different studies. The molecules appear to be involved in different pathogenetic steps of HUS, i.e. sensitization of renal endothelial cells to the toxin actions (IL-1β, TNFα), activation of circulating monocytes and neutrophils (CXCL8, CCL2, CCL4) and increase in neutrophil counts in patients with poor prognosis (G-CSF). Hence, a role of circulating monocytes in the very early phases of the pathogenetic process culminating with HUS can be envisaged. Impairment of the events of precocious toxemia would prevent or reduce the risk of HUS in STEC-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Brigotti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Domenica Carnicelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Arfilli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Porcellini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Galassi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria C Valerii
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enzo Spisni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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25
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Legros N, Pohlentz G, Steil D, Kouzel IU, Liashkovich I, Mellmann A, Karch H, Müthing J. Membrane assembly of Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors and toxin refractiveness of MDCK II epithelial cells. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1383-1401. [PMID: 29866658 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m083048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are the major virulence factors of Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), which cause hemorrhagic colitis and severe extraintestinal complications due to injury of renal endothelial cells, resulting in kidney failure. Since kidney epithelial cells are suggested additional targets for Stxs, we analyzed Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II epithelial cells for presence of Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs), determined their distribution to detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), and ascertained the lipid composition of DRM and non-DRM preparations. Globotriaosylceramide and globotetraosylceramide, known as receptors for Stx1a, Stx2a, and Stx2e, and Forssman GSL as a specific receptor for Stx2e, were found to cooccur with SM and cholesterol in DRMs of MDCK II cells, which was shown using TLC overlay assay detection combined with mass spectrometry. The various lipoforms of GSLs were found to mainly harbor ceramide moieties composed of sphingosine (d18:1) and C24:1/C24:0 or C16:0 FA. The cells were highly refractory toward Stx1a, Stx2a, and Stx2e, most likely due to the absence of Stx-binding GSLs in the apical plasma membrane determined by immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results suggest that the cellular content of Stx receptor GSLs and their biochemical detection in DRM preparations alone are inadequate to predict cellular sensitivity toward Stxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Legros
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Steil
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan U Kouzel
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan Liashkovich
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany .,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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26
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Legros N, Pohlentz G, Runde J, Dusny S, Humpf HU, Karch H, Müthing J. Colocalization of receptors for Shiga toxins with lipid rafts in primary human renal glomerular endothelial cells and influence of D-PDMP on synthesis and distribution of glycosphingolipid receptors. Glycobiology 2018; 27:947-965. [PMID: 28535204 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage of human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs) of the kidney represents the linchpin in the pathogenesis of the hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxins of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). We performed a comprehensive structural analysis of the Stx-receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer, Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer, GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer) and their distribution in lipid raft analog detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) and nonDRMs prepared from primary HRGECs. Predominant receptor lipoforms were Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer with Cer (d18:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1, C22:0) and Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0). Stx-receptor GSLs co-distribute with sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol as well as flotillin-2 in DRMs, representing the liquid-ordered membrane phase and indicating lipid raft association. Lyso-phosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) was identified as a nonDRM marker phospholipid of the liquid-disordered membrane phase. Exposure of primary HRGECs to the ceramide analogon d-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (D-PDMP) reduced total Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer content, roughly calculated from two biological replicates, down to half and quarter of its primordial content, respectively, but strengthened their prevalence and cholesterol preponderance in DRMs. At the same time, the distribution of PC, SM and lyso-PC to subcellular membrane fractions remained unaffected by D-PDMP treatment. Defining the GSL composition and precise microdomain structures of primary HRGECs may help to develop novel therapeutic options to combat life-threatening EHEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Legros
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Runde
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dusny
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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27
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Postdiarrheal hemolytic and uremic syndrome with severe multiorgan involvement and associated early risk factors. Arch Pediatr 2018; 25:118-125. [PMID: 29395881 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Identifying early clinical and biological factors associated with severe forms of postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+HUS) that may help practitioners determine appropriate treatment. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted in 49 children with D+HUS between 2001 and 2011. Severe forms were defined as occurrence of one of the following conditions: death, major neurological involvement, cardiovascular involvement, and/or the presence of sequelae (neurological, cardiovascular, pancreatic, or renal). RESULTS During the acute phase, 35 children exhibited at least one type of extrarenal involvement including 13 severe forms with a median delayed occurrence after admission of 4.5 days (range: 1-8) for comatose children and 5 days (range: 2-6) for cardiovascular involvement; 32 children required dialysis and three died. In multivariate analysis, (i) major neurological involvement (n=13), (ii) dialysis (n=32), and (iii) sequelae (n=12) were associated with (i) fever during the prodromal phase requiring dialysis at admission, (ii) C-reactive protein level (CRP) >22mg/L at admission, and (iii) major neurological involvement and a white blood cell count (WBC)>20×103/mm3 during the acute stage, respectively. CONCLUSIONS D+HUS is a multiorgan disease with a delayed occurrence of life-threatening extrarenal organ involvement. Severe forms appear to be associated with early biological and clinical inflammatory parameters.
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28
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Kampmeier S, Berger M, Mellmann A, Karch H, Berger P. The 2011 German Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli O104:H4 Outbreak-The Danger Is Still Out There. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 416:117-148. [PMID: 30062592 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are Shiga toxin (Stx) producing bacteria causing a disease characterized by bloody (or non-bloody) diarrhea, which might progress to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). EHEC O104:H4 caused the largest ever recorded EHEC outbreak in Germany in 2011, which in addition showed the so far highest incidence rate of EHEC-related HUS worldwide. The aggressive outbreak strain carries an unusual combination of virulence traits characteristic to both EHEC-a chromosomally integrated Stx-encoding bacteriophage, and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli-pAA plasmid-encoded aggregative adherence fimbriae mediating its tight adhesion to epithelia cells. There are currently still open questions regarding the 2011 EHEC outbreak, e.g., with respect to the exact molecular mechanisms resulting in the hypervirulence of the strain, the natural reservoir of EHEC O104:H4, and suitable therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, our knowledge on these issues has substantially expanded since 2011. Here, we present an overview of the epidemiological, clinical, microbiological, and molecular biological data available on the 2011 German EHEC O104:H4 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Berger
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Helge Karch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Petya Berger
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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29
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Kaiser M, Pohl L, Ketelhut S, Kastl L, Gorzelanny C, Götte M, Schnekenburger J, Goycoolea FM, Kemper B. Nanoencapsulated capsaicin changes migration behavior and morphology of madin darby canine kidney cell monolayers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187497. [PMID: 29107993 PMCID: PMC5673207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a drug delivery nanosystem based on chitosan and capsaicin. Both substances have a wide range of biological activities. We investigated the nanosystem’s influence on migration and morphology of Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK-C7) epithelial cells in comparison to the capsaicin-free nanoformulation, free capsaicin, and control cells. For minimally-invasive quantification of cell migration, we applied label-free digital holographic microscopy (DHM) and single-cell tracking. Moreover, quantitative DHM phase images were used as novel stain-free assay to quantify the temporal course of global cellular morphology changes in confluent cell layers. Cytoskeleton alterations and tight junction protein redistributions were complementary analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Calcium influx measurements were conducted to characterize the influence of the nanoformulations and capsaicin on ion channel activities. We found that both, capsaicin-loaded and unloaded chitosan nanocapsules, and also free capsaicin, have a significant impact on directed cell migration and cellular motility. Increase of velocity and directionality of cell migration correlates with changes in the cell layer surface roughness, tight junction integrity and cytoskeleton alterations. Calcium influx into cells occurred only after nanoformulation treatment but not upon addition of free capsaicin. Our results pave the way for further studies on the biological significance of these findings and potential biomedical applications, e.g. as drug and gene carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Kaiser
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossgarten 3, Münster, Germany
| | - Luisa Pohl
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Mendelstraße 17, Münster, Germany
| | - Steffi Ketelhut
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Mendelstraße 17, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Kastl
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Mendelstraße 17, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Gorzelanny
- Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1–3, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnekenburger
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Mendelstraße 17, Münster, Germany
| | - Francisco M. Goycoolea
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossgarten 3, Münster, Germany
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (FMG); (BK)
| | - Björn Kemper
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Mendelstraße 17, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail: (FMG); (BK)
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30
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Shiga Toxin Glycosphingolipid Receptors in Human Caco-2 and HCT-8 Colon Epithelial Cell Lines. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110338. [PMID: 29068380 PMCID: PMC5705953 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) released by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) into the human colon are the causative agents for fatal outcome of EHEC infections. Colon epithelial Caco-2 and HCT-8 cells are widely used for investigating Stx-mediated intestinal cytotoxicity. Only limited data are available regarding precise structures of their Stx receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer), and lipid raft association. In this study we identified Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer lipoforms of serum-free cultivated Caco-2 and HCT-8 cells, chiefly harboring ceramide moieties composed of sphingosine (d18:1) and C16:0, C22:0 or C24:0/C24:1 fatty acid. The most significant difference between the two cell lines was the prevalence of Gb3Cer with C16 fatty acid in HCT-8 and Gb4Cer with C22–C24 fatty acids in Caco-2 cells. Lipid compositional analysis of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), which were used as lipid raft-equivalents, indicated slightly higher relative content of Stx receptor Gb3Cer in DRMs of HCT-8 cells when compared to Caco-2 cells. Cytotoxicity assays revealed substantial sensitivity towards Stx2a for both cell lines, evidencing little higher susceptibility of Caco-2 cells versus HCT-8 cells. Collectively, Caco-2 and HCT-8 cells express a plethora of different receptor lipoforms and are susceptible towards Stx2a exhibiting somewhat lower sensitivity when compared to Vero cells.
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31
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Abstract
Adjunctive therapies have been proposed for use in at least 5 inflammation pathobiology phenotypes in pediatric sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. This article discusses host-pathogen interaction prototypes to facilitate understanding of the rationale for personalized therapy in these phenotypes. The article discusses the literature on adjunctive antiinflammatory and immune modulation therapies that, in addition to traditional organ support and infection source control, might be part of a personalized precision medicine approach to the reversal of each of these inflammatory pathobiology phenotypes.
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32
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Rubin D, Zhang W, Karch H, Kuczius T. Distinct Expression of Immunoglobulin-Binding Proteins in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Implicates High Protein Stability and a Characteristic Phenotype. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9050153. [PMID: 28468281 PMCID: PMC5450701 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9050153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several immunoglobulin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli (Eib) have been isolated from both non-pathogenic and pathogenic E. coli strains. Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) contain eibG either as a single gene or in combination with eibC, while other E. coli strains harbour single or multiple eib genes. The Eib proteins bind human immunoglobulins in a non-immune manner and contribute to bacterial chain-like adherence to human epithelial cells. In this study, the EibG expression in several STEC strains was analysed under different environmental conditions. STEC produced high levels of EibG in complex media and lower levels in low-grade and minimal media under static growth conditions. This characteristic was independent on the Eib subtypes. Microscopically, EibG-expressing STEC exhibited chain formation and aggregation in all employed media, while aggregates were only visible after growth in complex medium. Once expressed, EibG proteins demonstrate high stability during prolonged incubation. Our findings indicate that the regulation of the expression of Eib proteins is highly complex, although the protein levels vary among STEC strains. However, positive upregulation conditions generally result in distinct phenotypes of the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubin
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University and University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Straße 41, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Wenlan Zhang
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University and University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Straße 41, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University and University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Straße 41, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Kuczius
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University and University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Straße 41, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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33
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Steil D, Bonse R, Meisen I, Pohlentz G, Vallejo G, Karch H, Müthing J. A Topographical Atlas of Shiga Toxin 2e Receptor Distribution in the Tissues of Weaned Piglets. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8120357. [PMID: 27916888 PMCID: PMC5198551 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) 2e of Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the primary virulence factor in the development of pig edema disease shortly after weaning. Stx2e binds to the globo-series glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer, Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer, GalNAcβ1-3Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer), the latter acting as the preferential Stx2e receptor. We determined Stx receptor profiles of 25 different tissues of a male and a female weaned piglet using immunochemical solid phase binding assays combined with mass spectrometry. All probed tissues harbored GSL receptors, ranging from high (category I) over moderate (category II) to low content (category III). Examples of Gb4Cer expression in category I tissues are small intestinal ileum, kidney pelvis and whole blood, followed by colon, small intestinal duodenum and jejunum belonging to category II, and kidney cortex, cerebrum and cerebellum as members of category III organs holding true for both genders. Dominant Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer lipoforms were those with ceramides carrying constant sphingosine (d18:1) and a variable C16:0, C22:0 or C24:1/C24:0 fatty acid. From the mapping data, we created a topographical atlas for Stx2e receptors in piglet tissues and organs, which might be helpful to further investigations on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie infections of Stx2e-producing STEC in pigs and their zoonotic potential for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Steil
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Robert Bonse
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Iris Meisen
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | | | - German Vallejo
- Veterinary practice Dr. med. vet. K. Nolte and Dr. med. vet. G. Vallejo, D-48329 Havixbeck, Germany.
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Cordonnier C, Thévenot J, Etienne-Mesmin L, Alric M, Livrelli V, Blanquet-Diot S. Probiotic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: An effective strategy against a deadly enemy? Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:116-132. [PMID: 27798976 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1185602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are major food-borne pathogens that constitute a serious public health threat. Currently, there is no specific treatment available for EHEC infections in human creating an urgent need for the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Among them, one of the most promising approaches is the use of probiotic microorganisms. Even if many studies have shown the antagonistic effects of probiotic bacteria or yeast on EHEC survival, virulence, adhesion on intestinal epithelium or pathogen-induced inflammatory responses, mechanisms mediating their beneficial effects remain unclear. This review describes EHEC pathogenesis and novel therapeutic strategies, with a particular emphasis on probiotics. The interests and limits of a probiotic-based approach and the way it might be incorporated into global health strategies against EHEC infections will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cordonnier
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Jonathan Thévenot
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Monique Alric
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Valérie Livrelli
- b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,c Service de Bactériologie , CHU Clermont-Ferrand , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
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Legros N, Dusny S, Humpf HU, Pohlentz G, Karch H, Müthing J. Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors and their lipid membrane ensemble in primary human blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. Glycobiology 2016; 27:99-109. [PMID: 27558838 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-mediated injury to microvascular endothelial cells in the brain significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Stxs are AB5 toxins and the B-pentamers of the two major Stx subtypes Stx1a and Stx2a preferentially bind to the glycosphingolipid (GSL) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) expressed by human endothelial cells. Here we report on comprehensive structural analysis of the different lipoforms of Gb3Cer (Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer, GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer, the less effective Stx receptor) of primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells and their association with lipid rafts. Detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), obtained by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, were used as lipid raft-analogous microdomains of the liquid-ordered phase and nonDRM fractions were employed as equivalents for the liquid-disordered phase of cell membranes. Structures of the prevalent lipoforms of Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer were those with Cer (d18:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1, C22:0) and Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0) determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry that was combined with thin-layer chromatography immunodetection using anti-Gb3Cer and anti-Gb4Cer antibodies as well as Stx1a and Stx2a subtypes. Association of Stx receptor GSLs was determined by co-localization with lipid raft-specific membrane protein flotillin-2 and canonical lipid raft marker sphingomyelin with Cer (d18:1, C16:0) and Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0) in the liquid-ordered phase, whereas lyso-phosphatidylcholine was detectable exclusively in the liquid-disordered phase. Defining the precise microdomain structures of primary endothelial cells may help to unravel the initial mechanisms by which Stxs interact with their target cells and will help to develop novel preventive and therapeutic measures for EHEC-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Legros
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dusny
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany .,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Brady TM, Pruette C, Loeffler LF, Weidemann D, Strouse JJ, Gavriilaki E, Brodsky RA. Typical Hus: Evidence of Acute Phase Complement Activation from a Daycare Outbreak. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1. [PMID: 27413789 PMCID: PMC4940046 DOI: 10.21767/2472-5056.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of typical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) encompass a wide spectrum. Despite the potentially severe sequelae from this syndrome, treatment approaches remain supportive. We present the clinical course of a child who contracted Shiga toxin-positive E. coli (STEC) from a daycare center during an outbreak. Utilizing the modified Ham test which is a rapid, serum-based functional assay used to detect activation of the alternative pathway of complement as observed in atypical HUS, patient sera revealed evidence of increased complement activation in the acute phase of the syndrome but not after resolution. Further, this complement activation was attenuated by eculizumab in vitro, an effect that was replicated in vitro utilizing Shiga toxin as a stimulus of complement activation in normal serum. Our report suggests that complement blockade may be effective in the treatment of STEC-HUS when initiated early in the disease. Given the epidemic nature of the disease that limits the feasibility of randomized clinical trials, further studies are needed to determine the value of early eculizumab treatment in STEC-HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy M Brady
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Cozumel Pruette
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Lauren F Loeffler
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Darcy Weidemann
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - John J Strouse
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Eleni Gavriilaki
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Robert A Brodsky
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
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Betz J, Dorn I, Kouzel IU, Bauwens A, Meisen I, Kemper B, Bielaszewska M, Mormann M, Weymann L, Sibrowski W, Karch H, Schlenke P, Müthing J. Shiga toxin of enterohaemorrhagicEscherichia colidirectly injures developing human erythrocytes. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1339-48. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Betz
- Institute for Hygiene; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Isabel Dorn
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Ivan U. Kouzel
- Institute for Hygiene; University of Münster; Münster Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF); University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Andreas Bauwens
- Institute for Hygiene; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Iris Meisen
- Institute for Hygiene; University of Münster; Münster Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF); University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Björn Kemper
- Center for Biomedical Optics; University of Münster; Münster Germany
- Biomedical Technology Center; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | | | - Michael Mormann
- Institute for Hygiene; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Lena Weymann
- Institute for Hygiene; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Walter Sibrowski
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Immunology; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Peter Schlenke
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Immunology; University of Münster; Münster Germany
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene; University of Münster; Münster Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF); University of Münster; Münster Germany
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Keir LS, Langman CB. Complement and the kidney in the setting of Shiga-toxin hemolytic uremic syndrome, organ transplantation, and C3 glomerulonephritis. Transfus Apher Sci 2016; 54:203-11. [PMID: 27156109 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the role of complement in glomerular pathologies focusing on thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA) caused by Shiga toxin (Stx) and organ transplantation associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) as well as C3 glomerulopathy (C3G). METHODS Examination of literature discussing TMA associated with Stx HUS, transplantation related HUS and C3G. RESULTS There is an emerging role for complement biology in the renal glomerulus where its inappropriate over-activation is integral to several diseases. Stx HUS patients show evidence of complement activation and the toxin itself can activate complement and inhibit its normal regulation. However, therapeutic complement blockade has not yet proven effective in all circumstances. This may be partly related to late use and a clinical trial could be warranted. Organ transplantation associated HUS has carried a poor prognosis. While case reports supporting the use of complement inhibition exist, there has not been a formal trial. Complement activation in C3G is established but again treatment with complement inhibition has failed to be uniformly beneficial. Here, too, a clinical trial may help determine which subgroup of patients should be treated with these agents. CONCLUSION Complement plays an important role in the glomerulus but more work is needed to fully understand how it contributes to normal function and pathology. This will help direct appropriate therapy in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S Keir
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Kidney Diseases, The Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Craig B Langman
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Kidney Diseases, The Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Geyer PE, Maak M, Nitsche U, Perl M, Novotny A, Slotta-Huspenina J, Dransart E, Holtorf A, Johannes L, Janssen KP. Gastric Adenocarcinomas Express the Glycosphingolipid Gb3/CD77: Targeting of Gastric Cancer Cells with Shiga Toxin B-Subunit. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1008-17. [PMID: 26826119 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The B-subunit of the bacterial Shiga toxin (STxB), which is nontoxic and has low immunogenicity, can be used for tumor targeting of breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer. Here, we tested whether human gastric cancers, which are among the most aggressive tumor entities, express the cellular receptor of Shiga toxin, the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3/CD77). The majority of cases showed an extensive staining for Gb3 (36/50 cases, 72%), as evidenced on tissue sections of surgically resected specimen. Gb3 expression was detected independent of type (diffuse/intestinal), and was negatively correlated to increasing tumor-node-metastasis stages (P = 0.0385), as well as with markers for senescence. Gb3 expression in nondiseased gastric mucosa was restricted to chief and parietal cells at the bottom of the gastric glands, and was not elevated in endoscopic samples of gastritis (n = 10). Gb3 expression in established cell lines of gastric carcinoma was heterogeneous, with 6 of 10 lines being positive, evidenced by flow cytometry. STxB was taken up rapidly by live Gb3-positive gastric cancer cells, following the intracellular retrograde transport route, avoiding lysosomes and rapidly reaching the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. Treatment of the Gb3-expressing gastric carcinoma cell line St3051 with STxB coupled to SN38, the active metabolite of the topoisomerase type I inhibitor irinotecan, resulted in >100-fold increased cytotoxicity, as compared with irinotecan alone. No cytotoxicity was observed on gastric cancer cell lines lacking Gb3 expression, demonstrating receptor specificity of the STxB-SN38 compound. Thus, STxB is a highly specific transport vehicle for cytotoxic agents in gastric carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 1008-17. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Emanuel Geyer
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Maak
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Perl
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Novotny
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Slotta-Huspenina
- Institute of Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Estelle Dransart
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery team, Institut Curie, Paris, France. CNRS UMR3666, Paris, France. INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Anne Holtorf
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery team, Institut Curie, Paris, France. CNRS UMR3666, Paris, France. INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Russo LM, Melton-Celsa AR, O'Brien AD. Shiga Toxin (Stx) Type 1a Reduces the Oral Toxicity of Stx Type 2a. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1271-9. [PMID: 26743841 PMCID: PMC4799663 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Shiga toxin (Stx) is the primary virulence factor of Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). STEC can produce Stx1a and/or Stx2a, which are antigenically distinct. However, Stx2a-producing STEC are associated with more severe disease than strains producing both Stx1a and Stx2a. Methods and Results. To address the hypothesis that the reason for the association of Stx2a with more severe disease is because Stx2a crosses the intestinal barrier with greater efficiency that Stx1a, we covalently labeled Stx1a and Stx2a with Alexa Fluor 750 and determined the ex vivo fluorescent intensity of murine systemic organs after oral intoxication. Surprisingly, both Stxs exhibited similar dissemination patterns and accumulated in the kidneys. We next cointoxicated mice to determine whether Stx1a could impede Stx2a. Cointoxication resulted in increased survival and an extended mean time to death, compared with intoxication with Stx2a only. The survival benefit was dose dependent, with the greatest effect observed when 5 times more Stx1a than Stx2a was delivered, and was amplified when Stx1a was delivered 3 hours prior to Stx2a. Cointoxication with an Stx1a active site toxoid also reduced Stx2a toxicity. Conclusions. These studies suggest that Stx1a reduces Stx2a-mediated toxicity, a finding that may explain why STEC that produce only Stx2a are associated with more severe disease than strains producing Stx1a and Stx2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Russo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela R Melton-Celsa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alison D O'Brien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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Carnicelli D, Arfilli V, Ricci F, Velati C, Tazzari PL, Brigotti M. The Antibiotic Polymyxin B Impairs the Interactions between Shiga Toxins and Human Neutrophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1177-85. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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He X, Quiñones B, Loo MT, Loos S, Scavia G, Brigotti M, Levtchenko E, Monnens L. Serum Shiga toxin 2 values in patients during acute phase of diarrhoea-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:e564-8. [PMID: 26361237 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Shiga toxins are delivered via systemic circulation and are considered to be the cause of diarrhoea-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), as they injure endothelial cells, particularly in the glomeruli. This study measured Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) in the serum of children affected in by HUS due to Stx2 producing Escherichia coli. METHODS The concentration of free Stx2 was measured in the serum of 16 children, collected immediately after admission to the clinic in the acute phase of HUS, using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The family members of two children were also investigated, with the relative toxicity of Stx2 assessed by a Vero cell-based fluorescent assay. RESULTS Stx2 was found in the serum of eight of the 16 children who were investigated. It was also detected in four of the six family members not showing symptomatic HUS, with an extremely high level in two. CONCLUSION An absent or rather low concentration of Stx2 was found in the serum of children admitted to the clinic with diarrhoea-associated HUS. The high concentration of Stx2 in family members without HUS, but mostly with watery diarrhoea and raised functional activity, was in line with the concept of early injury by Stx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua He
- US Department of Agriculture; ARS; WRRC; Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit; Albany NY USA
| | - Beatriz Quiñones
- US Department of Agriculture; ARS; WRRC; Produce Safety and Microbiology Unit; Albany NY USA
| | - Maroeska Te Loo
- Department of Pediatrics; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Loos
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology; Department of Pediatrics; University Medical Center; Hamburg Germany
| | - Gaia Scavia
- EU Reference Laboratory for E. coli; Instituto Superiore di Sanita; Rome Italy
| | - Maurizio Brigotti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale; Sede di Patologia Generale; Universita di Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Growth and Regeneration; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Leo Monnens
- Department of Physiology; Radboud University; Nijmegen Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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A rapid and sensitive method to measure the functional activity of Shiga toxins in human serum. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4564-76. [PMID: 26556372 PMCID: PMC4663520 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7114564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stx) have a definite role in the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome in children with hemorrhagic colitis caused by pathogenic Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains. The dramatic effects of these toxins on the microvasculature of different organs, particularly of the kidney, are well known, whereas there is no consensus on the mechanism by which Stx reach the endothelia of target organs and/or indirectly injure these body sites. We hereby describe a quick (4 h), radioactive, Raji cell-based method designed for the detection of Stx in human sera. The assay monitors the translation impairment induced by these powerful inhibitors of protein synthesis, which are identified properly by neutralizing their activity with specific monoclonal antibodies. By this method, we detected for the first time the functional activity of Stx in sera of STEC-infected patients during hemorrhagic colitis. Recent research has pointed to a dynamic process of Stx-induced renal intoxication in which concurrent and interactive steps are involved. Our rapid and specific method could be useful for studying the kinetics of Stx during the natural course of STEC infection and the interplay between Stx activity in serum and Stx presence in different blood fractions (neutrophils, monocytes, platelets, leukocyte-platelet aggregates, microvesicles, lipoproteins).
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Steil D, Schepers CL, Pohlentz G, Legros N, Runde J, Humpf HU, Karch H, Müthing J. Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors of Vero-B4 kidney epithelial cells and their membrane microdomain lipid environment. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2322-36. [PMID: 26464281 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m063040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), which cause human infections with an often fatal outcome. Vero cell lines, derived from African green monkey kidney, represent the gold standard for determining the cytotoxic effects of Stxs. Despite their global use, knowledge about the exact structures of the Stx receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and their assembly in lipid rafts is poor. Here we present a comprehensive structural analysis of Stx receptor GSLs and their distribution to detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), which were prepared from Vero-B4 cells and used as lipid raft equivalents. We identified globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) as the GSL receptors for Stx1a, Stx2a, and Stx2e subtypes using TLC overlay detection combined with MS. The uncommon Stx receptor, globopentaosylceramide (Gb5Cer, Galβ3GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer), which was specifically recognized (in addition to Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer) by Stx2e, was fully structurally characterized. Lipoforms of Stx receptor GSLs were found to mainly harbor ceramide moieties composed of sphingosine (d18:1) and C24:0/C24:1 or C16:0 fatty acid. Moreover, co-occurrence with lipid raft markers, SM and cholesterol, in DRMs suggested GSL association with membrane microdomains. This study provides the basis for further exploring the functional impact of lipid raft-associated Stx receptors for toxin-mediated injury of Vero-B4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Steil
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Nadine Legros
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Runde
- Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Helge Karch
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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The Dramatic Modulatory Role of the 2'N Substitution of the Terminal Amino Hexose of Globotetraosylceramide in Determining Binding by Members of the Verotoxin Family. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Basu D, Tumer NE. Do the A subunits contribute to the differences in the toxicity of Shiga toxin 1 and Shiga toxin 2? Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1467-85. [PMID: 25938272 PMCID: PMC4448158 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC) is one of the leading causes of food-poisoning around the world. Some STEC strains produce Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and/or Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) or variants of either toxin, which are critical for the development of hemorrhagic colitis (HC) or hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Currently, there are no therapeutic treatments for HC or HUS. E. coli O157:H7 strains carrying Stx2 are more virulent and are more frequently associated with HUS, which is the most common cause of renal failure in children in the US. The basis for the increased potency of Stx2 is not fully understood. Shiga toxins belong to the AB5 family of protein toxins with an A subunit, which depurinates a universally conserved adenine residue in the α-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of the 28S rRNA and five copies of the B subunit responsible for binding to cellular receptors. Recent studies showed differences in the structure, receptor binding, dependence on ribosomal proteins and pathogenicity of Stx1 and Stx2 and supported a role for the B subunit in differential toxicity. However, the current data do not rule out a potential role for the A1 subunits in the differential toxicity of Stx1 and Stx2. This review highlights the recent progress in understanding the differences in the A1 subunits of Stx1 and Stx2 and their role in defining toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debaleena Basu
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
| | - Nilgun E Tumer
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA.
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Ståhl AL, Arvidsson I, Johansson KE, Chromek M, Rebetz J, Loos S, Kristoffersson AC, Békássy ZD, Mörgelin M, Karpman D. A novel mechanism of bacterial toxin transfer within host blood cell-derived microvesicles. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004619. [PMID: 25719452 PMCID: PMC4342247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is the main virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, which are non-invasive strains that can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), associated with renal failure and death. Although bacteremia does not occur, bacterial virulence factors gain access to the circulation and are thereafter presumed to cause target organ damage. Stx was previously shown to circulate bound to blood cells but the mechanism by which it would potentially transfer to target organ cells has not been elucidated. Here we show that blood cell-derived microvesicles, shed during HUS, contain Stx and are found within patient renal cortical cells. The finding was reproduced in mice infected with Stx-producing Escherichia coli exhibiting Stx-containing blood cell-derived microvesicles in the circulation that reached the kidney where they were transferred into glomerular and peritubular capillary endothelial cells and further through their basement membranes followed by podocytes and tubular epithelial cells, respectively. In vitro studies demonstrated that blood cell-derived microvesicles containing Stx undergo endocytosis in glomerular endothelial cells leading to cell death secondary to inhibited protein synthesis. This study demonstrates a novel virulence mechanism whereby bacterial toxin is transferred within host blood cell-derived microvesicles in which it may evade the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-lie Ståhl
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ida Arvidsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl E. Johansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Milan Chromek
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Rebetz
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Loos
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Zivile D. Békássy
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Aigal S, Claudinon J, Römer W. Plasma membrane reorganization: A glycolipid gateway for microbes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:858-71. [PMID: 25450969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-receptor interactions, which represent the core for cell signaling and internalization processes are largely affected by the spatial configuration of host cell receptors. There is a growing piece of evidence that receptors are not homogeneously distributed within the plasma membrane, but are rather pre-clustered in nanodomains, or clusters are formed upon ligand binding. Pathogens have evolved many strategies to evade the host immune system and to ensure their survival by hijacking plasma membrane receptors that are most often associated with lipid rafts. In this review, we discuss the early stage molecular and physiological events that occur following ligand binding to host cell glycolipids. The ability of various biological ligands (e.g. toxins, lectins, viruses or bacteria) that bind to glycolipids to induce their own uptake into mammalian cells by creating negative membrane curvature and membrane invaginations is explored. We highlight recent trends in understanding nanoscale plasma membrane (re-)organization and present the benefits of using synthetic membrane systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nanoscale membrane organisation and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahaja Aigal
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Julie Claudinon
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Mohsin M, Guenther S, Schierack P, Tedin K, Wieler LH. Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 reduces growth, Shiga toxin expression, release and thus cytotoxicity of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 305:20-6. [PMID: 25465158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to increased release or production of Shiga toxin by Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) after exposure to antimicrobial agents, the role of antimicrobial agents in EHEC mediated infections remains controversial. Probiotics are therefore rapidly gaining interest as an alternate therapeutic option. The well-known probiotic strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) was tested in vitro to determine its probiotic effects on growth, Shiga toxin (Stx) gene expression, Stx amount and associated cytotoxicity on the most important EHEC strains of serotype O104:H4 and O157:H7. Following co-culture of EcN:EHEC in broth for 4 and 24 h, the probiotic effects on EHEC growth, toxin gene expression, Stx amount and cytotoxicity were determined using quantitative real time-PCR, Stx-ELISA and Vero cytotoxicity assays. Probiotic EcN strongly reduced EHEC numbers (cfu) of O104:H4 up to (68%) and O157:H7 to (72.2%) (p<0.05) in LB broth medium whereas the non-probiotic E. coli strain MG1655 had no effect on EHEC growth. The level of stx expression was significantly down-regulated, particularly for the stx2a gene. The stx down-regulation in EcN co-culture was not due to reduced numbers of EHEC. A significant inhibition in Stx amounts and cytotoxicity were also observed in sterile supernatants of EcN:EHEC co-cultures. These findings indicate that probiotic EcN displays strong inhibitory effects on growth, Shiga toxin gene expression, amount and cytotoxicity of EHEC strains. Thus, EcN may be considered as a putative therapeutic candidate, in particular against EHEC O104:H4 and O157:H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashkoor Mohsin
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schierack
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar H Wieler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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