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Fitzgerald SF, Mitchell MC, Holmes A, Allison L, Chase-Topping M, Lupolova N, Wells B, Gally DL, McNeilly TN. Prevalence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 in Wild Scottish Deer with High Human Pathogenic Potential. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2795. [PMID: 37685059 PMCID: PMC10486872 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infections associated with wildlife are increasing globally, highlighting many 'spillover' species as important reservoirs for these zoonotic pathogens. A human outbreak of STEC serogroup O157 in 2015 in Scotland, associated with the consumption of venison meat products, highlighted several knowledge gaps, including the prevalence of STEC O157 in Scottish wild deer and the potential risk to humans from wild deer isolates. In this study, we undertook a nationwide survey of wild deer in Scotland and determined that the prevalence of STEC O157 in wild deer is low 0.28% (95% confidence interval = 0.06-0.80). Despite the low prevalence of STEC O157 in Scottish wild deer, identified isolates were present in deer faeces at high levels (>104 colony forming units/g faeces) and had high human pathogenic potential based on whole genome sequencing and virulence gene profiling. A retrospective epidemiological investigation also identified one wild deer isolate from this study as a possible source of a Scottish human outbreak in 2017. These results emphasise the importance of food hygiene practices during the processing of wild deer carcasses for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Fitzgerald
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 OPZ, UK
| | - Mairi C. Mitchell
- Scottish E. coli O157/STEC Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK (L.A.)
| | - Anne Holmes
- Scottish E. coli O157/STEC Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK (L.A.)
| | - Lesley Allison
- Scottish E. coli O157/STEC Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK (L.A.)
| | - Margo Chase-Topping
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Nadejda Lupolova
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Beth Wells
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 OPZ, UK
| | - David L. Gally
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tom N. McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 OPZ, UK
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Elshimy R, Zedan H, Elmorsy TH, Khattab RA. Prevalence and In Vivo Assessment of Virulence in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates from Greater Cairo Area. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:407-415. [PMID: 37579256 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2022.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has been identified as an important etiologic agent of human disease in Egypt. Aims: To investigate the occurrence and describe the characterization as well as prevalence of STEC in Greater Cairo hospitals as well as molecular characterization of virulence and resistance genes. Methods: Four hundred seventy E. coli clinical isolates were collected from eight hospitals and analyzed by genotypic and phenotypic methods for STEC, followed by histopathological examination and scoring of different organs lesions. Results: The highest proportion of isolates was from urine (151 isolates), whereas the lowest was from splenic drain (3 isolates). In tandem, when serogrouping was performed, 15 serogroups were obtained where the most prevalent was O157 and the least prevalent was O151. All isolates were positive when screened for identity gene gad A, while only typable strains were screened for seven virulence genes stx1 (gene encoding Shiga toxin 1), stx2 (gene encoding Shiga toxin 2), tsh (gene encoding thermostable hemagglutinin), eaeA (gene encoding intimin), invE (gene encoding invasion protein), aggR (gene encoding aggregative adherence transcriptional regulator), and astA (aspartate transaminase) where the prevalence was 48%, 30%, 50%, 57%, 7.5%, 12%, and 58%, respectively. Of 254 typable isolates, 152 were STEC carrying stx1 or stx2 genes or both. Conclusions: Relying on in vivo comparison between different E. coli pathotypes via histopathological examination of different organs, E. coli pathotypes could be divided into mild virulent, moderate virulent, and high virulent strains. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlation between different serogroups and presence of virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Elshimy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Hamdallah Zedan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek H Elmorsy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza, Egypt
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Kudva IT, Biernbaum EN, Cassmann ED, Palmer MV. Bovine Rectoanal Junction In Vitro Organ Culture Model System to Study Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Adherence. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1289. [PMID: 37317263 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating the interactions between Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) and the bovine recto-anal junction (RAJ) have been limited to either in vitro analyses of bacteria, cells, or nucleic acids at the RAJ, providing limited information. Alternatively, expensive in vivo studies in animals have been conducted. Therefore, our objective was to develop a comprehensive in vitro organ culture system of the RAJ (RAJ-IVOC) that accurately represents all cell types present in the RAJ. This system would enable studies that yield results similar to those observed in vivo. Pieces of RAJ tissue, obtained from unrelated cattle necropsies, were assembled and subjected to various tests in order to determine the optimal conditions for assaying bacterial adherence in a viable IVOC. O157 strain EDL933 and E. coli K12 with known adherence differences were used to standardize the RAJ-IVOC adherence assay. Tissue integrity was assessed using cell viability, structural cell markers, and histopathology, while the adherence of bacteria was evaluated via microscopy and culture methods. DNA fingerprinting verified the recovered bacteria against the inoculum. When the RAJ-IVOC was assembled in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, maintained at a temperature of 39 °C with 5% CO2 and gentle shaking for a duration of 3-4 h, it successfully preserved tissue integrity and reproduced the expected adherence phenotype of the bacteria being tested. The RAJ-IVOC model system provides a convenient method to pre-screen multiple bacteria-RAJ interactions prior to in vivo experiments, thereby reducing animal usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Erika N Biernbaum
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Eric D Cassmann
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Sharma VK, Akavaram S, Bayles DO. Genomewide transcriptional response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to norepinephrine. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:107. [PMID: 35135480 PMCID: PMC8822769 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chemical signaling between a mammalian host and intestinal microbes is health and maintenance of ‘healthy’ intestinal microbiota. Escherichia coli O157:H7 can hijack host- and microbiota-produced chemical signals for survival in a harsh and nutritionally competitive gastrointestinal environment and for intestinal colonization. Norepinephrine (NE) produced by sympathetic neurons of the enteric nervous system has been shown in vitro to induce expression of genes controlling E. coli O157:H7 swimming motility, acid resistance, and adherence to epithelial cells. A previous study used a microarray approach to identify differentially expressed genes in E. coli O157:H7 strain EDL933 in response to NE. To elucidate a comprehensive transcriptional response to NE, we performed RNA-Seq on rRNA-depleted RNA of E. coli O157:H7 strain NADC 6564, an isolate of a foodborne E. coli O157:H7 strain 86–24. The reads generated by RNA-Seq were mapped to NADC 6564 genome using HiSat2. The mapped reads were quantified by htseq-count against the genome of strain NADC 6564. The differentially expressed genes were identified by analyzing quantified reads by DESeq2. Results Of the 585 differentially expressed genes (≥ 2.0-fold; p < 0.05), many encoded pathways promoting ability of E. coli O157:H7 strain NADC 6564 to colonize intestines of carrier animals and to produce disease in an incidental human host through increased adherence to epithelial cells and production of Shiga toxins. In addition, NE exposure also induced the expression of genes encoding pathways conferring prolonged survival at extreme acidity, controlling influx/efflux of specific nutrients/metabolites, and modulating tolerance to various stressors. A correlation was also observed between the EvgS/EvgA signal transduction system and the ability of bacterial cells to survive exposure to high acidity for several hours. Many genes involved in nitrogen, sulfur, and amino acid uptake were upregulated while genes linked to iron (Fe3+) acquisition and transport were downregulated. Conclusion The availability of physiological levels of NE in gastrointestinal tract could serve as an important cue for E. coli O157:H7 to engineer its virulence, stress, and metabolic pathways for colonization in reservoir animals, such as cattle, causing illness in humans, and surviving outside of a host. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08167-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Sharma
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS-USDA, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
| | - Suryatej Akavaram
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS-USDA, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.,Current address: 4302 TX-332, Freeport, TX, 77541, USA
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS-USDA, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
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Al Safadi R, Korir ML, Manning SD. Nitric Oxide Induced stx2 Expression Is Inhibited by the Nitric Oxide Reductase, NorV, in a Clade 8 Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreak Strain. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010106. [PMID: 35056555 PMCID: PMC8779985 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 pathogenesis is due to Shiga toxin (Stx) production, though variation in virulence has been observed. Clade 8 strains, for instance, were shown to overproduce Stx and were more common among hemolytic uremic syndrome cases. One candidate gene, norV, which encodes a nitric oxide (NO) reductase found in a clade 8 O157:H7 outbreak strain (TW14359), was thought to impact virulence. Hence, we screened for norV in 303 O157 isolates representing multiple clades, examined stx2 expression following NO exposure in TW14359 for comparison to an isogenic mutant (ΔnorV), and evaluated survival in THP-1 derived macrophages. norV was intact in strains representing clades 6-9, whereas a 204 bp deletion was found in clades 2 and 3. During anaerobic growth, NO induced stx2 expression in TW14359. A similar increase in stx2 expression was observed for the ΔnorV mutant in anaerobiosis, though it was not impaired in its ability to survive within macrophages relative to TW14359. Altogether, these data suggest that NO enhances virulence by inducing Stx2 production in TW14359, and that toxin production is inhibited by NorV encoded by a gene found in most clade 8 strains. The mechanism linked to these responses, however, remains unclear and likely varies across genotypes.
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Tack DM, Kisselburgh HM, Richardson LC, Geissler A, Griffin PM, Payne DC, Gleason BL. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Outbreaks in the United States, 2010-2017. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071529. [PMID: 34361964 PMCID: PMC8307841 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause illnesses ranging from mild diarrhea to ischemic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS); serogroup O157 is the most common cause. We describe the epidemiology and transmission routes for U.S. STEC outbreaks during 2010–2017. Health departments reported 466 STEC outbreaks affecting 4769 persons; 459 outbreaks had a serogroup identified (330 O157, 124 non-O157, 5 both). Among these, 361 (77%) had a known transmission route: 200 foodborne (44% of O157 outbreaks, 41% of non-O157 outbreaks), 87 person-to-person (16%, 24%), 49 animal contact (11%, 9%), 20 water (4%, 5%), and 5 environmental contamination (2%, 0%). The most common food category implicated was vegetable row crops. The distribution of O157 and non-O157 outbreaks varied by age, sex, and severity. A significantly higher percentage of STEC O157 than non-O157 outbreaks were transmitted by beef (p = 0.02). STEC O157 outbreaks also had significantly higher rates of hospitalization and HUS (p < 0.001).
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Engelen F, Thiry D, Devleesschauwer B, Heyndrickx M, Mainil J, De Zutter L, Cox E. Pathogenic potential of Escherichia coli O157 and O26 isolated from young Belgian dairy calves by recto-anal mucosal swab culturing. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:964-972. [PMID: 33103320 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Escherichia coli O157 and O26 on Belgian dairy cattle farms, the presence of virulence genes in the confirmed isolates and the association of E. coli O26 presence with calf diarrhoea. METHODS AND RESULTS In total, 233 recto-anal mucosal swabs (RAMS) were obtained from healthy and diarrheic dairy calves on three farms, each alternately visited three consecutive times. RAMS were analysed for presence of E. coli O157 and O26, and stx1, stx2 and eae virulence genes. Overall, 19% of RAMS tested positive for E. coli O157, while 31% tested positive for E. coli O26. The majority of isolates possessed both stx and eae, denoting a high pathogenic potential to humans. While both serogroups persisted at farm level, persistence within the same animal over time appeared to be relatively rare. Interestingly, E. coli O26 was already abundantly present at a younger age compared to E. coli O157. Calf diarrhoea could not be associated with presence of E. coli O26. CONCLUSIONS Young dairy calves are important on-farm reservoirs of potentially pathogenic E. coli O157 and O26. A role of E. coli O26 in calf diarrhoea could not be confirmed. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY O157 and O26 are responsible for the majority of human STEC infections. Gaining more epidemiological information regarding their occurrence and persistence on cattle farms will contribute to a better understanding of STEC ecology and risk of human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Engelen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University (UGent), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH) and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| | - B Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Heyndrickx
- Unit Technology and Food, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - J Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH) and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| | - L De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University (UGent), Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abstract
Many cattle are persistently colonized with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and represent a major source of human infections with human-pathogenic STEC strains (syn. enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)). Intervention strategies most effectively protecting humans best aim at the limitation of bovine STEC shedding. Mechanisms enabling STEC to persist in cattle are only partialy understood. Cattle were long believed to resist the detrimental effects of Shiga toxins (Stxs), potent cytotoxins acting as principal virulence factors in the pathogenesis of human EHEC-associated diseases. However, work by different groups, summarized in this review, has provided substantial evidence that different types of target cells for Stxs exist in cattle. Peripheral and intestinal lymphocytes express the Stx receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3syn. CD77) in vitro and in vivo in an activation-dependent fashion with Stx-binding isoforms expressed predominantly at early stages of the activation process. Subpopulations of colonic epithelial cells and macrophage-like cells, residing in the bovine mucosa in proximity to STEC colonies, are also targeted by Stxs. STEC-inoculated calves are depressed in mounting appropriate cellular immune responses which can be overcome by vaccination of the animals against Stxs early in life before encountering STEC. Considering Stx target cells and the resulting effects of Stxs in cattle, which significantly differ from effects implicated in human disease, may open promising opportunities to improve existing yet insufficient measures to limit STEC carriage and shedding by the principal reservoir host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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9
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Pintara A, Jennison A, Rathnayake IU, Mellor G, Huygens F. Core and Accessory Genome Comparison of Australian and International Strains of O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:566415. [PMID: 33013798 PMCID: PMC7498637 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.566415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne pathogen, and serotype O157:H7 is typically associated with severe disease. Australian STEC epidemiology differs from many other countries, as severe outbreaks and HUS cases appear to be more often associated with non-O157 serogroups. It is not known why Australian strains of O157 STEC might differ in virulence to international strains. Here we investigate the reduced virulence of Australian strains. Multiple genetic analyses were performed, including SNP-typing, to compare the core genomes of the Australian to the international isolates, and accessory genome analysis to determine any significant differences in gene presence/absence that could be associated with their phenotypic differences in virulence. The most distinct difference between the isolates was the absence of the stx2a gene in all Australian isolates, with few other notable differences observed in the core and accessory genomes of the O157 STEC isolates analyzed in this study. The presence of stx1a in most Australian isolates was another notable observation. Acquisition of stx2a seems to coincide with the emergence of highly pathogenic STEC. Due to the lack of other notable genotypic differences observed between Australian and international isolates characterized as highly pathogenic, this may be further evidence that the absence of stx2a in Australian O157 STEC could be a significant characteristic defining its mild virulence. Further work investigating the driving force(s) behind Stx prophage loss and acquisition is needed to determine if this potential exists in Australian O157 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pintara
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy Jennison
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Irani U. Rathnayake
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen Mellor
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Archerfield, QLD, Australia
| | - Flavia Huygens
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Menge C. Molecular Biology of Escherichia Coli Shiga Toxins' Effects on Mammalian Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E345. [PMID: 32456125 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs), syn. Vero(cyto)toxins, are potent bacterial exotoxins and the principal virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), a subset of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC strains, e.g., strains of serovars O157:H7 and O104:H4, may cause individual cases as well as large outbreaks of life-threatening diseases in humans. Stxs primarily exert a ribotoxic activity in the eukaryotic target cells of the mammalian host resulting in rapid protein synthesis inhibition and cell death. Damage of endothelial cells in the kidneys and the central nervous system by Stxs is central in the pathogenesis of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans and edema disease in pigs. Probably even more important, the toxins also are capable of modulating a plethora of essential cellular functions, which eventually disturb intercellular communication. The review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the time course and the consecutive steps of Stx/cell interactions at the molecular level. Intervention measures deduced from an in-depth understanding of this molecular interplay may foster our basic understanding of cellular biology and microbial pathogenesis and pave the way to the creation of host-directed active compounds to mitigate the pathological conditions of STEC infections in the mammalian body.
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11
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Mir RA, Schaut RG, Looft T, Allen HK, Sharma VK, Kudva IT. Recto-Anal Junction (RAJ) and Fecal Microbiomes of Cattle Experimentally Challenged With Escherichia coli O157:H7. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:693. [PMID: 32362883 PMCID: PMC7181329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle are the asymptomatic reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) that preferentially colonizes the bovine recto-anal junction (RAJ). Understanding the influence of O157 on the diversity of the RAJ microbiota could give insights into its persistence at the RAJ in cattle. Hence, we compared changes in bovine RAJ and fecal microbiota following O157 challenge under experimental conditions. Cattle were either orally challenged (n = 4) with1010 CFU of a streptomycin-resistant O157 strain 86-24, or mock-challenged (n = 4) with phosphate buffered saline. Rectoanal mucosal swab (RAMS) and fecal samples were collected at different time points for analysis. Alpha diversity measures (Chao1 species richness and Shannon diversity index) were found to be significantly different between RAMS and fecal samples but not influenced by O157 challenge. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F: B) ratio was higher in RAMS samples from O157 colonized animals and this may have influenced the consistent yet decreased O157 colonization at the RAJ. Specific bacterial genera that were present in relative low abundance in fecal and RAMS microbiota did not affect overall microbial diversity but were associated with O157 colonization. Differential abundance analysis (DAA) of genera in samples from O157 shedding cattle indicated significantly higher relative abundance of Paenibacillus and Fusobacterium in RAMS, and Tyzzerella in fecal samples. Mock-challenged cattle showed higher relative abundance of Intestinimonas and Citrobacter in RAMS samples, and Succinivibrio, and Prevotella 1 in fecal samples. These results suggest that O157 challenge exerts transient influence on the intestinal microbial community which in turn might promote O157 colonization in a site-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raies A Mir
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Robert G Schaut
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Torey Looft
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Heather K Allen
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Vijay K Sharma
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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Wang Z, Fang Y, Zhi S, Simpson DJ, Gill A, McMullen LM, Neumann NF, Gänzle MG. The Locus of Heat Resistance Confers Resistance to Chlorine and Other Oxidizing Chemicals in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02123-19. [PMID: 31811037 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02123-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some chlorine-resistant Escherichia coli isolates harbor the locus of heat resistance (LHR), a genomic island conferring heat resistance. In this study, the protective effect of the LHR for cells challenged by chlorine and oxidative stress was quantified. Cloning of the LHR protected against NaClO (32 mM; 5 min), H2O2 (120 mM; 5 min), and peroxyacetic acid (105 mg/liter; 5 min) but not against 5.8 mM KIO4, 10 mM acrolein, or 75 mg/liter allyl isothiocyanate. The lethality of oxidizing treatments for LHR-negative strains of E. coli was about 2 log10 CFU/ml higher than that for LHR-positive strains of E. coli The oxidation of cytoplasmic proteins and membrane lipids was quantified with the fusion probe roGFP2-Orp1 and the fluorescent probe BODIPY581/591, respectively. The fragment of the LHR coding for heat shock proteins protected cytoplasmic proteins but not membrane lipids against oxidation. The middle fragment of the LHR protected against the oxidation of membrane lipids but not of cytoplasmic proteins. The addition of H2O2, NaClO, and peroxyacetic acid also induced green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in the oxidation-sensitive reporter strain E. coli O104:H4 Δstx 2::gfp::amp Cloning of pLHR reduced phage induction in E. coli O104:H4 Δstx 2::gfp::amp after treatment with oxidizing chemicals. Screening of 160 strains of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) revealed that none of them harbors the LHR, additionally suggesting that the LHR and Stx prophages are mutually exclusive. Taking our findings together, the contribution of the LHR to resistance to chlorine and oxidative stress is based on the protection of multiple cellular targets by different proteins encoded by the genetic island.IMPORTANCE Chlorine treatments are used in water and wastewater sanitation; the resistance of Escherichia coli to chlorine is thus of concern to public health. We show that a genetic island termed the locus of heat resistance (LHR) protects E. coli not only against heat but also against chlorine and other oxidizing chemicals, adding to our knowledge of the tools used by E. coli to resist stress. Specific detection of the oxidation of different cellular targets in combination with the cloning of fragments of the LHR provided insight into mechanisms of protection and demonstrated that different fragments of the LHR protect different cellular targets. In E. coli, the presence of the LHR virtually always excluded other virulence factors. It is tempting to speculate that the LHR is maintained by strains of E. coli with an environmental lifestyle but is excluded by pathogenic strains that adapted to interact with vertebrate hosts.
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Garimano N, Amaral MM, Ibarra C. Endocytosis, Cytotoxicity, and Translocation of Shiga Toxin-2 Are Stimulated by Infection of Human Intestinal (HCT-8) Monolayers With an Hypervirulent E. coli O157:H7 Lacking stx2 Gene. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:396. [PMID: 31824869 PMCID: PMC6881261 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are responsible for multiple clinical syndromes, including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). E. coli O157:H7 is the most prevalent serotype associated with HUS and produces a variety of virulence factors being Stx2 the responsible of the most HUS severe cases. After intestinal colonization by STEC, Stx2 is released into the intestinal lumen, translocated to the circulatory system and then binds to its receptor, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), in target cells. Thus, Stx2 passage through the colonic epithelial barrier is a key step in order to produce disease, being its mechanisms still poorly understood. We have previously reported that STEC interaction with the human colonic mucosa enhanced Stx2 production. In the present work, we have demonstrated that infection with O157:H7Δstx2, a mutant unable to produce Stx2, enhanced either Stx2 cytotoxicity on an intestinal cell line (HCT-8), or translocation across HCT-8 monolayers. Moreover, we found that translocation was enhanced by both paracellular and transcellular pathways. Using specific endocytosis inhibitors, we have further demonstrated that the main mechanisms implicated on Stx2 endocytosis and translocation, either when O157:H7Δstx2 was present or not, were Gb3-dependent, but dynamin-independent. On the other hand, dynamin dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis became more relevant only when O157:H7Δstx2 infection was present. Overall, this study highlights the effects of STEC infection on the intestinal epithelial cell host and the mechanisms underlying Stx2 endocytosis, cytotoxic activity and translocation, in the aim of finding new tools toward a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Garimano
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Marta Amaral
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sharma VK, Akavaram S, Schaut RG, Bayles DO. Comparative genomics reveals structural and functional features specific to the genome of a foodborne Escherichia coli O157:H7. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:196. [PMID: 30849935 PMCID: PMC6408774 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) has been linked to numerous foodborne disease outbreaks. The ability to rapidly sequence and analyze genomes is important for understanding epidemiology, virulence, survival, and evolution of outbreak strains. In the current study, we performed comparative genomics to determine structural and functional features of the genome of a foodborne O157 isolate NADC 6564 and infer its evolutionary relationship to other O157 strains. Results The chromosome of NADC 6564 contained 5466 kb compared to reference strains Sakai (5498 kb) and EDL933 (5547 kb) and shared 41 of its 43 Linear Conserved Blocks (LCB) with the reference strains. However, 18 of 41 LCB had inverse orientation in NADC 6564 compared to the reference strains. NADC 6564 shared 18 of 19 bacteriophages with reference strains except that the chromosomal positioning of some of the phages differed among these strains. The additional phage (P19) of NADC 6564 was located on a 39-kb insertion element (IE) encoding several hypothetical proteins, an integrase, transposases, transcriptional regulators, an adhesin, and a phosphoethanolamine transferase (PEA). The complete homologs of the 39-kb IE were found in E. coli PCN061 of porcine origin. The IE-encoded PEA showed low homology (32–33%) to four other PEA in NADC 6564 and PEA linked to mobilizable colistin resistance in E. coli but was highly homologous (95%) to a PEA of uropathogenic, avian pathogenic, and enteroaggregative E. coli. NADC 6564 showed slightly higher minimum inhibitory concentration of colistin compared to the reference strains. The 39-kb IE also contained dndBCDE and dptFGH operons encoding DNA S-modification and a restriction pathway, linked to oxidative stress tolerance and self-defense against foreign DNA, respectively. Evolutionary tree analysis grouped NADC 6564 with lineage I O157 strains. Conclusions These results indicated that differential phage counts and different chromosomal positioning of many bacteriophages and genomic islands might have resulted in recombination events causing altered chromosomal organization in NADC 6564. Evolutionary analysis grouped NADC 6564 with lineage I strains and suggested its earlier divergence from these strains. The ability to perform S-DNA modification might affect tolerance of NADC 6564 to various stressors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5568-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Sharma
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
| | - Suryatej Akavaram
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Robert G Schaut
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, MS 36, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS-USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Kiel M, Sagory-Zalkind P, Miganeh C, Stork C, Leimbach A, Sekse C, Mellmann A, Rechenmann F, Dobrindt U. Identification of Novel Biomarkers for Priority Serotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and the Development of Multiplex PCR for Their Detection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1321. [PMID: 29997582 PMCID: PMC6028524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It would be desirable to have an unambiguous scheme for the typing of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates to subpopulations. Such a scheme should take the high genomic plasticity of E. coli into account and utilize the stratification of STEC into subgroups, based on serotype or phylogeny. Therefore, our goal was to identify specific marker combinations for improved classification of STEC subtypes. We developed and evaluated two bioinformatic pipelines for genomic marker identification from larger sets of bacterial genome sequences. Pipeline A performed all-against-all BLASTp analyses of gene products predicted in STEC genome test sets against a set of control genomes. Pipeline B identified STEC marker genes by comparing the STEC core proteome and the "pan proteome" of a non-STEC control group. Both pipelines defined an overlapping, but not identical set of discriminative markers for different STEC subgroups. Differential marker prediction resulted from differences in genome assembly, ORF finding and inclusion cut-offs in both workflows. Based on the output of the pipelines, we defined new specific markers for STEC serogroups and phylogenetic groups frequently associated with outbreaks and cases of foodborne illnesses. These included STEC serogroups O157, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145, Shiga toxin-positive enteroaggregative E. coli O104:H4, and HUS-associated sequence type (ST)306. We evaluated these STEC marker genes for their presence in whole genome sequence data sets. Based on the identified discriminative markers, we developed a multiplex PCR (mPCR) approach for detection and typing of the targeted STEC. The specificity of the mPCR primer pairs was verified using well-defined clinical STEC isolates as well as isolates from the ECOR, DEC, and HUSEC collections. The application of the STEC mPCR for food analysis was tested with inoculated milk. In summary, we evaluated two different strategies to screen large genome sequence data sets for discriminative markers and implemented novel marker genes found in this genome-wide approach into a DNA-based typing tool for STEC that can be used for the characterization of STEC from clinical and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kiel
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Céline Miganeh
- Genostar Bioinformatics, Montbonnot-Saint-Martin, France
| | - Christoph Stork
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Sharma VK, Schaut RG, Loving CL. Vaccination with killed whole-cells of Escherichia coli O157:H7 hha mutant emulsified with an adjuvant induced vaccine strain-specific serum antibodies and reduced E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:190-199. [PMID: 29778196 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) can cause from a mild diarrheal illness to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. Cattle are the primary reservoir for O157 and fecal shedding of O157 by these animals is a major risk factor in contamination of cattle hides and carcasses at slaughter. Vaccination is an important strategy to reduce fecal shedding of O157 in cattle. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of an inactivated vaccine strain of O157 formulated with an adjuvant. This vaccine strain was deleted of the hha gene enabling high level expression of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) encoded proteins required for O157 colonization in cattle. The inactivated vaccine strain emulsified with the adjuvant or suspended in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was injected in the neck muscles of two groups of weaned calves followed by a booster three weeks later with the corresponding formulation. Animals in groups 3 and 4 were injected similarly with the adjuvant and PBS, respectively. All animals were orally inoculated three weeks post-booster vaccination with a live culture of O157. The animals vaccinated with the adjuvanted vaccine showed higher serum antibody titers to the vaccine strain and shed O157 for a shorter duration and at lower numbers compared to the animals vaccinated with the non-adjuvanted vaccine, adjuvant-only, or PBS. Western blotting of the vaccine strain lysates showed higher immunoreactivity of serum IgG in vaccinated animals to several O157-specific proteins and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The vaccination induced IgG showed specificity to LEE-encoded proteins and outer membrane LPS as LEE and waaL deletion mutants, unable to produce LEE proteins and synthesize high molecular weight LPS, respectively, yielded significantly lower antibody titers compared to the parent vaccine strain. The positive reactivity of the immune serum was also observed for purified LEE-encoded proteins EspA and EspB. In conclusion, the results of this animal study showed that a two-dose regimen of an adjuvanted vaccine is capable of inducing O157-specific immune response that directly or indirectly reduced fecal shedding of O157 in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Sharma
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
| | - Robert G Schaut
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)/ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - Crystal L Loving
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
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Schaut RG, Loving CL, Sharma VK. Escherichia coli O157:H7 virulence factors differentially impact cattle and bison macrophage killing capacity. Microb Pathog 2018; 118:251-256. [PMID: 29588211 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, including cattle and bison, which are reservoirs of these zoonotic disease-causing bacteria. Healthy animals colonized by E. coli O157:H7 do not experience clinical symptoms of the disease induced by E. coli O157:H7 infections in humans; however, a variety of host immunological factors may play a role in the amount and frequency of fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by ruminant reservoirs. How gastrointestinal colonization by E. coli O157:H7 impacts these host animal immunological factors is unknown. Here, various isogenic mutant strains of a foodborne isolate of E. coli O157:H7 were used to evaluate bacterial killing capacity of macrophages of cattle and bison, the two ruminant species. Cattle macrophages demonstrated an enhanced ability to phagocytose and kill E. coli O157:H7 compared to bison macrophages, and killing ability was impacted by E. coli O157:H7 virulence gene expression. These findings suggest that the macrophage responses to E. coli O157:H7 might play a role in the variations observed in E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding by ruminants in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Schaut
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Crystal L Loving
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Vijay K Sharma
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Pintara AP, Guglielmino CJD, Rathnayake IU, Huygens F, Jennison AV. Molecular Prediction of the O157:H-Negative Phenotype Prevalent in Australian Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Cases Improves Concordance of In Silico Serotyping with Phenotypic Motility. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:e01906-17. [PMID: 29367299 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01906-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne pathogen, and serotype O157:H7 is typically associated with severe disease. Australia is unique in its STEC epidemiology, as severe cases are typically associated with non-O157 serogroups, and locally acquired O157 isolates are H-negative/nonmotile. The H-negative phenotype and reduced severity of disease compared to that associated with H7/motile strains are distinct features of Australian O157 strains, but the molecular mechanism behind this phenotype has not been reported. Accurate characterization of the H-negative phenotype is important in epidemiological surveillance of STEC. Serotyping is moving away from phenotype-based methods, as next generation sequencing allows rapid extrapolation of serotype through in silico detection of the O-antigen processing genes, wzx, wzy, wzm, and wzt, and the H-antigen gene, fliC The detection and genotyping of fliC alone is unable to determine the motility of the strain. Typically, most Australian O157:H-negative strains carry an H7 genotype yet phenotypically are nonmotile; thus, many are mischaracterized as H7 strains by in silico serotyping tools. Comparative genomic analysis of flagellar genes between Australian and international isolates was performed and an insertion at nucleotide (nt) 125 in the flgF gene was identified in H-negative isolates. Chi-square results showed that this insertion was significantly associated with the H-negative phenotype (P < 0.0001). Phylogenetic analysis was also completed and showed that the Australian H-negative isolates with the insertion in flgF represent a clade within the O157 serogroup, distinct from O157:H7 serotypes. This study provides a genetic target for inferring the nonmotile phenotype of Australian O157 STEC, which increases the predictive value of in silico serotyping.
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Tanaro JD, Pianciola LA, D'Astek BA, Piaggio MC, Mazzeo ML, Zolezzi G, Rivas M. Virulence profile of Escherichia coli O157 strains isolated from surface water in cattle breeding areas. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 66:484-490. [PMID: 29500840 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 is a worldwide concern. Cattle are their main reservoir and may contaminate watercourses through manure. We characterized a collection of 38 STEC O157:H7 strains isolated from surface water in feedlots areas (puddles inside pens formed after the rainfall or by spill around drinking troughs, and small water courses and lagoons, formed by runoff). Nineteen (50·0%) strains harboured stx2a /stx2c genes, 18 (47·4%) stx2c and one stx1a /stx2c . All strains harboured eae, ehxA, rfbO157 and fliCH7 genes, and the putative virulence determinants ECSP_0242, ECSP_2687 and ECSP_3620. All isolates tested as Lineage I/II by lineage-specific polymorphism assay-6. Nineteen (50%) belonged to the high virulent clade 8. The q21 allele was found in all strains and q933 /q21 alleles in 17 (44·7%). By XbaI-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, 29 strains were grouped into seven clusters. Four clusters grouped isolates from distant places separated by 150-250 km. This may be related to vectors, like birds, involved in their spread. Otherwise, three clusters contained isolates recovered at same places with intervals of 1-9 months. This could be explained by the high environmental persistence of STEC O157:H7. These strains recovered from surface water showed similar genotypes to those found in the bovine reservoir and in human diseases, and could be linked to the high incidence of haemolytic uremic syndrome in Argentina. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The challenge for the growing global demand for food is to find sustained production strategies without collateral effects. Intensive livestock operations generate large volumes of manure that can contaminate a finite resource, the water. This study shows how water contaminated by confined feeding operations can transport dangerous pathogens and warns to pay more attention to control and sanitation systems to prevent this type of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Tanaro
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad De Bromatología, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Gualeguaychú, Argentina
| | - L A Pianciola
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - B A D'Astek
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M C Piaggio
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad De Bromatología, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Gualeguaychú, Argentina
| | - M L Mazzeo
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - G Zolezzi
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kerangart S, Cournoyer B, Loukiadis E. C-source metabolic profilings of foodborne Shiga-toxin producing E. coli match serogroup differentiations and highlight functional adaptations. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:324-336. [PMID: 29217302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The tropism of pathogenic STEC for foodstuffs and cattle reservoir is related to functional specializations. An investigation of C-source utilization patterns among and between STEC serogroups was performed using omnilog phenotypic microarrays (OM). OM functional groupings were compared with STEC phylogroups, seropathotypes, EFSA's molecular risk assessment groups and serogroups. OM INT reduction activities of 37 STEC strains growing on 190 C-substrates were compared. Each strain had its own specific C-utilization profile but 23% of the substrates was used by all strains, 47% by none, and 30% was variably metabolized. Galactose, mannose, N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc), and N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) found in the mucus layer of the bovine small intestine were metabolized by all strains. The 56 most informative substrates divided the C-utilization patterns (CP) into three clusters with: (A) harboring all O157 and O145 strains; (B) all O26 strains, and (C) strains of the other serogroups. Significant correlations between INT reduction values of pair of strains per CP group supported these differentiations. CP of group A and B strains were respectively defective in the use of galactonic acid-γ-lactone and rhamnose. Most CP group C strains grew with l-lyxose. Adjusted Wallace coefficients analyses of the datasets indicated high probabilities for the prediction of the use of glycolic acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, l-lyxose and d-galactonic acid-γ-lactone and 5-keto-d-gluconic acid by a serogroup. The use of a C-substrate could be predicted from the classification of a strain into a phylogroup or seropathotype. Significantly lower numbers of C-substrates were used by seropathotype A strains like O157 ones. Improvements of STEC identification keys were proposed using the most discriminant C-substrates found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Kerangart
- University of Lyon, Research group on "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, University Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Benoit Cournoyer
- University of Lyon, Research group on "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, University Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France.
| | - Estelle Loukiadis
- University of Lyon, Research group on "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, University Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France; University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, LMAP, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (including VTEC), Marcy L'Etoile, France
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Stones DH, Fehr AGJ, Thompson L, Rocha J, Perez-Soto N, Madhavan VTP, Voelz K, Krachler AM. Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) as a Vertebrate Model Host To Study Colonization, Pathogenesis, and Transmission of Foodborne Escherichia coli O157. mSphere 2017; 2:e00365-17. [PMID: 28959735 DOI: 10.1128/mSphereDirect.00365-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne infections with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are a major cause of diarrheal illness in humans and can lead to severe complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome. Cattle and other ruminants are the main reservoir of EHEC, which enters the food chain through contaminated meat, dairy, or vegetables. Here, we describe the establishment of a vertebrate model for foodborne EHEC infection, using larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a host and the protozoan prey Paramecium caudatum as a vehicle. We follow pathogen release from the vehicle, intestinal colonization, microbe-host interactions, and microbial gene induction within a live vertebrate host, in real time, throughout the course of infection. We demonstrate that foodborne EHEC colonizes the gastrointestinal tract faster and establishes a higher burden than waterborne infection. Expression of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), a key EHEC virulence factor, was observed early during infection, mainly at sites that experience fluid shear, and required tight control to enable successful host colonization. EHEC infection led to strain- and LEE-dependent mortality in the zebrafish host. Despite the presence of the endogenous microbiota limiting EHEC colonization levels, EHEC colonization and virulence can be studied either under gnotobiotic conditions or against the backdrop of an endogenous (and variable) host microbiota. Finally, we show that the model can be used for investigation of factors affecting shedding and transmission of bacteria to naive hosts. Overall, this constitutes a useful model, which ideally complements the strengths of existing EHEC vertebrate models. IMPORTANCE Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a foodborne pathogen which can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and, in some cases, severe complications such as kidney failure in humans. Up to 30% of cattle are colonized with EHEC, which can enter the food chain through contaminated meat, dairy, and vegetables. In order to control infections and stop transmission, it is important to understand what factors allow EHEC to colonize its hosts, cause virulence, and aid transmission. Since this cannot be systematically studied in humans, it is important to develop animal models of infection and transmission. We developed a model which allows us to study foodborne infection in zebrafish, a vertebrate host that is transparent and genetically tractable. Our results show that foodborne infection is more efficient than waterborne infection and that the locus of enterocyte effacement is a key virulence determinant in the zebrafish model. It is induced early during infection, and loss of tight LEE regulation leads to a decreased bacterial burden and decreased host mortality. Overall, the zebrafish model allows us to study foodborne infection, including pathogen release from the food vehicle and gene regulation and its context of host-microbe interactions, as well as environmental shedding and transmission to naive hosts.
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Stenkamp-Strahm C, McConnel C, Hyatt DR, Magnuson R, Tenneson P, Linke L. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 Shedding in Preweaned Calves on Colorado Dairies. J Food Prot 2017; 80:990-993. [PMID: 28467189 PMCID: PMC9731608 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To gain insight into a potential age-related predisposition for Escherichia coli pathogen shedding on dairies, this pilot study measured the prevalence of E. coli O157 (ECO157) in the feces of preweaned dairy calves. An aim of this study was to link these outcomes with the concurrent environmental presence of ECO157 and dam ECO157 shedding elucidated in a parallel study. Recto-anal mucosal swabs and a subset of fecal grab samples were collected from calves (2 to 8 weeks of age; n = 399) monthly between December 2013 and June 2014 on three dairies in northern Colorado. A subset of calf dams (n = 111) were also sampled via fecal grab. Concurrently, environmental samples were collected from locations within the vicinity of the calves: farm tractor tires, steering wheels, hutches, buckets, and gloves from the research technicians and the employees involved in calf rearing. The presence of ECO157 and virulence genes was measured in the samples and confirmed via PCR. Of the calves, only 1 (0.25%) of 399 individuals shed during the time period, and the ECO157 strain detected carried no measured virulence genes (eaeA, stx1, and stx2). No difference was seen in detection between the recto-anal mucosal swabs and the fecal grab technique. In contrast, 32% (35 of 111) of the dams shed ECO157, with 1.8% (2 of 111) of the shed isolates containing virulence genes. No ECO157 was detected in the environmental samples. These outcomes demonstrate a disparity between dam and calf ECO157 shedding and indicate that preweaned calves, managed similarly to those of this study, probably have a minor influence on dairy contamination and the transmission of ECO157.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Stenkamp-Strahm
- 1 Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1644
| | - Craig McConnel
- 2 College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6610, USA
| | - Doreene R Hyatt
- 1 Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1644
| | - Roberta Magnuson
- 1 Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1644
| | - Paige Tenneson
- 1 Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1644
| | - Lyndsey Linke
- 1 Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1644
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Zhilyaev S, Cadavez V, Gonzales-Barron U, Phetxumphou K, Gallagher D. Meta-analysis on the effect of interventions used in cattle processing plants to reduce Escherichia coli contamination. Food Res Int 2017; 93:16-25. [PMID: 28290276 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cattle coming from feedlots to slaughter often harbor pathogenic E. coli that can contaminate final meat products. As a result, reducing pathogenic contamination during processing is a main priority. Unfortunately, food safety specialists face challenges when trying to determine optimal intervention strategies from published literature. Plant intervention literature results and methods vary significantly, making it difficult to implement interventions with any degree of certainty in their effectiveness. To create a more robust understanding of plant intervention effectiveness, a formal systematic literature review and meta-analysis was conducted on popular intervention methods. Effect size or intervention effectiveness was measured as raw log reduction, and modeled using study characteristics, such as intervention type, temperature of application, initial microbial concentration, etc. Least-squares means were calculated for intervention effectiveness separately on hide and on carcass surfaces. Heterogeneity between studies (I2) was assessed and factors influencing intervention effectiveness were identified. Least-squares mean reductions (log CFU/cm2) on carcass surfaces (n=249) were 1.44 [95% CI: 0.73-2.15] for acetic acid, 2.07 [1.48-2.65] for lactic acid, 3.09 [2.46-3.73] for steam vacuum, and 1.90 [1.33-2.47] for water wash. On hide surfaces (n=47), least-squares mean reductions were 2.21 [1.36-3.05] for acetic acid, 3.02 [2.16-3.88] for lactic acid, 3.66 [2.60-4.72] for sodium hydroxide, and 0.08 [-0.94-1.11] for water wash. Meta-regressions showed that initial microbial concentrations and timing of extra water washes were the most important predictors of intervention effectiveness. Unexplained variation remained high in carcass, hide, and lactic acid meta-regressions, suggesting that other significant moderators are yet to be identified. The results will allow plant managers and risk assessors to evaluate plant interventions, variation, and factors more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Zhilyaev
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States
| | - Vasco Cadavez
- CIMO Mountain Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Braganza, Braganza, Portugal
| | - Ursula Gonzales-Barron
- CIMO Mountain Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Braganza, Braganza, Portugal
| | - Katherine Phetxumphou
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States
| | - Daniel Gallagher
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States.
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Jaakkonen A, Salmenlinna S, Rimhanen-Finne R, Lundström H, Heinikainen S, Hakkinen M, Hallanvuo S. Severe Outbreak of Sorbitol-Fermenting Escherichia coli O157 via Unpasteurized Milk and Farm Visits, Finland 2012. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:468-475. [PMID: 28045227 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing, sorbitol-fermenting Escherichia coli O157 (SF O157) has emerged as a cause of severe human illness. Despite frequent human findings, its transmission routes and reservoirs remain largely unknown. Foodborne transmission and reservoir in cattle have been suspected, but with limited supporting evidence. This study describes the outbreak of SF O157 that occurred in Finland in 2012. The outbreak originated from a recreational farm selling unpasteurized milk, as revealed by epidemiologic and microbiological investigations, and involved six hospitalized children and two asymptomatic adults with culture-confirmed infection. An identical strain of SF O157 was isolated from patients, cattle and the farm environment, and epidemiologic analysis suggested unpasteurized milk as the vehicle of transmission. This study reports the first milkborne outbreak of SF O157, provides supporting evidence of cattle as a reservoir and highlights the health risks related to the consumption of unpasteurized milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jaakkonen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Salmenlinna
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Rimhanen-Finne
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - S Heinikainen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Hakkinen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Hallanvuo
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
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Oh KH, Jung SM, Shin E, Chung GT, Seong WK, Cho SH. Comparison of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 and EHEC Non-O157 Isolates from Patients with Diarrhea in Korea. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 70:320-322. [PMID: 28003591 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We compared 47 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 isolates with 184 EHEC non-O157 isolates from Korean patients with diarrhea. In the O157 group, the strains harboring both Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) were detected with highest frequency, whereas the strains harboring only stx1 gene were most frequently detected in the non-O157 group. Eight virulence genes (eaeA, hlyA, ehx, iha, efa1, tir, toxB, and espA) were found to show a higher frequency of occurrence in the O157 group than in the non-O157 group. In addition, the symptom of bloody diarrhea was exhibited at a higher rate in the O157 group (51.1%) than in the non-O157 group (16.8%). Our findings demonstrate that EHEC O157 strains are more frequently implicated in cases of bloody diarrhea in the Korean population than EHEC non-O157 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hwan Oh
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health
| | - Su-Mi Jung
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health
| | - Eunkyung Shin
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health
| | - Gyung Tae Chung
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health
| | - Won-Keun Seong
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health
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26
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Kudva IT, Carter MQ, Sharma VK, Stasko JA, Giron JA. Curli Temper Adherence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Squamous Epithelial Cells from the Bovine Recto-Anal Junction in a Strain-Dependent Manner. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02594-16. [PMID: 27742683 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02594-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent studies have shown that intimin and the locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded proteins do not play a role in Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) adherence to the bovine recto-anal junction squamous epithelial (RSE) cells. To define factors that play a contributory role, we investigated the role of curli, fimbrial adhesins commonly implicated in adherence to various fomites and plant and human epithelial cells, in O157 adherence to RSE cells. Specifically, we examined (i) wild-type strains of O157; (ii) curli variants of O157 strains; (iii) isogenic curli deletion mutants of O157; and (iv) adherence inhibition of O157 using anti-curlin sera. Results of these experiments conducted under stringent conditions suggest that curli do not solely contribute to O157 adherence to RSE cells and in fact demonstrate a modulating effect on O157 adherence to RSE cells in contrast to HEp-2 cells (human epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx cells with HeLa contamination). The absence of curli and presence of blocking anti-curli antibodies enhanced O157-RSE cell interactions among some strains, thus alluding to a spatial, tempering effect of curli on O157 adherence to RSE cells when present. At the same time, the presence or absence of curli did not alter RSE cell adherence patterns of another O157 strain. These observations are at variance with the reported role of curli in O157 adherence to human cell lines such as HEp-2 and need to be factored in when developing anti-adherence modalities for preharvest control of O157 in cattle. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrated that O157 strains interact with epithelial cells in a host-specific manner. The fimbriae/adhesins that are significant for adherence to human cell lines may not have a role or may have a modulating role in O157 adherence to bovine cells. Targeting such adhesins may not prevent O157 attachment to bovine cells but instead may result in improved adherence. Hence, conducting host-specific evaluations is critical when selecting targets for O157 control strategies.
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27
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Mellor GE, Fegan N, Duffy LL, McMILLAN KE, Jordan D, Barlow RS. National Survey of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Serotypes O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 in Australian Beef Cattle Feces. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1868-1874. [PMID: 28221921 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157 and six non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) serotypes (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145, colloquially referred to as the "big 6") have been classified as adulterants of raw nonintact beef products in the United States. While beef cattle are a known reservoir for the prototype STEC serotype, E. coli O157, less is known about the dissemination of non-O157 STEC serotypes in Australian cattle. In the present study, 1,500 fecal samples were collected at slaughter from adult (n =628) and young (n =286) beef cattle, adult (n =128) and young (n =143) dairy cattle, and veal calves (n = 315) across 31 Australian export-registered processing establishments. Fecal samples were enriched and tested for E. coli O157 and the big 6 STEC serotypes using BAX System PCR and immunomagnetic separation methods. Pathogenic STEC (pSTEC; isolates that possess stx, eae, and an O antigen marker for O157 or a big 6 serotype) were isolated from 115 samples (7.7%), of which 100 (6.7%) contained E. coli O157 and 19 (1.3%) contained a big 6 serotype. Four of the 115 samples contained multiple pSTEC serotypes. Among samples confirmed for big 6 pSTEC, 15 (1%) contained E. coli O26 and 4 (0.3%) contained E. coli O111. pSTEC of serotypes O45, O103, O121, and O145 were not isolated from any sample, even though genes indicative of E. coli belonging to these serotypes were detected by PCR. Analysis of animal classes revealed a higher pSTEC prevalence in younger animals, including veal (12.7%), young beef (9.8%), and young dairy (7.0%), than in adult animals, including adult beef (5.1%) and adult dairy (3.9%). This study is the largest of its kind undertaken in Australia. In contrast to E. coli O157 and consistent with previous findings, this study reports a relatively low prevalence of big 6 pSTEC serotypes in Australian cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen E Mellor
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Narelle Fegan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Lesley L Duffy
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Kate E McMILLAN
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- Department of Primary Industries, 1243 Bruxner Highway, Wollongbar, New South Wales 2477, Australia
| | - Robert S Barlow
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
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28
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Hara-Kudo Y, Konishi N, Ohtsuka K, Iwabuchi K, Kikuchi R, Isobe J, Yamazaki T, Suzuki F, Nagai Y, Yamada H, Tanouchi A, Mori T, Nakagawa H, Ueda Y, Terajima J. An interlaboratory study on efficient detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 in food using real-time PCR assay and chromogenic agar. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 230:81-8. [PMID: 27153219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To establish an efficient detection method for Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O26, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 in food, an interlaboratory study using all the serogroups of detection targets was firstly conducted. We employed a series of tests including enrichment, real-time PCR assays, and concentration by immunomagnetic separation, followed by plating onto selective agar media (IMS-plating methods). This study was particularly focused on the efficiencies of real-time PCR assays in detecting stx and O-antigen genes of the six serogroups and of IMS-plating methods onto selective agar media including chromogenic agar. Ground beef and radish sprouts samples were inoculated with the six STEC serogroups either at 4-6CFU/25g (low levels) or at 22-29CFU/25g (high levels). The sensitivity of stx detection in ground beef at both levels of inoculation with all six STEC serogroups was 100%. The sensitivity of stx detection was also 100% in radish sprouts at high levels of inoculation with all six STEC serogroups, and 66.7%-91.7% at low levels of inoculation. The sensitivity of detection of O-antigen genes was 100% in both ground beef and radish sprouts at high inoculation levels, while at low inoculation levels, it was 95.8%-100% in ground beef and 66.7%-91.7% in radish sprouts. The sensitivity of detection with IMS-plating was either the same or lower than those of the real-time PCR assays targeting stx and O-antigen genes. The relationship between the results of IMS-plating methods and Ct values of real-time PCR assays were firstly analyzed in detail. Ct values in most samples that tested negative in the IMS-plating method were higher than the maximum Ct values in samples that tested positive in the IMS-plating method. This study indicates that all six STEC serogroups in food contaminated with more than 29CFU/25g were detected by real-time PCR assays targeting stx and O-antigen genes and IMS-plating onto selective agar media. Therefore, screening of stx and O-antigen genes followed by isolation of STECs by IMS-plating methods may be an efficient method to detect the six STEC serogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
| | - Noriko Konishi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ohtsuka
- Saitama Institute of Public Health, 410-1, Ewai, Yoshimi-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama 355-0133, Japan
| | - Kaori Iwabuchi
- Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health of Iwate Prefecture, 1-11-16, Kitaiioka, Morioka 020-0857, Japan
| | - Rie Kikuchi
- Fukushima Institute for Public Health, 16-6, Mitouchi, Houkida, Fukushima 960-8560, Japan
| | - Junko Isobe
- Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1, Nakataikouyama, Imizu 939-0363, Japan
| | - Takumiko Yamazaki
- Suginami City Institute of the Public Health, 3-20-3, Takaidohigashi, Suginami, Tokyo 168-0072, Japan
| | - Fumie Suzuki
- Shizuoka City Institute of Environmental Sciences and Public Health, 1-4-7, Oguro, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8072, Japan
| | - Yuhki Nagai
- Mie Prefecture Health and Environment Research Institute, 3684-11, Sakura-cho, Yokkaichi 512-1211, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, Public Health and Environment Center, 1-6-29, Minami-machi, Minami, Hiroshima 734-0007, Japan
| | - Atsuko Tanouchi
- Hiroshima City Institute of Public Health, 4-1-2, Shoko-Center, Nishi, Hiroshima 733-8650, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences Tokyo Kenbikyo-in Foundation, 4F, 5-1, Toyomi-cho, Chuo, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- BML Food Science Solutions, Inc., 1491, Matoba, Kawagoe 350-1101, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Ueda
- Center of Inspection of Imported Foods and Infectious Diseases, Kobe Quarantine Station, 1-1, Toyahama-cho, Hyogo, Kobe 652-0866, Japan
| | - Jun Terajima
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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29
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Parsons BD, Zelyas N, Berenger BM, Chui L. Detection, Characterization, and Typing of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:478. [PMID: 27148176 PMCID: PMC4828450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are responsible for gastrointestinal diseases reported in numerous outbreaks around the world. Given the public health importance of STEC, effective detection, characterization and typing is critical to any medical laboratory system. While non-O157 serotypes account for the majority of STEC infections, frontline microbiology laboratories may only screen for STEC using O157-specific agar-based methods. As a result, non-O157 STEC infections are significantly under-reported. This review discusses recent advances on the detection, characterization and typing of STEC with emphasis on work performed at the Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab). Candidates for the detection of all STEC serotypes include chromogenic agars, enzyme immunoassays (EIA) and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Culture methods allow further characterization of isolates, whereas qPCR provides the greatest sensitivity and specificity, followed by EIA. The virulence gene profiles using PCR arrays and stx gene subtypes can subsequently be determined. Different non-O157 serotypes exhibit markedly different virulence gene profiles and a greater prevalence of stx1 than stx2 subtypes compared to O157:H7 isolates. Finally, recent innovations in whole genome sequencing (WGS) have allowed it to emerge as a candidate for the characterization and typing of STEC in diagnostic surveillance isolates. Methods of whole genome analysis such as single nucleotide polymorphisms and k-mer analysis are concordant with epidemiological data and standard typing methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis while offering additional strain differentiation. Together these findings highlight improved strategies for STEC detection using currently available systems and the development of novel approaches for future surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon D. Parsons
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nathan Zelyas
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Byron M. Berenger
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
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30
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Chopyk J, Moore RM, DiSpirito Z, Stromberg ZR, Lewis GL, Renter DG, Cernicchiaro N, Moxley RA, Wommack KE. Presence of pathogenic Escherichia coli is correlated with bacterial community diversity and composition on pre-harvest cattle hides. Microbiome 2016; 4:9. [PMID: 27000779 PMCID: PMC4802634 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1982, specific serotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have been recognized as significant foodborne pathogens acquired from contaminated beef and, more recently, other food products. Cattle are the major reservoir hosts of these organisms, and while there have been advancements in food safety practices and industry standards, STEC still remains prevalent within beef cattle operations with cattle hides implicated as major sources of carcass contamination. To investigate whether the composition of hide-specific microbial communities are associated with STEC prevalence, 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) bacterial community profiles were obtained from hide and fecal samples collected from a large commercial feedlot over a 3-month period. These community data were examined amidst an extensive collection of prevalence data on a subgroup of STEC that cause illness in humans, referred to as enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Fecal 16S rRNA gene OTUs (operational taxonomic units) were subtracted from the OTUs found within each hide 16S rRNA amplicon library to identify hide-specific bacterial populations. RESULTS Comparative analysis of alpha diversity revealed a significant correlation between low bacterial diversity and samples positive for the presence of E. coli O157:H7 and/or the non-O157 groups: O26, O111, O103, O121, O45, and O145. This trend occurred regardless of diversity metric or fecal OTU presence. The number of EHEC serogroups present in the samples had a compounding effect on the inverse relationship between pathogen presence and bacterial diversity. Beta diversity data showed differences in bacterial community composition between samples containing O157 and non-O157 populations, with certain OTUs demonstrating significant changes in relative abundance. CONCLUSIONS The cumulative prevalence of the targeted EHEC serogroups was correlated with low bacterial community diversity on pre-harvest cattle hides. Understanding the relationship between indigenous hide bacterial communities and populations may provide strategies to limit EHEC in cattle and provide biomarkers for EHEC risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chopyk
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Delaware Biotechnology Inst., 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Ryan M Moore
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Delaware Biotechnology Inst., 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Zachary DiSpirito
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Delaware Biotechnology Inst., 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Zachary R Stromberg
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Delaware Biotechnology Inst., 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Gentry L Lewis
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Delaware Biotechnology Inst., 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - David G Renter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Rodney A Moxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - K Eric Wommack
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Delaware Biotechnology Inst., 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE, 19711, USA.
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Delannoy S, Chaves BD, Ison SA, Webb HE, Beutin L, Delaval J, Billet I, Fach P. Revisiting the STEC Testing Approach: Using espK and espV to Make Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) Detection More Reliable in Beef. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1. [PMID: 26834723 PMCID: PMC4722105 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current methods for screening Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 and non-O157 in beef enrichments typically rely on the molecular detection of stx, eae, and serogroup-specific wzx or wzy gene fragments. As these genetic markers can also be found in some non-EHEC strains, a number of "false positive" results are obtained. Here, we explore the suitability of five novel molecular markers, espK, espV, ureD, Z2098, and CRISPRO26:H11 as candidates for a more accurate screening of EHEC strains of greater clinical significance in industrialized countries. Of the 1739 beef enrichments tested, 180 were positive for both stx and eae genes. Ninety (50%) of these tested negative for espK, espV, ureD, and Z2098, but 12 out of these negative samples were positive for the CRISPRO26:H11 gene marker specific for a newly emerging virulent EHEC O26:H11 French clone. We show that screening for stx, eae, espK, and espV, in association with the CRISPRO26:H11 marker is a better approach to narrow down the EHEC screening step in beef enrichments. The number of potentially positive samples was reduced by 48.88% by means of this alternative strategy compared to the European and American reference methods, thus substantially improving the discriminatory power of EHEC screening systems. This approach is in line with the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) opinion on pathogenic STEC published in 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Delannoy
- Food Safety Laboratory, Université Paris-Est, Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Platform IdentyPathMaisons-Alfort, France
| | - Byron D. Chaves
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sarah A. Ison
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
| | - Hattie E. Webb
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
| | - Lothar Beutin
- Division of Microbial Toxins, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Federal Institute for Risk AssessmentBerlin, Germany
| | - José Delaval
- Laboratoire de Touraine, (LDA37) Conseil DépartementalTours, France
| | | | - Patrick Fach
- Food Safety Laboratory, Université Paris-Est, Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Platform IdentyPathMaisons-Alfort, France
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Mercer RG, Zheng J, Garcia-Hernandez R, Ruan L, Gänzle MG, McMullen LM. Genetic determinants of heat resistance in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:932. [PMID: 26441869 PMCID: PMC4563881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli AW1.7 is a heat resistant food isolate and the occurrence of pathogenic strains with comparable heat resistance may pose a risk to food safety. To identify the genetic determinants of heat resistance, 29 strains of E. coli that differed in their of heat resistance were analyzed by comparative genomics. Strains were classified as highly heat resistant strains, exhibiting a D60-value of more than 6 min; moderately heat resistant strains, exhibiting a D60-value of more than 1 min; or as heat sensitive. A ~14 kb genomic island containing 16 predicted open reading frames encoding putative heat shock proteins and proteases was identified only in highly heat resistant strains. The genomic island was termed the locus of heat resistance (LHR). This putative operon is flanked by mobile elements and possesses >99% sequence identity to genomic islands contributing to heat resistance in Cronobacter sakazakii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. An additional 41 LHR sequences with >87% sequence identity were identified in 11 different species of β- and γ-proteobacteria. Cloning of the full length LHR conferred high heat resistance to the heat sensitive E. coli AW1.7ΔpHR1 and DH5α. The presence of the LHR correlates perfectly to heat resistance in several species of Enterobacteriaceae and occurs at a frequency of 2% of all E. coli genomes, including pathogenic strains. This study suggests the LHR has been laterally exchanged among the β- and γ-proteobacteria and is a reliable indicator of high heat resistance in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Mercer
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | | | - Lifang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lynn M McMullen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Garcia-Hernandez R, McMullen L, Gänzle MG. Development and validation of a surrogate strain cocktail to evaluate bactericidal effects of pressure on verotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 205:16-22. [PMID: 25866907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many strains of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) are highly resistant to pressure. To facilitate future studies to improve the elimination of VTEC by pressure processing of food, this study developed and validated a cocktail of non-pathogenic strains of E. coli with equal or higher resistance to pressure when compared to pressure resistant strains of VTEC. Strains of E. coli obtained from a beef processing plant were screened for their resistance to heat and pressure. Treatments were carried out in LB broth. Cell counts of 3 out of 16 strains were reduced by 5-6 log (cfu/mL) after 30 min at 60 °C, and cell counts of 10 out of 16 strains were reduced by 5-6 log (cfu/mL) after 30 min at 40 °C and 400 MPa. All highly heat resistant strains were also pressure resistant but not all pressure resistant strains were also heat resistant. Pressure resistant and -sensitive strains of E. coli were treated in presence of 0 or 2% NaCl and at 3, 20, or 40 °C. The effect of these parameters on the lethality of pressure treatments was comparable for all strains. The addition of 2% NaCl did not increase pressure resistance. The bactericidal effect of treatments at 3 and 20 °C and 600 MPa was comparable but inactivation of E. coli was faster at 40 °C and 600 MPa. The resistance to treatment with 600 MPa at 20 °C of a cocktail of 5 non-pathogenic strains of E. coli was compared to a 5 strain cocktail of pressure resistant VTEC. Treatments were performed in ground beef containing 15% fat. Survival and sublethal injury of the two cocktails was comparable; cell counts of beef inoculated with either cocktail were reduced by about 4 log (cfu/mL) after 30 min of treatment. In conclusion, this study validated a cocktail of non-pathogenic strains of E. coli for use as surrogate organisms in studies on the elimination of E. coli by pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn McMullen
- University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Canada.
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Kudva IT, Krastins B, Torres AG, Griffin RW, Sheng H, Sarracino DA, Hovde CJ, Calderwood SB, John M. The Escherichia coli O157:H7 cattle immunoproteome includes outer membrane protein A (OmpA), a modulator of adherence to bovine rectoanal junction squamous epithelial (RSE) cells. Proteomics 2015; 15:1829-42. [PMID: 25643951 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Building on previous studies, we defined the repertoire of proteins comprising the immunoproteome (IP) of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) cultured in DMEM supplemented with norepinephrine (O157 IP), a β-adrenergic hormone that regulates E. coli O157 gene expression in the gastrointestinal tract, using a variation of a novel proteomics-based platform proteome mining tool for antigen discovery, called "proteomics-based expression library screening" (PELS; Kudva et al., 2006). The E. coli O157 IP (O157-IP) comprised 91 proteins, and included those identified previously using proteomics-based expression library screening, and also proteins comprising DMEM and bovine rumen fluid proteomes. Outer membrane protein A (OmpA), a common component of the above proteomes, and reportedly a contributor to E. coli O157 adherence to cultured HEp-2 epithelial cells, was interestingly found to be a modulator rather than a contributor to E. coli O157 adherence to bovine rectoanal junction squamous epithelial cells. Our results point to a role for yet to be identified members of the O157-IP in E. coli O157 adherence to rectoanal junction squamous epithelial cells, and additionally implicate a possible role for the outer membrane protein A regulator, TdcA, in the expression of such adhesins. Our observations have implications for the development of efficacious vaccines for preventing E. coli O157 colonization of the bovine gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bryan Krastins
- Harvard Partners Center For Genetics and Genomics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert W Griffin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haiqing Sheng
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - David A Sarracino
- Harvard Partners Center For Genetics and Genomics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn J Hovde
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manohar John
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ashton PM, Perry N, Ellis R, Petrovska L, Wain J, Grant KA, Jenkins C, Dallman TJ. Insight into Shiga toxin genes encoded by Escherichia coli O157 from whole genome sequencing. PeerJ 2015; 3:e739. [PMID: 25737808 PMCID: PMC4338798 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) to cause severe illness in humans is determined by multiple host factors and bacterial characteristics, including Shiga toxin (Stx) subtype. Given the link between Stx2a subtype and disease severity, we sought to identify the stx subtypes present in whole genome sequences (WGS) of 444 isolates of STEC O157. Difficulties in assembling the stx genes in some strains were overcome by using two complementary bioinformatics methods: mapping and de novo assembly. We compared the WGS analysis with the results obtained using a PCR approach and investigated the diversity within and between the subtypes. All strains of STEC O157 in this study had stx1a, stx2a or stx2c or a combination of these three genes. There was over 99% (442/444) concordance between PCR and WGS. When common source strains were excluded, 236/349 strains of STEC O157 had multiple copies of different Stx subtypes and 54 had multiple copies of the same Stx subtype. Of those strains harbouring multiple copies of the same Stx subtype, 33 had variants between the alleles while 21 had identical copies. Strains harbouring Stx2a only were most commonly found to have multiple alleles of the same subtype (42%). Both the PCR and WGS approach to stx subtyping provided a good level of sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the WGS data also showed there were a significant proportion of strains harbouring multiple alleles of the same Stx subtype associated with clinical disease in England.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Ashton
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England , London , UK
| | - Neil Perry
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England , London , UK
| | - Richard Ellis
- Animal & Plant Health Agency , New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey , UK
| | | | - John Wain
- University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich , UK
| | - Kathie A Grant
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England , London , UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England , London , UK
| | - Tim J Dallman
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England , London , UK
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Iyoda S, Manning SD, Seto K, Kimata K, Isobe J, Etoh Y, Ichihara S, Migita Y, Ogata K, Honda M, Kubota T, Kawano K, Matsumoto K, Kudaka J, Asai N, Yabata J, Tominaga K, Terajima J, Morita-Ishihara T, Izumiya H, Ogura Y, Saitoh T, Iguchi A, Kobayashi H, Hara-Kudo Y, Ohnishi M, Arai R, Kawase M, Asano Y, Asoshima N, Chiba K, Furukawa I, Kuroki T, Hamada M, Harada S, Hatakeyama T, Hirochi T, Sakamoto Y, Hiroi M, Takashi K, Horikawa K, Iwabuchi K, Kameyama M, Kasahara H, Kawanishi S, Kikuchi K, Ueno H, Kitahashi T, Kojima Y, Konishi N, Obata H, Kai A, Kono T, Kurazono T, Matsumoto M, Matsumoto Y, Nagai Y, Naitoh H, Nakajima H, Nakamura H, Nakane K, Nishi K, Saitoh E, Satoh H, Takamura M, Shiraki Y, Tanabe J, Tanaka K, Tokoi Y, Yatsuyanagi J. Phylogenetic Clades 6 and 8 of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 With Particular stx Subtypes are More Frequently Found in Isolates From Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Patients Than From Asymptomatic Carriers. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1:ofu061. [PMID: 25734131 PMCID: PMC4281788 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
EHEC O157:H7 clade 6 strains harboring stx2a and/or stx2c and clade 8 strains harboring stx2a or stx2a/stx2c were frequently associated with childhood HUS cases in Japan. Rapid and specific detection of such lineages are required for infection control measures. Background Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 infection causes severe diseases such as bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Although EHEC O157:H7 strains have exhibited high genetic variability, their abilities to cause human diseases have not been fully examined. Methods Clade typing and stx subtyping of EHEC O157:H7 strains, which were isolated in Japan during 1999–2011 from 269 HUS patients and 387 asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and showed distinct pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, were performed to determine relationships between specific lineages and clinical presentation. Results Clades 6 and 8 strains were more frequently found among the isolates from HUS cases than those from ACs (P = .00062 for clade 6, P < .0001 for clade 8). All clade 6 strains isolated from HUS patients harbored stx2a and/or stx2c, whereas all clade 8 strains harbored either stx2a or stx2a/stx2c. However, clade 7 strains were predominantly found among the AC isolates but less frequently found among the HUS isolates, suggesting a significant association between clade 7 and AC (P < .0001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that 0–9 year old age is a significant predictor of the association between clade 8 and HUS. We also found an intact norV gene, which encodes for a nitric oxide reductase that inhibits Shiga toxin activity under anaerobic condition, in all clades 1–3 isolates but not in clades 4–8 isolates. Conclusions Early detection of EHEC O157:H7 strains that belonged to clades 6/8 and harbored specific stx subtypes may be important for defining the risk of disease progression in EHEC-infected 0- to 9-year-old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunao Iyoda
- Department of Bacteriology I , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , Michigan State University , East Lansing
| | - Kazuko Seto
- Division of Bacteriology , Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health , Japan
| | - Keiko Kimata
- Department of Bacteriology , Toyama Institute of Health , Japan
| | - Junko Isobe
- Department of Bacteriology , Toyama Institute of Health , Japan
| | - Yoshiki Etoh
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences , Japan
| | | | - Yuji Migita
- Nagasaki Prefectural Institute for Environmental Research and Public Health , Japan
| | - Kikuyo Ogata
- Oita Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment , Japan
| | - Mikiko Honda
- Fukuoka City Institute for Hygiene and the Environment , Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kubota
- Microorganism Section , Kitakyusyu City Institute of Environmental Sciences , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Kimiko Kawano
- Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment , Japan
| | | | - Jun Kudaka
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment , Japan
| | - Norio Asai
- Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment , Japan
| | - Junko Yabata
- Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment , Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tominaga
- Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment , Japan
| | - Jun Terajima
- Department of Bacteriology I , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan ; Division of Microbiology , National Institute of Health Sciences , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tomoko Morita-Ishihara
- Department of Bacteriology I , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Department of Genomics and Bioenvironmental Science, Frontier Science Research Center , University of Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Takehito Saitoh
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center , National Institute of infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Atsushi Iguchi
- Interdisciplinary Research Organization , University of Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , National Institute of Animal Health , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology , National Institute of Health Sciences , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
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Pianciola L, Chinen I, Mazzeo M, Miliwebsky E, González G, Müller C, Carbonari C, Navello M, Zitta E, Rivas M. Genotypic characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains that cause diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome in Neuquén, Argentina. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:499-504. [PMID: 24702854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important food-borne pathogens associated with cases of diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). E. coli O157:H7 is the dominant serotype in Argentina and also in Neuquén Province, in which HUS incidence is above the national average, with a maximum of 28.6 cases per 100,000 children less than 5 years old reported in 1998. The aim of this study was to characterize a collection of 70 STEC O157 strains isolated from patients with diarrhea and HUS treated in the province of Neuquén, Argentina, between 1998 and 2011. All strains harbored eae, ehxA, rfbO157, and fliCH7 genes, and stx2a/stx2c (78.7%) was the predominant genotype. A total of 64 (91.4%) STEC O157 strains belonged to the hypervirulent clade 8 tested using both 4 and 32 SNP typing schemes. The strains showed the highest values reported in the literature for 6 of the 7 virulence determinants described in the TW14359 O157 strain associated with the raw spinach outbreak in the U.S. in 2006. Clade 8 strains were strongly associated with two of them: ECSP_3286, factor encoding an outer membrane protein that facilitates the transport of the heme complex (P=0.001), and in particular extracellular factor ECSP_2870/2872, coding proteins related to adaptation to plant hosts (P=0.000004). The q933 allele, which has been related to high toxin production, was present in 97.1% of the strains studied for the anti-terminator Q gene. In summary, this study describes, for the first time in Argentina, the almost exclusive circulation of strains belonging to the hypervirulent clade 8, and also the presence of putative virulence factors in higher frequencies than those reported worldwide. These data may help to understand the causes of the particular epidemiological situation related to HUS in Neuquén Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Pianciola
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Gregorio Martínez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Isabel Chinen
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina Mazzeo
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Gregorio Martínez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Miliwebsky
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gladys González
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Hospital "Dr. Horacio Heller", Godoy y Lighuén, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Constanza Müller
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Gregorio Martínez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Carolina Carbonari
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Navello
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Gregorio Martínez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Zitta
- Laboratorio Central, Subsecretaría de Salud de Neuquén, Gregorio Martínez 65, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Marta Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kudva IT, Smole S, Griffin RW, Garren J, Kalia N, Murray M, John M, Timperi R, Calderwood SB. Polymorphic Amplified Typing Sequences (PATS) Strain Typing System Accurately Discriminates a Set of Temporally and Spatially Disparate Escherichia coli O157 Isolates Associated with Human Infection. Open Microbiol J 2013; 7:123-9. [PMID: 24278089 PMCID: PMC3837366 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801307010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic Amplified Typing Sequences (PATS) is a PCR-based Escherichia coli O157 (O157) strain typing system. Here, we show that PATS compares excellently with Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) in that both methods cluster geographically diverse O157 isolates similarly. Comparative analysis of the results obtained in this simulated “blind” study attests to the discriminating power and applicability of PATS to epidemiological/nosocomial situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA. 50010
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