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Kim S, Jo S, Paek SH, Kang SS, Chung H. SUZ12 inhibition attenuates cell proliferation of glioblastoma via post-translational regulation of CDKN1B. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:1623-1632. [PMID: 37856053 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human gliomas are aggressive brain tumors characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. Differential expression of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) has been reported in various subtypes of glioma. However, the role of PRC2 in uncontrolled growth in glioma and its underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the functional role of PRC2 in human glioblastoma cell growth by silencing SUZ12, the non-catalytic core component of PRC2. METHODS Knockdown of SUZ12 was achieved by infecting T98G cells with lentivirus carrying sequences specifically targeting SUZ12 (shSUZ12). Gene expression was examined by quantitative PCR and western analysis. The impact of shSUZ12 on cell growth was assessed using a cell proliferation assay. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry, and protein stability was evaluated in cycloheximide-treated cells. Subcellular localization was examined through immunofluorescence staining and biochemical cytoplasmic-nuclear fractionation. Gene expression analysis was also performed on human specimens from normal brain and glioblastoma patients. RESULTS SUZ12 knockdown (SUZ12 KD) led to widespread decrease in the PRC2-specific histone mark, accompanied by a slowdown of cell proliferation through G1 arrest. In SUZ12 KD cells, the degradation of CDKN1B protein was reduced, resulting from alterations in the MYC-SKP2-CDKN1B axis. Furthermore, nuclear localization of CDKN1B was enhanced in SUZ12 KD cells. Analysis of human glioblastoma samples yielded increased expression of EZH2 and MYC along with reduced CDKN1B compared to normal human brain tissue. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a novel role for SUZ12 in cell proliferation through post-translational regulation of CDKN1B in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Daegu Health College, Daegu, 41453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsin Jo
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research (HYIRR), Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Heekyoung Chung
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Benetatos L, Vartholomatos G. Embryonic transcription and epigenetics: root of the evil. Hum Cell 2023; 36:1830-1833. [PMID: 37330916 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Benetatos
- Hematology Unit, Preveza General Hospital, Selefkias 2, 48100, Preveza, Greece.
| | - George Vartholomatos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ioannina University Hospital, Niarchos Ave, 45100, Ioannina, Greece
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Agarwal P, Glowacka A, Mahmoud L, Bazzar W, Larsson LG, Alzrigat M. MYCN Amplification Is Associated with Reduced Expression of Genes Encoding γ-Secretase Complex and NOTCH Signaling Components in Neuroblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8141. [PMID: 37175848 PMCID: PMC10179553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplification of the MYCN oncogene is found in ~20% of neuroblastoma (NB) cases and correlates with high-risk disease and poor prognosis. Despite the plethora of studies describing the role of MYCN in NB, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying MYCN's contribution to high-risk disease are not completely understood. Herein, we implemented an integrative approach combining publicly available RNA-Seq and MYCN ChIP-Seq datasets derived from human NB cell lines to define biological processes directly regulated by MYCN in NB. Our approach revealed that MYCN-amplified NB cell lines, when compared to non-MYCN-amplified cell lines, are characterized by reduced expression of genes involved in NOTCH receptor processing, axoneme assembly, and membrane protein proteolysis. More specifically, we found genes encoding members of the γ-secretase complex, which is known for its ability to liberate several intracellular signaling molecules from membrane-bound proteins such as NOTCH receptors, to be down-regulated in MYCN-amplified NB cell lines. Analysis of MYCN ChIP-Seq data revealed an enrichment of MYCN binding at the transcription start sites of genes encoding γ-secretase complex subunits. Notably, using publicly available gene expression data from NB primary tumors, we revealed that the expression of γ-secretase subunits encoding genes and other components of the NOTCH signaling pathway was also reduced in MYCN-amplified tumors and correlated with worse overall survival in NB patients. Genetic or pharmacological depletion of MYCN in NB cell lines induced the expression of γ-secretase genes and NOTCH-target genes. Chemical inhibition of γ-secretase activity dampened the expression of NOTCH-target genes upon MYCN depletion in NB cells. In conclusion, this study defines a set of MYCN-regulated pathways that are specific to MYCN-amplified NB tumors, and it suggests a novel role for MYCN in the suppression of genes of the γ-secretase complex, with an impact on the NOTCH-target gene expression in MYCN-amplified NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasoon Agarwal
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Glowacka
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Loay Mahmoud
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wesam Bazzar
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars-Gunnar Larsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Alzrigat
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Gholami A, Farhadi K, Sayyadipour F, Soleimani M, Saba F. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in human lymphomas. Genes Dis 2022; 9:900-914. [PMID: 35685474 PMCID: PMC9170579 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are a diverse group of haematologic malignancies, which occur in infection-fighting cells of the lymphatic system. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs, which have recently received significant attention as the main mediators of gene expression. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on lncRNAs involved in lymphomas, their molecular functions, as well as their potential clinical value. Relevant literature was identified by a PubMed search of English language papers using the following terms: Lymphoma, LncRNA, leukemia, proliferation, apoptosis, and prognosis. LncRNAs are imperative for lymphoma carcinogenesis through affecting apoptosis, cell proliferation, invasion, and response to chemotherapy. The expression level of lncRNAs can affect chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Taken together, lncRNA dysregulation in lymphoma cells is not only an epiphenomenon but also lncRNA transcription is critically related to the initiation and progression of lymphomas. Aberrant expression of lncRNAs can lead to the transformation of normal lymphocytes into lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gholami
- Clinical Research Development Center, Taleghani and Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 671568-5420, Iran
| | - Khosro Farhadi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Taleghani and Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 671568-5420, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sayyadipour
- Clinical Research Development Center, Taleghani and Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 671568-5420, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Haematology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 146899-5513, Iran
| | - Fakhredin Saba
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Paramedical, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 671568-5420, Iran
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IGF2BP1 Promotes Proliferation of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms by Post-Transcriptional Enhancement of EZH2. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092121. [PMID: 35565249 PMCID: PMC9131133 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are very heterogeneous malignancies arising at different sites of the body that show an increasing incidence in recent decades. Here, we show that IGF2 mRNA binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) is highly expressed in NEN cell lines, leading to enhanced cell proliferation. This oncogenic function relies on post-transcriptional stimulation of EZH2 expression by IGF2BP1, resulting in epigenetic silencing of cell cycle inhibitors via tri-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Combinatorial pharmacological targeting of IGF2BP1, EZH2, and the EZH2-activator Myc leads to synergistic antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in NEN cells, representing a novel therapeutic strategy in neuroendocrine malignancies. Abstract Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a heterogenous class of highly vascularized neoplasms that are increasing in prevalence and are predominantly diagnosed at a metastatic state. The molecular mechanisms leading to tumor initiation, metastasis, and chemoresistance are still under investigation. Hence, identification of novel therapeutic targets is of great interest. Here, we demonstrate that the RNA-binding Protein IGF2BP1 is a post-transcriptional regulator of components of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), an epigenic modifier affecting transcriptional regulation and proliferation: Comprehensive in silico analyses along with in vitro experiments showed that IGF2BP1 promotes neuroendocrine tumor cell proliferation by stabilizing the mRNA of Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2), the catalytic subunit of PRC2, which represses gene expression by tri-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3). The IGF2BP1-driven stabilization and protection of EZH2 mRNA is m6A-dependent and enhances EZH2 protein levels which stimulates cell cycle progression by silencing cell cycle arrest genes through enhanced H3K27 tri-methylation. Therapeutic inhibition of IGF2BP1 destabilizes EZH2 mRNA and results in a reduced cell proliferation, paralleled by an increase in G1 and sub-G1 phases. Combined targeting of IGF2BP1, EZH2, and Myc, a transcriptional activator of EZH2 and well-known target of IGF2BP1 cooperatively induces tumor cell apoptosis. Our data identify IGF2BP1 as an important driver of tumor progression in NEN, and indicate that disruption of the IGF2BP1-Myc-EZH2 axis represents a promising approach for targeted therapy of neuroendocrine neoplasms.
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Shi D, Ao L, Yu H, Xia Y, Li J, Zhong W, Xia H. Chromobox Homolog 8 (CBX8) in Human Tumor Carcinogenesis and Prognosis: A Pancancer Analysis Using Multiple Databases. Front Genet 2021; 12:745277. [PMID: 34567093 PMCID: PMC8458824 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.745277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some emerging studies have suggested that chromobox homolog 8 (CBX8) may play a critical role in carcinogenesis and prognosis in human cancer. Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)'s available data and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we conducted a systematic analysis of the carcinogenic effects of the CBX8 gene. We used TIMER2, GEPIA2, UALCAN, cBioPortal, Kaplan-Meier plotter, OncoLnc, STRING, HPA, and Oncomine data analysis websites and R data analysis software to analyze available data. The results show that the level of expression of CBX8 was significantly different among 27 different types of tumors and adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, we found that CBX8 expression had a close relationship with prognosis in some kinds of cancers. The phosphorylation level of some protein sites (such as S256) was significantly increased in tumors. CD8 + T-cell, B-cell and cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration levels were associated with CBX8 expression. The results of enrichment analysis indicated that the main biological activities of CBX8 are connected to gene transcription and repair of DNA damage. In conclusion, the level of expression of CBX8 was closely related to carcinogenesis and prognosis of some kinds of tumors, which needs further experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Ao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongzhi Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Clinical Skill Training Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjie Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haijian Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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7
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No Easy Way Out for EZH2: Its Pleiotropic, Noncanonical Effects on Gene Regulation and Cellular Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249501. [PMID: 33327550 PMCID: PMC7765048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) plays critical roles in a range of biological processes including organ development and homeostasis, epigenomic and transcriptomic regulation, gene repression and imprinting, and DNA damage repair. A widely known function of EZH2 is to serve as an enzymatic subunit of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and catalyze trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) for repressing target gene expression. However, an increasing body of evidence demonstrates that EZH2 has many "non-conventional" functions that go beyond H3K27 methylation as a Polycomb factor. First, EZH2 can methylate a number of nonhistone proteins, thereby regulating cellular processes in an H3K27me3-independent fashion. Furthermore, EZH2 relies on both methyltransferase-dependent and methyltransferase-independent mechanisms for modulating gene-expression programs and/or epigenomic patterns of cells. Importantly, independent of PRC2, EZH2 also forms physical interactions with a number of DNA-binding factors and transcriptional coactivators to context-dependently influence gene expression. The purpose of this review is to detail the complex, noncanonical roles of EZH2, which are generally less appreciated in gene and (epi)genome regulation. Because EZH2 deregulation is prevalent in human diseases such as cancer, there is increased dependency on its noncanonical function, which shall have important implications in developing more effective therapeutics.
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8
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Aggressive NK Cell Leukemia: Current State of the Art. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102900. [PMID: 33050313 PMCID: PMC7600035 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aggressive natural killer cell leukemia (ANKL) is a rare, lethal disease that presents many diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Recent studies have shed new light on the salient features of its molecular pathogenesis and provided further insight into the clinicopathologic spectrum of this disease. This review presents a state-of-the-art overview of ANKL, spanning its historical evolution as a distinct entity, pathobiology, and potential therapeutic vulnerabilities. Abstract Aggressive natural killer (NK) cell leukemia (ANKL) is a rare disease with a grave prognosis. Patients commonly present acutely with fever, constitutional symptoms, hepatosplenomegaly, and often disseminated intravascular coagulation or hemophagocytic syndrome. This acute clinical presentation and the variable pathologic and immunophenotypic features of ANKL overlap with other diagnostic entities, making it challenging to establish a timely and accurate diagnosis of ANKL. Since its original recognition in 1986, substantial progress in understanding this disease using traditional pathologic approaches has improved diagnostic accuracy. This progress, in turn, has facilitated the performance of recent high-throughput studies that have yielded insights into pathogenesis. Molecular abnormalities that occur in ANKL can be divided into three major groups: JAK/STAT pathway activation, epigenetic dysregulation, and impairment of TP53 and DNA repair. These high-throughput data also have provided potential therapeutic targets that promise to improve therapy and outcomes for patients with ANKL. In this review, we provide a historical context of the conception and evolution of ANKL as a disease entity, we highlight advances in diagnostic criteria to recognize this disease, and we review recent understanding of pathogenesis as well as biomarker discoveries that are providing groundwork for innovative therapies.
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Benetatos L, Benetatou A, Vartholomatos G. Long non-coding RNAs and MYC association in hematological malignancies. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:2231-2242. [PMID: 32621182 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have an established role in cell biology. Among their functions is the regulation of hematopoiesis. They characterize the different stages of hematopoiesis in a more lineage-restricted expression pattern than coding mRNAs. They affect hematopoietic stem cell renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of committed progenitors by interacting with master regulators transcription factors. Among these transcription factors, MYC has a prominent role. Similar to MYC's transcriptional activation/amplification of protein coding genes, MYC also regulates lncRNAs' expression profile, while it is also regulated by lncRNAs. Both myeloid and lymphoid malignancies are prone to the association of MYC with lncRNAs. Such interaction inhibits apoptosis, enhances cell proliferation, deregulates metabolism, and promotes genomic instability and resistance to treatment. In this review, we discuss the recent findings that encompass the crosstalk between lncRNAs and describe the pathways that very probably have a pathogenetic role in both acute and chronic hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agapi Benetatou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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10
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Benetatos L, Benetatou A, Vartholomatos G. Enhancers and MYC interplay in hematopoiesis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:471-481. [PMID: 32144465 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcription requires the fine interplay between enhancers and transcription factors. Enhancers are able to activate transcription of genes involved in normal cell biology, whereas aberrant enhancer activity leads to oncogenesis. MYC is a well-established proto-oncogene involved in half of human cancers amplifying the output of its targets. The crosstalk between MYC and enhancers is known for many years since the discovery of IgH enhancer juxtaposition with MYC in high-grade lymphomas. Here, we focus mainly in the enhancers surrounding MYC in the 8q24 locus. That region comprises several enhancers that associate with other transcription factors, transmembrane receptors, and fusion genes composing complex regulatory networks aberrantly expressed in almost all types of hematological malignancies. Understanding the nature of these interactions in normal blood cells and in leukemias/lymphomas will expand MYC targeting options in the armamentarium against hematological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agapi Benetatou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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11
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Zhu X, Luo W, Bei C, Kong J, Zhang S, Fu Y, Li D, Tan S. Correlations between chromobox homolog 8 and key factors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:340. [PMID: 31889893 PMCID: PMC6916084 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-1063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, especially in China, with high metastasis and poor prognosis. Recently, as the core component of the polycomb repressive complexes 1 (PRC1), chromobox protein homolog 8 (CBX8) is considered as an oncogene and prognostic marker in HCC. Methods A tissue microarray of 166 paired HCC and adjacent non-tumor samples were collected to identify the relationship between CBX8 and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated proteins by Spearman correlation analysis. Knock-down of CBX8 in HCC cells was conducted to detect the biologic functions of CBX8 in HCC metastasis. Results We found out that CBX8 was over-expressed in HCC and its expression was closely related to the metastasis of HCC patients. In addition, knock-down of CBX8 was found to inhibit the invasion and migration ability of HCC cells. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between expression of CBX8 and EMT associated proteins both in HCC cells and tumor tissues. Conclusions Our results indicate that CBX8 promotes metastasis of HCC by inducing EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonian Zhu
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 109 Huancheng North Road 2, Guilin, 541004 Guangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Luo
- 2Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Bei
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 109 Huancheng North Road 2, Guilin, 541004 Guangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Kong
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 109 Huancheng North Road 2, Guilin, 541004 Guangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Shidong Zhang
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 109 Huancheng North Road 2, Guilin, 541004 Guangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 109 Huancheng North Road 2, Guilin, 541004 Guangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Di Li
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 109 Huancheng North Road 2, Guilin, 541004 Guangxi People's Republic of China
| | - Shengkui Tan
- 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 109 Huancheng North Road 2, Guilin, 541004 Guangxi People's Republic of China
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12
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Zhu X, Qin M, Li C, Zeng W, Bei C, Tan C, Zhang Y, Shi W, Kong J, Fu Y, Tan S. Downregulated Expression of Chromobox Homolog 7 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2019; 23:348-352. [PMID: 30990338 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2018.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As an essential member of the Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, chromobox homolog 7 (CBX7) is found deregulated in some human cancers, and is thought to be a contributing factor in carcinogenesis. However, the expression and role of CBX7 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still not well characterized. Materials and Methods: The levels of the CBX7 protein were quantified in 75 paired HCC and adjacent nontumor tissues by immunohistochemistry; comparisons were made using McNemar's chi-square test. The Kaplan-Meier estimate was used for survival analysis. Results: We found that the expression of CBX7 in HCC tissues was significantly lower than that of adjacent nontumor tissues. In addition, decreased CBX7 expression levels were correlated with liver cirrhosis in HCC patients. Furthermore, the survival times of HCC patients who were CBX7-expression-negative were shorter than HCC patients who were CBX7-expression-positive. Conclusion: Our results show that downregulation of CBX7 is related to HCC progression and a poor prognosis in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonian Zhu
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Mingqun Qin
- 2 Department of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Cong Li
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zeng
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Chunhua Bei
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Chao Tan
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiang Shi
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Juan Kong
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
| | - Shengkui Tan
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P.R. China
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Wang J, Ji H, Zhu Q, Yu X, Du J, Jiang Z. Co-inhibition of BMI1 and Mel18 enhances chemosensitivity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:5012-5022. [PMID: 31186712 PMCID: PMC6507449 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounts for almost 90% of esophageal cancer cases and is the sixth most common cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Cisplatin is the standard therapeutic reagent for ESCC; however, chemoresistance frequently occurs after a few weeks, which leads to ESCC recurrence. Aberrant expression of B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (BMI1) has been reported to activate multiple growth-regulatory pathways, induce antiapoptotic abilities in numerous types of cancer cells and promote chemoresistance. However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of BMI1 in cisplatin-resistant ESCC, and the interaction between BMI1 and its homologue melanoma nuclear protein 18 (Mel18) remain unknown. The present study identified that knockdown of BMI1 promoted cytotoxic effects of cisplatin, and co-inhibition of Mel18 and BMI1 enhanced cisplatin-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity. Inhibition of BMI1 and Mel18 also suppressed the expression of c-Myc. Furthermore, this combined inhibition sensitized esophageal xenograft tumors to cisplatin to a greater extent compared with BMI1 inhibition alone. In summary, the current study demonstrated that inhibition of BMI1 and Mel18 could increase the sensitivity of esophageal cancer cells to cisplatin via inhibition of c-Myc. Therefore, combined targeting of BMI1 and Mel18 may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for sensitizing ESCC to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Huaijun Ji
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Xinshuang Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Juan Du
- Central Laboratory, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Zhongmin Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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14
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Kozlova NI, Morozevich GE, Ushakova NA, Berman AE. Implication of integrin α2β1 in anoikis of SK-Mel-147 human melanoma cells: a non-canonical function of Akt protein kinase. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1829-1839. [PMID: 30956761 PMCID: PMC6443001 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of anoikis, a kind of apoptosis caused by disruption of contacts between cell and extracellular matrix, is an important prerequisite for cancer cell metastasis. In this communication, we demonstrate that shRNA-mediated depletion of α2 integrin subunit induces anoikis and substantially decreases colony-forming potential in SK-Mel-147 human melanoma cells. Suppression of α2β1 upregulates the levels of pro-apoptotic protein p53 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. Concomitantly, we detected decrease in the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and cell cycle regulator c-Myc. Moreover, depletion of α2β1 reduces the activity of protein kinase Erk, while increases activity of Akt kinase. Pharmacological inhibition of P3IK kinase, an upstream activator of Akt, greatly enhanced anoikis in control cells while reduced that in cells with decreased levels of α2β1. Of three isoforms of Akt, down-regulation of Akt1 greatly diminished anoikis of cells depleted of α2β1, while down-regulation of Akt2 and Akt3 sharply increased anoikis in these cells. These findings were supported by the data of pharmacological inhibition of the Akt isoforms. Our results demonstrate for the first time that anoikis induced by α2β1 integrin knockdown can be attenuated by Akt1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Albert E Berman
- VN Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Ji AL, Li T, Zu G, Feng DC, Li Y, Wang GZ, Yao JH, Tian XF. Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 enhances intestinal cell proliferation and tissue regeneration after intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:824-836. [PMID: 30809082 PMCID: PMC6385013 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i7.824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious but common pathophysiological process of many diseases, resulting in a high mortality rate in clinical practice. Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22) acts as regulator of cell cycle progression, proliferation, and tumor invasion. Depleted USP22 expression has been reported to contribute to arrested cell cycle and disrupted generation of differentiated cell types in crypts and villi. However, the role of USP22 in intestinal damage recovery has not been investigated. Therefore, elucidation of the underlying mechanism of USP22 in intestinal I/R injury may help to improve the tissue repair and patient prognosis in clinical practice.
AIM To investigate the role of USP22 in intestinal cell proliferation and regeneration after intestinal I/R injury.
METHODS An animal model of intestinal I/R injury was generated in male Sprague-Dawley rats by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery followed by reperfusion. Chiu’s scoring system was used to grade the damage to the intestinal mucosa. An in vitro model was developed by incubating rat intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells in hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions in order to simulate I/R in vivo. siRNA and overexpression plasmid were used to regulate the expression of USP22. USP22, Cyclin D1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression levels were measured by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry staining. Cell survival (viability) and cell cycle were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry, respectively.
RESULTS USP22 expression was positively correlated with the expression levels of PCNA and Cyclin D1 both in vivo and in vitro, which confirmed that USP22 was involved in cell proliferation and intestinal regeneration after intestinal I/R injury. Decreased levels of Cyclin D1 and cell cycle arrest were observed in the USP22 knockdown group (P < 0.05), while opposite results were observed in the USP22 overexpression group (P < 0.05). In addition, increased expression of USP22 was related to improved intestinal pathology or IEC-6 cell viability after I/R or hypoxia/reoxygenation. These results suggested that USP22 may exert a protective effect on intestinal I/R injury by regulating cell proliferation and facilitating tissue regeneration.
CONCLUSION USP22 is correlated with promoting intestinal cell proliferation and accelerating intestinal tissue regeneration after intestinal I/R injury and may serve as a potential target for therapeutic development for tissue repair during intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Long Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Guo Zu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dong-Cheng Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ji-Hong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning Province, China
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16
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CBX8 exhibits oncogenic properties and serves as a prognostic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:52. [PMID: 30718464 PMCID: PMC6361915 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb group family is a class of proteins that have important roles in both physiological and pathological processes, and its family member Chromobox homolog 8 (CBX8) regulates cell differentiation, aging, and cell cycle progression in numerous carcinomas; however, the effects and underlying mechanisms of CBX8 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are rarely reported. We found that CBX8 expression in clinical HCC specimens correlates inversely with patient survival. In HCC cells, we found that enforced overexpression of CBX8 induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition, invasive migration, and stem cell-like traits, which are associated with increased tumor growth and metastasis in mice. Conversely, CBX8 silencing inhibits the aggressive phenotype of HCC cells that have high CBX8 expression. Mechanistically, CBX8 modulates H3K27me3 in the gene promoter of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), which is associated with active BMP4 transcription and, consequently, the activation of Smads and mitogen-activated protein kinases. BMP4 expression reverses the effects of CBX8 silencing in inhibiting epithelial–mesenchymal transition, stemness, and metastasis. Our results establish CBX8 as a critical driver of HCC stem cell-like and metastatic behaviors and characterize its role in modulating BMP4 expression. These findings have implications for the targeting of CBX8 as an approach to HCC prognosis and treatment. 1. CBX8 expression in clinical HCC specimens correlates inversely with patient survival. 2. CBX8 promotes HCC proliferation, mobility and invasion (epithelial–mesenchymal transition, EMT), and stemness. 3. CBX8 modulates H3K27me3 in the gene promoter of BMP4, which is associated with active BMP4 transcription, and consequently activated Smads and MAP kinases.
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17
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Kozlova NI, Morozevich GE, Ushakova NA, Berman AE. Implication of Integrin α2β1 in Proliferation and Invasion of Human Breast Carcinoma and Melanoma Cells: Noncanonical Function of Akt Protein Kinase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:738-745. [PMID: 30195330 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918060111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Blocking the expression of integrin α2β1, which was accomplished by transduction of α2-specific shRNA, resulted in significant inhibition of proliferation and clonal activity in human MCF-7 breast carcinoma and SK-Mel-147 melanoma cells. Along with these changes, deprivation of α2β1 caused a sharp decrease in melanoma cell invasion in vitro. Analysis of integrin-mediating signal pathways that control cell behavior revealed a significant increase in activity of Akt protein kinase in response to depletion of α2β1. The increase in Akt activity that accompanies a suppressive effect on cell invasion contradicts well-known Akt function aimed at stimulation of tumor progression. This contradiction could be explained by the "reversed" (noncanonical) role played by Akt in some cells that consists in suppression rather than promotion of invasive phenotype. To test this suggestion, the effects of Akt inhibitors on invasive activity of SK-Mel-147 cells were investigated. If the above suggestion is true, then inhibition of Akt in cells depleted of α2β1 should result in the restoration of their invasive activity. It appeared that treatment with LY294002, which inhibits all Akt isoforms (Akt1, Akt2, Akt3), not only failed to restore the invasive phenotype of melanoma cells but further attenuated their invasive activity. However, treatment of the cells with an Akt1-specific inhibitor significantly increased their invasion. Thus, the stimulating effect of α2β1 integrin on invasion of melanoma cells is realized through a mechanism based on inhibition of one of the Akt isoforms, which in these cells exhibits a noncanonical function consisting in suppression of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Kozlova
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - G E Morozevich
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - N A Ushakova
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - A E Berman
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119121, Russia.
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18
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Szurián K, Csala I, Marosvári D, Rajnai H, Dezső K, Bödör C, Piurkó V, Matolcsy A, Reiniger L. EZH2 is upregulated in the proliferation centers of CLL/SLL lymph nodes. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:161-165. [PMID: 30031020 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node involvement of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) is characterised by the diffuse infiltration of small neoplastic lymphocytes, which is accompanied by the presence of proliferation centres (PCs) comprising prolymphocytes and paraimmunoblasts. There is increasing evidence of accumulation of various molecular alterations in the tumour cells of PCs, which may explain why extended PCs are related to a less favourable prognosis. To further characterize PCs, we compared the expression level of EZH2 protein, the overexpression of which has recently been recognized as poor prognostic factor in CLL/SLL, in the PCs and the intervening small cell areas in lymph nodes of 15 patients with CLL/SLL. We also investigated the mutational profile of EZH2 and the expression of its upstream regulators c-Myc, E2F1, pRB and miR-26a. Our results showed a significantly increased expression of EZH2 in the PCs. No EZH2 mutations were detected, however, overexpression of c-Myc, E2F1 and pRb proteins as well as reduced expression of the tumor suppressor miR-26a were demonstrated in the PCs. In summary our findings indicate that EZH2 pathway is significantly upregulated in the PCs of CLL/SLL lymph nodes, providing further evidence for the distinguished biological features of the PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Szurián
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Irén Csala
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Marosvári
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Rajnai
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Dezső
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Bödör
- MTA-SE Lendulet Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Violetta Piurkó
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Matolcsy
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Reiniger
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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19
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang T, Wang L, Tan Z, Wei W, Yan B, Zhao J, Wu K, Yang A, Zhang R, Jia L. MicroRNA-26a is a key regulon that inhibits progression and metastasis of c-Myc/EZH2 double high advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2018; 426:98-108. [PMID: 29653269 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor c-Myc is a key driver for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), while the polycombrepressive complex 2 (PRC2) subunit EZH2 is an essential biomarker of HCC. c-Myc epigenetically silences tumor suppressors by recruiting PRC2 and inducing methylation of histone H3 lysine 27. However, it remains elusive how they are regulated in HCC. We found here that microRNA-26a (miR-26a) suppresses c-Myc, a classical Wnt pathway target gene, by targeting the Wnt pathway coactivator, cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8); miR-26a also directly targets and inhibits EZH2. The expression of MIR26A2, a predominant origin of miR-26a transcripts in hepatic cells, is repressed by c-Myc/PRC2, thereby forming a c-Myc/miR-26a/CDK8 regulatory circuit in HCC. Meanwhile, miR-26a suppresses migration of HCC by targeting p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2), a critical kinase linking Rho GTPases to cytoskeleton reorganization. Consequently, in vivo delivery of miR-26a remarkably suppressed the development of xenograft HCC and metastasis of orthotopic HCC by downregulating c-Myc, CDK8 and PAK2. These findings unraveled a novel mechanism of c-Myc and Wnt/β-catenin interplay that dictates HCC pathogenesis, and have implications for the potential applicability of miRNA delivery in targeting the newly identified signaling axis and treating metastatic HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Department of Health Statistics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Bo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Disease, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Angang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Lintao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
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20
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Sollazzo M, Genchi C, Paglia S, Di Giacomo S, Pession A, de Biase D, Grifoni D. High MYC Levels Favour Multifocal Carcinogenesis. Front Genet 2018; 9:612. [PMID: 30619451 PMCID: PMC6297171 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The term "field cancerisation" describes the formation of tissue sub-areas highly susceptible to multifocal tumourigenesis. In the earlier stages of cancer, cells may indeed display a series of molecular alterations that allow them to proliferate faster, eventually occupying discrete tissue regions with irrelevant morphological anomalies. This behaviour recalls cell competition, a process based on a reciprocal fitness comparison: when cells with a growth advantage arise in a tissue, they are able to commit wild-type neighbours to death and to proliferate at their expense. It is known that cells expressing high MYC levels behave as super-competitors, able to kill and replace less performant adjacent cells; given MYC upregulation in most human cancers, MYC-mediated cell competition is likely to pioneer field cancerisation. Here we show that MYC overexpression in a sub-territory of the larval wing epithelium of Drosophila is sufficient to trigger a number of cellular responses specific to mammalian pre-malignant tissues. Moreover, following induction of different second mutations, high MYC-expressing epithelia were found to be susceptible to multifocal growth, a hallmark of mammalian pre-cancerous fields. In summary, our study identified an early molecular alteration implicated in field cancerisation and established a genetically amenable model which may help study the molecular basis of early carcinogenesis.
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21
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Lee YC, Chang WW, Chen YY, Tsai YH, Chou YH, Tseng HC, Chen HL, Wu CC, Chang-Chien J, Lee HT, Yang HF, Wang BY. Hsp90α Mediates BMI1 Expression in Breast Cancer Stem/Progenitor Cells through Facilitating Nuclear Translocation of c-Myc and EZH2. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091986. [PMID: 28914785 PMCID: PMC5618635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that facilitates the correct folding and functionality of its client protein. Numerous Hsp90-client proteins are involved in cancer development. Thus, Hsp90 inhibitors have potential applications as anti-cancer drugs. We previously discovered that Hsp90α expression increased in breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which can initiate tumorigenesis and metastasis and resist treatment. In the present study, we further demonstrated that 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG), an inhibitor of Hsp90, could suppress the self-renewal of BCSCs by downregulating B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (BMI1), a polycomb family member with oncogenic activity in breast cancer. Through immunoprecipitation analysis, we found that BMI1 did not interact with Hsp90α and that the downregulation of BMI1 by 17-DMAG was mediated by the inhibition of c-Myc and enhancement of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) expression. The transcriptional and BMI1 promoter-binding activities of c-Myc in BCSCs were inhibited by 17-DMAG treatment. The overexpression of EZH2 attenuated the inhibitory effect of 17-DMAG on BMI1 and c-Myc expression. Furthermore, Hsp90α could be co-immunoprecipitated with c-Myc and EZH2 and bind to the BMI1 promoter. Treatment with 17-DMAG decreased the nuclear expression of EZH2 and c-Myc but not that of Hsp90α. In conclusion, our data suggested that Hsp90α could positively regulate the self-renewal of BCSCs by facilitating the nuclear translocation of c-Myc and EZH2 to maintain BMI1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chun Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hung Tsai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Hsiang Chou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien-Chun Tseng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Lin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Ju Chang-Chien
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Te Lee
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Huei-Fan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Chung shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Bing-Yen Wang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City 50006, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, 40201 Taichung, Taiwan.
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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22
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Gao J, Behdad A, Ji P, Wolniak KL, Frankfurt O, Chen YH. EBV-negative aggressive NK-cell leukemia/lymphoma: a clinical and pathological study from a single institution. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:1100-1115. [PMID: 28548121 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive natural killer (NK)-cell leukemia/lymphoma is a systemic NK-cell neoplasm that preferentially affects Asians with a fulminant clinical course and is almost always associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The data on EBV-negative aggressive NK-cell leukemia/lymphoma are limited. Here we report a series of three patients (two Caucasians, one African-American) with EBV-negative aggressive NK-cell leukemia/lymphoma from a single institution, including a case diagnosed on post-mortem examination. Similar to EBV-positive aggressive NK-cell leukemia/lymphoma, our patients presented with constitutional symptoms and hepatosplenomegaly, and followed a highly aggressive clinical course. The disease involved peripheral blood, bone marrow, liver, spleen, and lymph node, and the neoplastic cells were pleomorphic with prominent azurophilic granules and demonstrated an atypical NK-cell phenotype. Lack of blood lymphocytosis (3 of 3), bone marrow interstitial infiltration (2 of 3), EBER negativity (3 of 3), and atypical phenotype including CD3 negativity by immunohistochemistry make an early recognition of the disease difficult. Ancillary studies revealed a complex karyotype (1 of 2), overexpression (3 of 3), and amplification (1 of 1) of c-MYC. The polycomb repressive complex 2 pathway-associated proteins EZH2 and H3K27me3 and immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 were overexpressed in three of three and two of three cases, respectively. Our findings indicate that the EBV-negative aggressive NK-cell leukemia/lymphoma shares similar clinicopathological features to the EBV-positive counterpart except for the high prevalence of Asian seen in EBV-positive cases. Overexpression of polycomb repressive complex 2 pathway-associated proteins and PD-L1 suggest potential therapeutic targets for this aggressive disease. Next-generation sequencing on two of three cases identified multiple genetic alterations but were negative for JAK-STAT pathway-associated gene mutations previously reported in EBV-positive NK/T-cell lymphoma, suggesting alternative molecular pathogenic mechanisms for EBV-negative aggressive NK-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juehua Gao
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amir Behdad
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peng Ji
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristy L Wolniak
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olga Frankfurt
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yi-Hua Chen
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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23
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Wang X, Liu D, He D, Suo S, Xia X, He X, Han JDJ, Zheng P. Transcriptome analyses of rhesus monkey preimplantation embryos reveal a reduced capacity for DNA double-strand break repair in primate oocytes and early embryos. Genome Res 2017; 27:567-579. [PMID: 28223401 PMCID: PMC5378175 DOI: 10.1101/gr.198044.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Preimplantation embryogenesis encompasses several critical events including genome reprogramming, zygotic genome activation (ZGA), and cell-fate commitment. The molecular basis of these processes remains obscure in primates in which there is a high rate of embryo wastage. Thus, understanding the factors involved in genome reprogramming and ZGA might help reproductive success during this susceptible period of early development and generate induced pluripotent stem cells with greater efficiency. Moreover, explaining the molecular basis responsible for embryo wastage in primates will greatly expand our knowledge of species evolution. By using RNA-seq in single and pooled oocytes and embryos, we defined the transcriptome throughout preimplantation development in rhesus monkey. In comparison to archival human and mouse data, we found that the transcriptome dynamics of monkey oocytes and embryos were very similar to those of human but very different from those of mouse. We identified several classes of maternal and zygotic genes, whose expression peaks were highly correlated with the time frames of genome reprogramming, ZGA, and cell-fate commitment, respectively. Importantly, comparison of the ZGA-related network modules among the three species revealed less robust surveillance of genomic instability in primate oocytes and embryos than in rodents, particularly in the pathways of DNA damage signaling and homology-directed DNA double-strand break repair. This study highlights the utility of monkey models to better understand the molecular basis for genome reprogramming, ZGA, and genomic stability surveillance in human early embryogenesis and may provide insights for improved homologous recombination-mediated gene editing in monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Denghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dajian He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Shengbao Suo
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xian Xia
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiechao He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Jing-Dong J Han
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
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24
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Sashida G, Iwama A. Multifaceted role of the polycomb-group gene EZH2 in hematological malignancies. Int J Hematol 2016; 105:23-30. [PMID: 27830540 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex (PRC) is a critical regulator of normal tissue homeostasis as well as tumorigenesis. EZH2, an enzymatic subunit of PRC2, is a histone H3K27 methyltransferase that functions in the regulation of gene silencing. EZH2 overexpression was first identified in prostate and breast cancers and is associated with poor clinical outcome. Subsequently, gain- and loss-of-function mutations of EZH2 have been identified in various tumors, including hematological malignancies, implicating EZH2 as either an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, depending on the cancer type. Molecular mechanisms underlying the multifaceted function of EZH2 have been analyzed extensively. However, because EZH2 dysregulation is functionally integrated with multiple other epigenetic events in a context-dependent manner, the precise manner in which EZH2 dysregulation impacts the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies remains to be clarified. In this perspective, we describe recent findings in pathogenic role of EZH2 in hematological malignancies, which may provide insights into the treatment of with cancers with EZH2 dysregulation and the development of novel therapies targeting epigenetic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Sashida
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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25
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Soini Y. Epigenetic and genetic changes in soft tissue sarcomas: a review. APMIS 2016; 124:925-934. [PMID: 27670825 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas are a versatile group of tumors with a proposed origin from mesenchymal stem cells. During recent years, the molecular biologic mechanisms behind the histogenesis of these tumors have become clearer. In addition to translocations and other genomic changes, epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to be greatly involved in the histogenesis of sarcomas as well as other cancers. Even though the molecular mechanisms behind sarcomas appear to be more complex than previously expected, epigenetic mechanisms bring new opportunities and means for the treatment of these complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylermi Soini
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio and Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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26
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Oh EJ, Kim SH, Yang WI, Ko YH, Yoon SO. Long Non-coding RNA HOTAIR Expression in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: In Relation to Polycomb Repressive Complex Pathway Proteins and H3K27 Trimethylation. J Pathol Transl Med 2016; 50:369-76. [PMID: 27550047 PMCID: PMC5042898 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2016.06.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A long non-coding RNA hox transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is involved in epigenetic regulation through chromatin remodeling by recruiting polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) proteins (EZH2, SUZ12, and EED) that induce histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Deregulation of c-MYC and interaction between c-MYC and EZH2 are well known in lymphomagenesis; however, little is known about the expression status of HOTAIR in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). METHODS The expression status of PRC2 (EZH2, SUZ12, and EED), H3K27me3, c-MYC, and BCL2 was analyzed using immunohistochemistry (n = 231), and HOTAIR was investigated by a quantification real-time polymerase chain reaction method (n = 164) in DLBCLs. RESULTS The present study confirmed the positive correlation among PRC2 proteins, H3K27me3, and c-MYC in DLBCLs. Expression level of HOTAIR was also positively correlated to EZH2 (p < .05, respectively). Between c-MYC and HOTAIR, and between c- MYC/BCL2 co-expression and HOTAIR, however, negative correlation was observed in DLBCLs (p < .05, respectively). High level of H3K27me3 was determined as an independent prognostic marker in poor overall survival (hazard ratio, 2.0; p = .023) of DLBCL patients. High expression of HOTAIR, however, was associated with favorable overall survival (p = .004) in the univariate analysis, but the impact was not significant in the multivariate analysis. The favorable outcome of DLBCL with HOTAIR high expression levels may be related to the negative correlation with c- MYC expression or c-MYC/BCL2 co-expression. CONCLUSIONS HOTAIR expression could be one of possible mechanisms for inducing H3K27me3 via EZH2-related PRC2 activation, and induced H3K27me3 may be strongly related to aggressive DLBCLs which show poor patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Oh
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Hee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Anatomic Pathology Reference Lab, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Ick Yang
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hyeh Ko
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Och Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Zhang JT, Weng ZH, Tsang KS, Tsang LL, Chan HC, Jiang XH. MycN Is Critical for the Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Crest Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148062. [PMID: 26815535 PMCID: PMC4729679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The biologic studies of human neural crest stem cells (hNCSCs) are extremely challenging due to the limited source of hNCSCs as well as ethical and technical issues surrounding isolation of early human embryonic tissues. On the other hand, vast majority of studies on MycN have been conducted in human tumor cells, thus, the role of MycN in normal human neural crest development is completely unknown. In the present study, we determined the role of MycN in hNCSCs isolated from in vitro-differentiating human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). For the first time, we show that suppression of MycN in hNCSCs inhibits cell growth and cell cycle progression. Knockdown of MycN in hNCSCs increases the expression of Cdkn1a, Cdkn2a and Cdkn2b, which encodes the cyclin-dependent kinases p21CIP1, p16 INK4a and p15INK4b. In addition, MycN is involved in the regulation of human sympathetic neurogenesis, as knockdown of MycN enhances the expression of key transcription factors involved in sympathetic neuron differentiation, including Phox2a, Phox2b, Mash1, Hand2 and Gata3. We propose that unlimited source of hNCSCs provides an invaluable platform for the studies of human neural crest development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhi Hui Weng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Kam Sze Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Lai Ling Tsang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xiao Hua Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
- * E-mail:
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28
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Oh EJ, Kim EK, Yang WI, Yoon SO. Activation of the polycomb repressive complex pathway in the bone marrow resident cells of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 57:1921-32. [PMID: 26757888 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1121261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the activation of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) pathway proteins in the resident cells within the bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. PRC2 proteins (enhancer of zeste homolog 2, suppressor of zeste 12 homolog, and embryonic ectoderm development), histone methylation mark (H3K27me3), and c-MYC activation were evaluated in pretreatment bone marrow from 208 DLBLC patients. Positive expression of the PRC2, H3K27me3, and c-MYC in the bone marrow resident cells was more frequent in cases with bone marrow involvement of tumor. The expression among PRC2, H3K27me3 mark, and c-MYC was closely correlated. Positive PRC2 expression in bone marrow resident cells was significantly associated with inferior progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) and determined to be an independent prognostic factor of inferior PFS and OS. In conclusion, the PRC pathway was frequently activated in bone marrow resident cells of DLBCL patients, and PRC activation was tumor-related and associated with poor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Oh
- a Department of Pathology , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Kim
- a Department of Pathology , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Woo Ick Yang
- a Department of Pathology , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Sun Och Yoon
- a Department of Pathology , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
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29
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Wassef M, Rodilla V, Teissandier A, Zeitouni B, Gruel N, Sadacca B, Irondelle M, Charruel M, Ducos B, Michaud A, Caron M, Marangoni E, Chavrier P, Le Tourneau C, Kamal M, Pasmant E, Vidaud M, Servant N, Reyal F, Meseure D, Vincent-Salomon A, Fre S, Margueron R. Impaired PRC2 activity promotes transcriptional instability and favors breast tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 2015; 29:2547-62. [PMID: 26637281 PMCID: PMC4699384 DOI: 10.1101/gad.269522.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Wassef et al. used mouse and human models to show that the high expression of Polycomb protein EZH2 in solid tumors is a consequence, not a cause, of tumorigenesis and that low abundance or deletion of EZH2 relative to proliferation is linked to poor prognosis and transcriptional instability. Alterations of chromatin modifiers are frequent in cancer, but their functional consequences often remain unclear. Focusing on the Polycomb protein EZH2 that deposits the H3K27me3 (trimethylation of Lys27 of histone H3) mark, we showed that its high expression in solid tumors is a consequence, not a cause, of tumorigenesis. In mouse and human models, EZH2 is dispensable for prostate cancer development and restrains breast tumorigenesis. High EZH2 expression in tumors results from a tight coupling to proliferation to ensure H3K27me3 homeostasis. However, this process malfunctions in breast cancer. Low EZH2 expression relative to proliferation and mutations in Polycomb genes actually indicate poor prognosis and occur in metastases. We show that while altered EZH2 activity consistently modulates a subset of its target genes, it promotes a wider transcriptional instability. Importantly, transcriptional changes that are consequences of EZH2 loss are predominantly irreversible. Our study provides an unexpected understanding of EZH2's contribution to solid tumors with important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Wassef
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France; U934, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75005 Paris, France; UMR3215, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Veronica Rodilla
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France; U934, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75005 Paris, France; UMR3215, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Teissandier
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France; U900, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75005 Paris, France; Mines ParisTech, 77300 Fontainebleau, France
| | - Bruno Zeitouni
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France; U900, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75005 Paris, France; Mines ParisTech, 77300 Fontainebleau, France
| | - Nadege Gruel
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Sadacca
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Irondelle
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Margaux Charruel
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France; U934, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75005 Paris, France; UMR3215, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Ducos
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique-Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France; UMR 8550, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France; Plateforme de PCR Quantitative à Haut Débit Genomic Paris Centre, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Michaud
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France; U934, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75005 Paris, France; UMR3215, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Caron
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France; U934, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75005 Paris, France; UMR3215, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Chavrier
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Le Tourneau
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; EA7285, Université de Versailles, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Maud Kamal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eric Pasmant
- UMR_S745, EA7331, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75006 Paris, France; Facultée des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Service de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Michel Vidaud
- UMR_S745, EA7331, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75006 Paris, France; Facultée des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Service de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Servant
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France; U900, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75005 Paris, France; Mines ParisTech, 77300 Fontainebleau, France
| | - Fabien Reyal
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dider Meseure
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France; Platform of Investigative Pathology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne Vincent-Salomon
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France; U934, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75005 Paris, France; UMR3215, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Margueron
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France; U934, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75005 Paris, France; UMR3215, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France
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30
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A Novel Aspect of Tumorigenesis-BMI1 Functions in Regulating DNA Damage Response. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3396-415. [PMID: 26633535 PMCID: PMC4693283 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BMI1 plays critical roles in maintaining the self-renewal of hematopoietic, neural, intestinal stem cells, and cancer stem cells (CSCs) for a variety of cancer types. BMI1 promotes cell proliferative life span and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Upregulation of BMI1 occurs in multiple cancer types and is associated with poor prognosis. Mechanistically, BMI1 is a subunit of the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), and binds the catalytic RING2/RING1b subunit to form a functional E3 ubiquitin ligase. Through mono-ubiquitination of histone H2A at lysine 119 (H2A-K119Ub), BMI1 represses multiple gene loci; among these, the INK4A/ARF locus has been most thoroughly investigated. The locus encodes the p16INK4A and p14/p19ARF tumor suppressors that function in the pRb and p53 pathways, respectively. Its repression contributes to BMI1-derived tumorigenesis. BMI1 also possesses other oncogenic functions, specifically its regulative role in DNA damage response (DDR). In this process, BMI1 ubiquitinates histone H2A and γH2AX, thereby facilitating the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) through stimulating homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining. Additionally, BMI1 compromises DSB-induced checkpoint activation independent of its-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. We review the emerging role of BMI1 in DDR regulation and discuss its impact on BMI1-derived tumorigenesis.
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31
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Iseki H, Nakachi Y, Hishida T, Yamashita-Sugahara Y, Hirasaki M, Ueda A, Tanimoto Y, Iijima S, Sugiyama F, Yagami KI, Takahashi S, Okuda A, Okazaki Y. Combined Overexpression of JARID2, PRDM14, ESRRB, and SALL4A Dramatically Improves Efficiency and Kinetics of Reprogramming to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 34:322-33. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Iseki
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Saitama Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakachi
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
- Division of Translational Research; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hishida
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Saitama Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | | | - Masataka Hirasaki
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Atsushi Ueda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Yoko Tanimoto
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Saori Iijima
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yagami
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Saitama Japan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Akihiko Okuda
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Saitama Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Saitama Japan
- Division of Translational Research; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
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32
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De Cecco L, Negri T, Brich S, Mauro V, Bozzi F, Dagrada G, Disciglio V, Sanfilippo R, Gronchi A, D'Incalci M, Casali PG, Canevari S, Pierotti MA, Pilotti S. Identification of a gene expression driven progression pathway in myxoid liposarcoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5965-77. [PMID: 25115389 PMCID: PMC4171605 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: to investigate the events involved in the progression of myxoid liposarcoma (MLS). Gene expression profiling and immunohistochemical/biochemical analyses were applied to specimens representative of the opposite ends of the MLS spectrum: pure myxoid (ML) and pure round cell (RC) liposarcomas. The analyses revealed the involvement of both coding and non coding RNAs (SNORDs located in DLK1-DIO3 region) and support a model of stepwise progression mainly driven by epigenetic changes involving tumour vascular supply and tumoral cellular component. In this model, a switch in the vascular landscape from a normal to a pro-angiogenic signature and the silencing of DLK1-DIO3 region mark the progression from ML to RC in concert with the acquisition by the latter of the over-expression of YY1/C-MYC/HDAC2, together with over-expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and stemness: MKNK2, MSX1 and TRIM71. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that to progress from ML to RC liposarcoma the cells have to overcome the epigenetic silencing restriction point in order to reset their new stem-like differentiation signature. Our findings provide a first attempt at identifying the missing links between ML and RC liposarcomas, that may also have broader applications in other clinico-pathological settings characterised by a spectrum of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris De Cecco
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tiziana Negri
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Silvia Brich
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Valentina Mauro
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Fabio Bozzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - GianPaolo Dagrada
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Vittoria Disciglio
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Roberta Sanfilippo
- Adult Mesenchymal Tumor Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Alessandro Gronchi
- Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo G Casali
- Adult Mesenchymal Tumor Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Silvana Canevari
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Marco A Pierotti
- Scientific Directorate, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
| | - Silvana Pilotti
- Laboratory of Experimental Molecular Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan Italy
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Morozevich GE, Kozlova NI, Susova OY, Karalkin PA, Berman AE. Implication of α2β1 integrin in anoikis of MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:97-103. [PMID: 25754044 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Silencing of α2β1 integrin expression significantly promoted anchorage-dependent apoptosis (anoikis) and drastically reduced clonal activity of MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. Depletion of α2β1 enhanced the production of apoptotic protein p53 and of inhibitor of cyclin-dependent protein kinases, p27, while downregulating antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and multifunctional protein cMyc. Blocking the expression of α2β1 had no effect on activity of protein kinase Akt, but it sharply increased the kinase activity of Erk1/2. Pharmacological inhibition of Erk1/2 had a minor effect on anoikis of control cells, while it reduced anoikis of cells with downregulated α2β1 to the level of control cells. The data show for the first time that integrin α2β1 is implicated in the protection of tumor cells from anoikis through a mechanism based on the inhibition of protein kinase Erk.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Morozevich
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 119121, Russia.
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The role of the polycomb repressive complex pathway in T and NK cell lymphoma: biological and prognostic implications. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2037-47. [PMID: 26337274 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2; formed by EZH2, SUZ12, and EED protein subunits) and PRC1 (BMI1 protein) induce gene silencing through histone modification, primarily H3K27me3, and deregulation of PRC pathways leads to tumorigenesis. In the present study, activation of PRC2, H3K27me3, and BMI1 was investigated by immunohistochemistry in 175 cases of T and natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma. Activation of PRC proteins was analyzed according to c-MYC activation, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, CD30 activation, and survival. Among all T and NK cell lymphomas, high expression rates of 54.7 % for EZH2, 33.3 % for SUZ12, 85.7 % for EED, 40.5 % for H3K27me3, and 30.9 % for BMI1 were discovered. Activation of PRC2, H3K27me3, and BMI1 showed positive correlations (P < 0.05). Activation of c-MYC was associated with activation of SUZ12 and triple coactivation of all PRC2 protein subunits (EZH2(high)/SUZ12(high)/EED(high)) (P < 0.05). In EBV-positive tumors, activation of EZH2 and H3K27me3 showed greater association (P < 0.05). H3K27me3 and BMI1 showed a negative association in tumors expressing CD30 (P < 0.05). With respect to survival, BMI1 activation was independently associated with poor prognosis in T and NK cell lymphomas (P = 0.002). In conclusion, T and NK cell lymphomas were associated with activation of PRC pathway markers, for which c-MYC activation and EBV infection could be suggested as possible causes. PRC pathway markers may be potential therapeutic targets and prognostic markers in T and NK cell lymphoma.
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Zhao G, Li Q, Wang A, Jiao J. YY1 regulates melanoma tumorigenesis through a miR-9 ~ RYBP axis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:66. [PMID: 26104682 PMCID: PMC4511530 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The Yin Yang 1 (YY1) transcription factor has been identified to target a plethora of potential target genes, which are important for cell proliferation and differentiation. Although the role that YY1 plays in different human types of cancer has been reported, its biological and mechanistic significance in melanoma has not been well defined. Methods Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was used to determine whether aberrant YY1 and miR-9 expression occurred in melanoma, compared with benign nevi and normal tissue controls. Furthermore, the transcriptional regulation of YY1 on miR-9 expression was assessed by using quantitative ChIP-PCR assay. Subsequently, the effects of YY1 and miR-9 on proliferation, cell cycle, migration and invasion of melanoma cells were detected using CCK-8, flow cytometric analysis, wound healing and transwell invasion assays, respectively. Finally, the post-transcriptional regulation of miR-9 on RYBP was analyzed using luciferase reporter and immunoblot analysis. Results Elevated YY1 levels were observed in patients with melanoma, compared with benign nevi and normal tissue controls, and the increased YY1 was associated with melanoma metastasis state and tumor stage. Furthermore, YY1 negatively regulated miR-9 transcription. Silencing of YY1 inhibited proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion in melanoma cells, while ectopic of miR-9 did the same. Additionally, RYBP was shown to be a direct target of miR-9 through binding to its 3′ UTR, thus forming a YY1 ~ miR-9 ~ RYBP axis. Conclusions These results identify a novel YY1 ~ miR-9 ~ RYBP axis involved in melanoma tumorigenesis and reinforce the idea that regulatory circuitries involving miRNAs and TFs are prevalent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Central Hospital of Zibo City, Zibo, 255036, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Oncology Department, The Foruth People's Hospital of Zibo City, Zibo, 255067, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Aiqin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Central Hospital of Zibo City, Zibo, 255036, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jian Jiao
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
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Rusek AM, Abba M, Eljaszewicz A, Moniuszko M, Niklinski J, Allgayer H. MicroRNA modulators of epigenetic regulation, the tumor microenvironment and the immune system in lung cancer. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:34. [PMID: 25743773 PMCID: PMC4333888 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an exceedingly complex disease that is orchestrated and driven by a combination of multiple aberrantly regulated processes. The nature and depth of involvement of individual events vary between cancer types, and in lung cancer, the deregulation of the epigenetic machinery, the tumor microenvironment and the immune system appear to be especially relevant. The contribution of microRNAs to carcinogenesis and cancer progression is well established with many reports and investigations describing the involvement of microRNAs in lung cancer, however most of these studies have concentrated on single microRNA-target relations and have not adequately addressed the complexity of their interactions. In this review, we focus, in part, on the role of microRNAs in the epigenetic regulation of lung cancer where they act as active molecules modulating enzymes that take part in methylation-mediated silencing and chromatin remodeling. Additionally, we highlight their contribution in controlling and modulating the tumor microenvironment and finally, we describe their role in the critical alteration of essential molecules that influence the immune system in lung cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Rusek
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, Białystok, 15-269, Poland.
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68135, Mannheim, Germany.
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Centre), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mohammed Abba
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68135, Mannheim, Germany.
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Centre), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Andrzej Eljaszewicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, Białystok, 15-269, Poland.
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, Białystok, 15-269, Poland.
| | - Jacek Niklinski
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, Białystok, 15-269, Poland.
| | - Heike Allgayer
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68135, Mannheim, Germany.
- Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Centre), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Interplay of H2A deubiquitinase 2A-DUB/Mysm1 and the p19(ARF)/p53 axis in hematopoiesis, early T-cell development and tissue differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1451-62. [PMID: 25613381 PMCID: PMC4532772 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoubiquitination of core histone 2A (H2A-K119u) has a critical role in gene regulation in hematopoietic differentiation and other developmental processes. To explore the interplay of histone H2A deubiquitinase Myb-like SWIRM and MPN domain containing1 (2A-DUB/Mysm1) with the p53 axis in the sequential differentiation of mature lymphocytes from progenitors, we systematically analyzed hematopoiesis and early T-cell development using Mysm1(-/-) and p53(-/-)Mysm1(-/-) mice. Mysm1(-/-) thymi were severely hypoplastic with <10% of wild-type cell numbers as a result of a reduction of early thymocyte progenitors in context with defective hematopoietic stem cells, a partial block at the double-negative (DN)1-DN2 transition and increased apoptosis of double-positive thymocytes. Increased rates of apoptosis were also detected in other tissues affected by Mysm1 deficiency, including the developing brain and the skin. By quantitative PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses, we identified p19(ARF), an important regulator of p53 tumor suppressor protein levels, as a potential Mysm1 target gene. In newly generated p53(-/-)Mysm1(-/-) double-deficient mice, anomalies of Mysm1(-/-) mice including reduction of lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors, reduced thymocyte numbers and viability, and interestingly defective B-cell development, growth retardation, neurological defects, skin atrophy, and tail malformation were almost completely restored as well, substantiating the involvement of the p53 pathway in the alterations caused by Mysm1 deficiency. In conclusion, this investigation uncovers a novel link between H2A deubiquitinase 2A-DUB/Mysm1 and suppression of p53-mediated apoptotic programs during early lymphoid development and other developmental processes.
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Radiation therapy for glioma stem cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 853:85-110. [PMID: 25895709 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16537-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is the most effective adjuvant treatment modality for virtually all patients with high-grade glioma. Its ability to improve patient survival has been recognized for decades. Cancer stem cells provide new insights into how tumor biology is affected by radiation and the role that this cell population can play in disease recurrence. Glioma stem cells possess a variety of intracellular mechanisms to resist and even flourish in spite of radiation, and their proliferation and maintenance appear tied to supportive stimuli from the tumor microenvironment. This chapter reviews the basis for our current use of radiation to treat high-grade gliomas, and addresses this model in the context of therapeutically resistant stem cells. We discuss the available evidence highlighting current clinical efforts to improve radiosensitivity, and newer targets worthy of further development.
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Xu N, Li Z, Yu Z, Yan F, Liu Y, Lu X, Yang W. MicroRNA-33b suppresses migration and invasion by targeting c-Myc in osteosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115300. [PMID: 25546234 PMCID: PMC4278906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have emerged as fundamental regulators in gene expression through silencing gene expression at the post-transcriptional and translational levels. Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary malignant bone tumor and is characterized by complex genetic changes and resistance to conventional treatments. In our study, the role of miR-33b in the progression and metastasis of osteosarcoma was investigated. Our results showed that miR-33b was significantly downregulated in osteosarcoma tissue and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-33b significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in the MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line. Moreover, we also showed that c-Myc was negatively regulated by miR-33b at the posttranscriptional level, via a specific target site within the 3′UTR. Overexpression of c-Myc impaired miR-33b-induced inhibition of proliferation and invasion in osteosarcoma cells. The expression of c-Myc was frequently downregulated in osteosarcoma tumors and cell lines and was inversely correlated with miR-33b expression. Thus, our findings suggest that miR-33b inhibits osteosarcoma cells migration and invasion by targeting the c-Myc gene, acting as tumor suppressor. The findings of this study contribute to current understanding of the functions of miR-33b in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zimu Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhange Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weiliang Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail:
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T-cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia Frequently Shows Cutaneous Involvement and Is Associated With Gains of MYC, Loss of ATM, and TCL1A Rearrangement. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38:1468-83. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shajahan-Haq AN, Cook KL, Schwartz-Roberts JL, Eltayeb AE, Demas DM, Warri AM, Facey COB, Hilakivi-Clarke LA, Clarke R. MYC regulates the unfolded protein response and glucose and glutamine uptake in endocrine resistant breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:239. [PMID: 25339305 PMCID: PMC4216870 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background About 70% of all breast cancers are estrogen receptor alpha positive (ER+) and are treated with antiestrogens. However, 50% of ER + tumors develop resistance to these drugs (endocrine resistance). In endocrine resistant cells, an adaptive pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR) is elevated that allows cells to tolerate stress more efficiently than in sensitive cells. While the precise mechanism remains unclear, the UPR can trigger both pro-survival and pro-death outcomes that depend on the nature and magnitude of the stress. In this study, we identified MYC, an oncoprotein that is upregulated in endocrine resistant breast cancer, as a regulator of the UPR in glucose-deprived conditions. Methods ER+ human breast cancer cell lines (LCC1, LCC1, LY2 and LCC9) and rat mammary tumors were used to confirm upregulation of MYC in endocrine resistance. To evaluate functional relevance of proteins, siRNA-mediated inhibition or small molecule inhibitors were used. Cell density/number was evaluated with crystal violet assay; cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. Relative quantification of glutamine metabolites were determined by mass spectrometry. Signaling molecules of the UPR, apoptosis or autophagy pathways were investigated by western blotting. Results Increased MYC function in resistant cells correlated with increased dependency on glutamine and glucose for survival. Inhibition of MYC reduced cell growth and uptake of both glucose and glutamine in resistant cells. Interestingly, in glucose-deprived conditions, glutamine induced apoptosis and necrosis, arrested autophagy, and triggered the unfolded protein response (UPR) though GRP78-IRE1α with two possible outcomes: (i) inhibition of cell growth by JNK activation in most cells and, (ii) promotion of cell growth by spliced XBP1 in the minority of cells. These disparate effects are regulated, at different signaling junctions, by MYC more robustly in resistant cells. Conclusions Endocrine resistant cells overexpress MYC and are better adapted to withstand periods of glucose deprivation and can use glutamine in the short term to maintain adequate metabolism to support cell survival. Our findings reveal a unique role for MYC in regulating cell fate through the UPR, and suggest that targeting glutamine metabolism may be a novel strategy in endocrine resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha N Shajahan-Haq
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Dingar D, Kalkat M, Chan PK, Srikumar T, Bailey SD, Tu WB, Coyaud E, Ponzielli R, Kolyar M, Jurisica I, Huang A, Lupien M, Penn LZ, Raught B. BioID identifies novel c-MYC interacting partners in cultured cells and xenograft tumors. J Proteomics 2014; 118:95-111. [PMID: 25452129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The BioID proximity-based biotin labeling technique was recently developed for the characterization of protein-protein interaction networks [1]. To date, this method has been applied to a number of different polypeptides expressed in cultured cells. Here we report the adaptation of BioID to the identification of protein-protein interactions surrounding the c-MYC oncoprotein in human cells grown both under standard culture conditions and in mice as tumor xenografts. Notably, in vivo BioID yielded >100 high confidence MYC interacting proteins, including >30 known binding partners. Putative novel MYC interactors include components of the STAGA/KAT5 and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes, DNA repair and replication factors, general transcription and elongation factors, and transcriptional co-regulators such as the DNA helicase protein chromodomain 8 (CHD8). Providing additional confidence in these findings, ENCODE ChIP-seq datasets highlight significant coincident binding throughout the genome for the MYC interactors identified here, and we validate the previously unreported MYC-CHD8 interaction using both a yeast two hybrid analysis and the proximity-based ligation assay. In sum, we demonstrate that BioID can be utilized to identify bona fide interacting partners for a chromatin-associated protein in vivo. This technique will allow for a much improved understanding of protein-protein interactions in a previously inaccessible biological setting. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The c-MYC (MYC) oncogene is a transcription factor that plays important roles in cancer initiation and progression. MYC expression is deregulated in more than 50% of human cancers, but the role of this protein in normal cell biology and tumor progression is still not well understood, in part because identifying MYC-interacting proteins has been technically challenging: MYC-containing chromatin-associated complexes are difficult to isolate using traditional affinity purification methods, and the MYC protein is exceptionally labile, with a half-life of only ~30 min. Developing a new strategy to gain insight into MYC-containing protein complexes would thus mark a key advance in cancer research. The recently described BioID proximity-based labeling technique represents a promising new complementary approach for the characterization of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in cultured cells. Here we report that BioID can also be used to characterize protein-protein interactions for a chromatin-associated protein in tumor xenografts, and present a comprehensive, high confidence in vivo MYC interactome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein dynamics in health and disease. Guest Editors: Pierre Thibault and Anne-Claude Gingras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Dingar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Manpreet Kalkat
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Pak-Kei Chan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Tharan Srikumar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Swneke D Bailey
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - William B Tu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Romina Ponzielli
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Max Kolyar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Mathieu Lupien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Linda Z Penn
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.
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Jóźwiak P, Forma E, Bryś M, Krześlak A. O-GlcNAcylation and Metabolic Reprograming in Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:145. [PMID: 25250015 PMCID: PMC4158873 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cancer metabolism has received considerable attention over the past decade, our knowledge on its specifics is still fragmentary. Altered cellular metabolism is one of the most important hallmarks of cancer. Cancer cells exhibit aberrant glucose metabolism characterized by aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon known as Warburg effect. Accelerated glucose uptake and glycolysis are main characteristics of cancer cells that allow them for intensive growth and proliferation. Accumulating evidence suggests that O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), an enzyme responsible for modification of proteins with N-acetylglucosamine, may act as a nutrient sensor that links hexosamine biosynthesis pathway to oncogenic signaling and regulation of factors involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Recent studies suggest that metabolic reprograming in cancer is connected to changes at the epigenetic level. O-GlcNAcylation seems to play an important role in the regulation of the epigenome in response to cellular metabolic status. Through histone modifications and assembly of gene transcription complexes, OGT can impact on expression of genes important for cellular metabolism. This paper reviews recent findings related to O-GlcNAc-dependent regulation of signaling pathways, transcription factors, enzymes, and epigenetic changes involved in metabolic reprograming of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Jóźwiak
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Forma
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bryś
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Krześlak
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- *Correspondence: Anna Krześlak, Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, Lodz 90-236, Poland e-mail:
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Abstract
Neonatal or perinatal tumours frequently relate to prenatal or developmental events and have a short exposure window which provides an opportunity to study tumours in a selective sensitive period of development. As a result, they display a number of host-specific features which include occasional spontaneous maturational changes with cells still responding to developmental influences. Neonatal tumours (NNT) are studied for a number of important reasons. Firstly, many of the benign tumours arising from soft tissue appear to result from disturbances in growth and development and some are associated with other congenital anomalies. Study of these aspects may open the door for investigation of genetic and epigenetic changes in genes controlling foetal development as well as environmental and drug effects during pregnancy. Secondly, the clinical behaviour of NNT differs from that of similar tumours occurring later in childhood. In addition, certain apparently malignant NNT can 'change course' in infancy leading to the maturation of apparently highly malignant tumours. Thirdly, NNT underline the genetic associations of most tumours but appear to differ in the effects of proto-oncogenes and other oncogenic factors. In this context, there are also connections between the foetal and neonatal period and some "adult" cancers. Fourthly, they appear to arise in a period in which minimal environmental interference has occurred, thus providing a unique potential window of opportunity to study the pathogenesis of tumour behaviour. This study will seek to review what is currently known in each of these areas of study as they apply to NNT. Further study of the provocative differences in tumour behaviour in neonates provides insights into the natural history of cancer in humans and promotes novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Moore
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa,
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