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Jaakkonen A, Salmenlinna S, Rimhanen-Finne R, Lundström H, Heinikainen S, Hakkinen M, Hallanvuo S. Severe Outbreak of Sorbitol-Fermenting Escherichia coli O157 via Unpasteurized Milk and Farm Visits, Finland 2012. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:468-475. [PMID: 28045227 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing, sorbitol-fermenting Escherichia coli O157 (SF O157) has emerged as a cause of severe human illness. Despite frequent human findings, its transmission routes and reservoirs remain largely unknown. Foodborne transmission and reservoir in cattle have been suspected, but with limited supporting evidence. This study describes the outbreak of SF O157 that occurred in Finland in 2012. The outbreak originated from a recreational farm selling unpasteurized milk, as revealed by epidemiologic and microbiological investigations, and involved six hospitalized children and two asymptomatic adults with culture-confirmed infection. An identical strain of SF O157 was isolated from patients, cattle and the farm environment, and epidemiologic analysis suggested unpasteurized milk as the vehicle of transmission. This study reports the first milkborne outbreak of SF O157, provides supporting evidence of cattle as a reservoir and highlights the health risks related to the consumption of unpasteurized milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jaakkonen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Salmenlinna
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Rimhanen-Finne
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - S Heinikainen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Hakkinen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Hallanvuo
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Severi E, Verhoef L, Thornton L, Guzman-Herrador BR, Faber M, Sundqvist L, Rimhanen-Finne R, Roque-Afonso AM, Ngui SL, Allerberger F, Baumann-Popczyk A, Muller L, Parmakova K, Alfonsi V, Tavoschi L, Vennema H, Fitzgerald M, Myrmel M, Gertler M, Ederth J, Kontio M, Vanbockstael C, Mandal S, Sadkowska-Todys M, Tosti ME, Schimmer B, O Gorman J, Stene-Johansen K, Wenzel JJ, Jones G, Balogun K, Ciccaglione AR, O' Connor L, Vold L, Takkinen J, Rizzo C. Large and prolonged food-borne multistate hepatitis A outbreak in Europe associated with consumption of frozen berries, 2013 to 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:21192. [PMID: 26227370 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.29.21192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In May 2013, Italy declared a national outbreak of hepatitis A, which also affected several foreign tourists who had recently visited the country. Molecular investigations identified some cases as infected with an identical strain of hepatitis A virus subgenotype IA. After additional European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries reported locally acquired and travel-related cases associated with the same outbreak, an international outbreak investigation team was convened, a European outbreak case definition was issued and harmonisation of the national epidemiological and microbiological investigations was encouraged. From January 2013 to August 2014, 1,589 hepatitis A cases were reported associated with the multistate outbreak; 1,102 (70%) of the cases were hospitalised for a median time of six days; two related deaths were reported. Epidemiological and microbiological investigations implicated mixed frozen berries as the vehicle of infection of the outbreak. In order to control the spread of the outbreak, suspected or contaminated food batches were recalled, the public was recommended to heat-treat berries, and post-exposure prophylaxis of contacts was performed. The outbreak highlighted how large food-borne hepatitis A outbreaks may affect the increasingly susceptible EU/EEA general population and how, with the growing international food trade, frozen berries are a potential high-risk food.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Severi
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Pesola AK, Parn T, Huusko S, Perevosčikovs J, Ollgren J, Salmenlinna S, Lienemann T, Gossner C, Danielsson N, Rimhanen-Finne R. Multinational outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis infection during an international youth ice hockey competition in Riga, Latvia, preliminary report, March and April 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20. [PMID: 26027481 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.20.21133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A multinational outbreak of salmonellosis linked to the Riga Cup 2015 junior ice-hockey competition was detected by the Finnish health authorities in mid-April and immediately notified at the European Union level. This prompted an international outbreak investigation supported by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. As of 8 May 2015, seven countries have reported 214 confirmed and suspected cases, among which 122 from Finland. The search for the source of the outbreak is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Pesola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Department of Infectious Diseases Surveillance and Control, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Åberg R, Sjöman M, Hemminki K, Pirnes A, Räsänen S, Kalanti A, Pohjanvirta T, Caccio SM, Pihlajasaari A, Toikkanen S, Huusko S, Rimhanen-Finne R. Cryptosporidium parvum Caused a Large Outbreak Linked to Frisée Salad in Finland, 2012. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 62:618-24. [PMID: 25807859 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over 250 individuals fell ill in five outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in Finland, October-November 2012. The cases were connected by lunch meals at restaurants in four different cities. In two outbreaks, the same C. parvumIIdA17G1 subtype was found in patients' stool samples which supports a single source of infection. Frisée salad was the only common food item served at the restaurants, and consumption of lunch salad containing the frisée salad was associated with the illness. Lunch customers who responded that they had eaten lunch salad were three times more likely to have become ill than those who had not answered whether they had eaten the salad or not (RR 2.66; 95% Cl 1.02-6.9, P-value <0.01). Cryptosporidiosis should be considered as a causal agent in long-lasting watery diarrhoea combined with abdominal cramps, and clinical samples should be tested for Cryptosporidium at the same time bacteria and viruses are tested. Measures to prevent contamination of 'ready-to-eat vegetables' with Cryptosporidium oocysts and methods to test frozen food samples should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Åberg
- Food Safety Department, Environment Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Sjöman
- Food Safety Department, Environment Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Hemminki
- Social and Health Services, Environmental Health, Espoo, Finland
| | - A Pirnes
- Social and Health Services, Environmental Health, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - A Kalanti
- Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Laboratory Services, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Pohjanvirta
- Veterinary Bacteriology Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Kuopio, Finland
| | - S M Caccio
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Pihlajasaari
- Food Hygiene Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Toikkanen
- Department for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Huusko
- Department for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Rimhanen-Finne
- Department for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Jacks A, Toikkanen S, Pihlajasaari A, Johansson T, Hakkinen M, Hemminki K, Hokkanen P, Käpyaho A, Kärnä A, Valkola K, Niskanen T, Takkinen J, Kuusi M, Rimhanen-Finne R. Raw grated beetroot linked to several outbreaks of sudden-onset gastrointestinal illness, Finland 2010. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:1640-6. [PMID: 23068603 PMCID: PMC9151620 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812002233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, 7/44 (16%) reported foodborne outbreaks in Finland were linked with raw beetroot consumption. We reviewed data from the national outbreak registry in order to hypothesize the aetiology of illness and to prevent further outbreaks. In the seven outbreaks, 124 cases among 623 respondents were identified. Consumption of raw beetroot was strongly associated with gastrointestinal illness (relative risk 8∙99, 95% confidence interval 6∙06-13∙35). The illness was characterized by sudden onset of gastrointestinal symptoms; the median incubation time was 40 min and duration of illness 5 h. No common foodborne pathogens or toxins were found in either clinical or beetroot samples, but all tested beetroot samples were of poor quality according to total bacterial counts. Beta-haemolytic Pseudomonas fluorescens was detected in several beetroot samples but its effect on human health is unknown. No outbreaks were reported after the Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira advised against serving raw beetroot in institutional canteens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jacks
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Gillesberg Lassen S, Soborg B, Midgley SE, Steens A, Vold L, Stene-Johansen K, Rimhanen-Finne R, Kontio M, Löfdahl M, Sundqvist L, Edelstein M, Jensen T, Vestergaard HT, Fischer TK, Mølbak K, Ethelberg S. Ongoing multi-strain food-borne hepatitis A outbreak with frozen berries as suspected vehicle: four Nordic countries affected, October 2012 to April 2013. Euro Surveill 2013; 18:20467. [PMID: 23647625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Gillesberg Lassen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Gillesberg Lassen S, Soborg B, Midgley SE, Steens A, Vold L, Stene-Johansen K, Rimhanen-Finne R, Kontio M, Löfdahl M, Sundqvist L, Edelstein M, Jensen T, Vestergaard HT, Fischer TK, Mølbak K, Ethelberg S. Ongoing multi-strain food-borne hepatitis A outbreak with frozen berries as suspected vehicle: four Nordic countries affected, October 2012 to April 2013. Euro Surveill 2013. [DOI: 10.2807/ese.18.17.20467-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gillesberg Lassen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Soborg
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S E Midgley
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Steens
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Vold
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Stene-Johansen
- Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Rimhanen-Finne
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Kontio
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Löfdahl
- Department of Preparedness, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Sundqvist
- Department of Preparedness, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Edelstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Jensen
- The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H T Vestergaard
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T K Fischer
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Mølbak
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Ethelberg
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Rimhanen-Finne R, Niskanen T, Lienemann T, Johansson T, Sjöman M, Korhonen T, Guedes S, Kuronen H, Virtanen MJ, Mäkinen J, Jokinen J, Siitonen A, Kuusi M. A Nationwide Outbreak of Salmonella Bovismorbificans Associated with Sprouted Alfalfa Seeds in Finland, 2009. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 58:589-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Rimhanen-Finne R, Lukinmaa S, Martelius T, Rossow H, Karpíšková R, Dedicova D, Galajeva J, Bormane A, Siitonen A, Kuusi M. Cases of Salmonella Urbana in Finland, the Czech Republic and Latvia, January-February 2010. Euro Surveill 2010. [DOI: 10.2807/ese.15.11.19511-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cluster of 14 cases of Salmonella Urbana cases in Finland, the Czech Republic and Latvia were identified in January-February, 2010. The majority of cases (11) were male and children under 16 years of age. The investigation is currently ongoing and comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles of the isolates suggests that the cases may have a common source of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rimhanen-Finne
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Epidemiologic Surveillance and Response Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Lukinmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Bacteriology Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Martelius
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Epidemiologic Surveillance and Response Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Rossow
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Epidemiologic Surveillance and Response Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Karpíšková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Dedicova
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Galajeva
- State Agency “Infectology Center of Latvia”, Riga, Latvia
| | - A Bormane
- State Agency “Infectology Center of Latvia”, Riga, Latvia
| | - A Siitonen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Bacteriology Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Kuusi
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Epidemiologic Surveillance and Response Unit, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Rimhanen-Finne R, Lukinmaa S, Martelius T, Rossow H, Karpiskova R, Dedicova D, Galajeva J, Bormane A, Siitonen A, Kuusi M. Cases of Salmonella Urbana in Finland, the Czech Republic and Latvia, January-February 2010. Euro Surveill 2010; 15:19511. [PMID: 20338145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A cluster of 14 cases of Salmonella Urbana cases in Finland, the Czech Republic and Latvia were identified in January-February, 2010. The majority of cases (11) were male and children under 16 years of age. The investigation is currently ongoing and comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles of the isolates suggests that the cases may have a common source of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rimhanen-Finne
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Epidemiologic Surveillance and Response Unit, Helsinki, Finland.
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11
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Pönka A, Kotilainen H, Rimhanen-Finne R, Hokkanen P, Hänninen ML, Kaarna A, Meri T, Kuusi M. A foodborne outbreak due to Cryptosporidium parvum in Helsinki, November 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14. [PMID: 19607781 DOI: 10.2807/ese.14.28.19269-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the first foodborne outbreak caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in Finland. The outbreak occurred among personnel of the Public Works Department in Helsinki, who had eaten in the same canteen. 72 persons fell ill with diarrhoea, none was hospitalised. Four faecal samples obtained from 12 ill persons were positive for Cryptosporidium by an antigen identification assay and microscopy. The vehicle of infection could not be identified with certainty but a salad mixture was suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pönka
- Food Control Unit, Helsinki City Health Department, Finland
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12
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Rimhanen-Finne R, Jakava-Viljanen M, Lyytikäinen O, Davidkin I, Kuusi M. Rabies control in Finland: a 12-year experience of human and veterinary surveillance. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 56:496-501. [PMID: 19309484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the public health burden of rabies in rabies-free countries. In these countries, the surveillance of suspected and treated cases serves as a substitute for estimating the risk and burden of human rabies because deaths due to rabies are extremely rare. Suspected rabies exposures among Finnish inhabitants were characterized using data from the National Infectious Disease Registry as well as animal surveillance data from the Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, 1995-2006. In total, 195 suspected rabies exposures were reported (incidence 3/million inhabitants/year). Exposures were equally common among both genders and the median age was 35 years. Exposures were more common among 20- to 49-year olds than among other age groups. Less than one-third of the exposures occurred in Finland (incidence of indigenous exposures 0.9/million inhabitants/year). Indigenous rabies exposures were most frequently reported in southeastern Finland, with cats and dogs as the main sources. The high prevalence in the Baltic countries and Russia poses a risk for rabies reintroduction. The present control of wildlife rabies appears successful and important. The import of animals from endemic areas, however, remains a risk, which can be reduced by increasing public awareness of the disease, vaccination of imported animals and better rabies control in endemic countries.
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13
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Bertrand S, Rimhanen-Finne R, Weill FX, Rabsch W, Thornton L, Perevoscikovs J, van Pelt W, Heck M. Salmonella infections associated with reptiles: the current situation in Europe. Euro Surveill 2008; 13:18902. [PMID: 18761944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections are caused by consumption of contaminated food, person-to-person transmission, waterborne transmission and numerous environmental and animal exposures. Specifically, reptiles and other cold blooded animals (often referred to as "exotic pets") can act as reservoirs of Salmonella, and cases of infection have been associated with direct or indirect contact with these animals. Approximately 1.4 million human cases of Salmonella infection occur each year in the United States and it has been estimated that 74,000 are a result of exposure to reptiles and amphibians. Regular case reports of reptile-associated salmonellosis in the US are available for the period 1994-2002. Cases of Salmonella infection attributed to direct or indirect contact with reptiles or other exotic pets have been described in a number of European countries, too but a more comprehensive overview of the magnitude of this problem in Europe is lacking. In total, 160,649 human cases of salmonellosis were reported in 2006 in the then 25 European Union Member States, Bulgaria, Romania, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.
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Editorial team C, Bertrand S, Rimhanen-Finne R, Weill FX, Rabsch W, Thornton L, Perevoščikovs J, van Pelt W, Heck M. Salmonella infections associated with reptiles: the current situation in Europe. Euro Surveill 2008. [DOI: 10.2807/ese.13.24.18902-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Bertrand
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella, Bacteriology division, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Rimhanen-Finne
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, Helsinki, Finland
| | - F X Weill
- National Reference laboratory of Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - W Rabsch
- Robert Koch Institut, Wernigerode Branch, National Reference Centre for Salmonellae and other Enterics, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - L Thornton
- Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Perevoščikovs
- Department of Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, State Agency “Public Health Agency”, Riga, Latvia
| | - W van Pelt
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - M Heck
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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15
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Rimhanen-Finne R, Enemark HL, Kolehmainen J, Toropainen P, Hänninen ML. Evaluation of immunofluorescence microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in asymptomatic dogs. Vet Parasitol 2007; 145:345-8. [PMID: 17320291 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The performance of immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in canine feces was evaluated. IF and Cryptosporidium ELISA detected 10(5)oocysts/g, while the detection limit for Giardia ELISA was 10(4)cysts/g. The Cryptosporidium ELISA showed 94% specificity but only 71% sensitivity. The Giardia ELISA correlated well with IF (sensitivity 100%, specificity 96%) and was capable of detecting animal specific Giardia duodenalis genotypes. Visual interpretation appeared appropriate for assessment of ELISA results. The proportion of positive samples and possible zoonotic character of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in 150 asymptomatic Finnish dogs from the Helsinki area were studied. The overall proportion of dogs positive for Cryptosporidium was 5% (7/150) and that for Giardia 5% (8/150). In dogs < or =12 months old, the corresponding proportions were 17% and 19% (n=36). Sequence analyses of the 18S rDNA gene identified the isolates as Cryptosporidium canis and animal specific genotypes of G. duodenalis (assemblages C-E), indicating restricted risk of zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rimhanen-Finne
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, PO Box 66, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland.
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16
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Rimhanen-Finne R, Vuorinen A, Marmo S, Malmberg S, Hänninen ML. Comparative analysis of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and indicator bacteria during sewage sludge hygienization in various composting processes. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004; 38:301-5. [PMID: 15214729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2004.01487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the suitability of Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and enterococci as indicator organisms for Cryptosporidium and Giardia in treated sludge. METHODS AND RESULTS Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, detected and enumerated by direct immunofluorescence microscopy, were compared with counts of indicator bacteria during six different sewage sludge hygienization processes, including closed reactor and open windrow composting, and sludge sanitation by quicklime or peat addition. No statistical correlation existed between the counts of indicator bacteria, Cl. perfringens, E. coli, and enterococci and occurrence of Cryptosporidium or Giardia. In sludge end-products, Giardia cysts were detected more frequently than Cryptosporidium oocysts. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Direct analysis is the best method to confirm the presence of (oo)cysts in sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rimhanen-Finne
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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Hörman A, Rimhanen-Finne R, Maunula L, von Bonsdorff CH, Rapala J, Lahti K, Hänninen ML. Evaluation of the purification capacity of nine portable, small-scale water purification devices. Water Sci Technol 2004; 50:179-183. [PMID: 15318506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A test was performed to evaluate the microbial and chemical purification capacity of nine portable, small-scale water purification filter devices with production capacity less than 100 L/h. The devices were tested for simultaneous removal capacity of bacteria (cultured Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae), enteric protozoans (formalin-stored Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts), viral markers (F-RNA bacteriophages) and microcystins produced by toxic cyanobacterial cultures. In general, the devices tested were able to remove bacterial contaminants by 3.6-6.9 log10 units from raw water. Those devices based only on filtration through pores 0.2-0.4 microm or larger failed in viral and chemical purification. Only one device, based on reverse osmosis, was capable of removing F-RNA phages at concentrations under the detection limit and microcystins by 2.5 log10. The present study emphasised the need for evaluation tests of water purification devices from the public safety and HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) points of view. Simultaneous testing for various pathogenic/indicator microbes and microcystins was shown to be a useful and practical way to obtain essential data on actual purification capacity of commercial small-scale drinking-water filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hörman
- The Finnish Defence Forces, Medical School, Lahti, Finland.
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Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to develop a method based on immunomagnetic capture and polymerase chain reaction (IC-PCR assay) for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in sewage sludge. METHODS AND RESULTS The detection limit of the IC-PCR assay for both organisms was 625 oocysts and cysts ml(-1). By hybridization of PCR products the sensitivity could be increased to 125 oocysts and cysts ml(-1). Forty-four sludge samples from 12 wastewater treatment plants were examined. The samples positive for Giardia (9 out of 44) were from eight wastewater plants and the C. parvum genotype 2 samples (3 out of 44) originated from different sewage works. CONCLUSIONS, SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY IC-PCR offers the possibility to distinguish between Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotypes. This assay can be used to monitor the presence of these organisms in a community and to determine contamination of sludge used as soil amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rimhanen-Finne
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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