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Goyal R, Gupta S, Sharma P, Sharma M. Insights into Prospects of Novel NSAID Prodrugs in the Management of Gastrointestinal Toxicity: A Perspective Review. RECENT ADVANCES IN INFLAMMATION & ALLERGY DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 18:2-10. [PMID: 38275026 DOI: 10.2174/0127722708278736231205055035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have a long history in the healthcare system due to their therapeutic potential. These NSAIDs cause ulcerogenicity, stomach pains, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, mucosa bleeding, and pancreatitis when used moderately and consistently. With researchers, managing the aforementioned adverse effects therapeutically is getting increasingly difficult. One method for creating NSAID moieties with low penetration as well as ulcerogenic properties is the prodrug technique. During the oral consumption of NSAID-prodrugs, ulcerations, intestinal hemorrhage, and mucosa hemorrhage have significantly decreased. Considering this background, this review focussed on NSAID prodrugs as well as their justifications, the pathogenesis of NSAIDs inducing gastrointestinal toxicity, and the role of different antioxidants and spacer groups. Prodrug moieties have more advantages over parent medicines concerning both solubility and lipophilicity. In general, NSAID-class prodrugs can successfully treat both acute and long-term inflammation and aches without causing ulcerotoxicity and related gastrointestinal side effects, which reduces their burden from the pharmacoeconomic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Goyal
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Prabodh Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Forensic Science Laboratory, New Delhi, India
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2
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Shrivastava SK, Sinha O, Kumar M, Waiker DK, Verma A, Tripathi PN, Bhardwaj B, Saraf P. Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of some novel ϒ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT) inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Bhilare NV, Marulkar VS, Kumar D, Chatap VK, Patil KS, Shirote PJ. An insight into prodrug strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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4
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Devi K, Awasthi P. Isoleucine with secondary sulfonamide functionality as anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:7052-7069. [PMID: 33704017 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1893818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Isoleucine substituted analogues with secondary sulfonamide group (I1-I6) have been synthesized. Structures of synthesized analogues have been confirmed by Fourier Transform-Infrared Red, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H and 13C) and ESI-MS spectroscopic tools. Cytotoxic screenings of synthesized analogues have been done on MCF-7 (breast), Prostate Cancer-3 (PC-3) and A549 (lung) cancer cell lines. N-(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-2-anilinoethyl) p-toluene sulfonamide (I5) screened to be better cytotoxic agent on MCF-7 and A549 cell lines whereas N-(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-2-p-chloroanilino ethyl) benzene sulfonamide (I3) against PC-3 cell line. Cell cycle analysis of N-(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-2-anilinoethyl) p-toluene sulfonamide (I5) analogue has been carried out on A549 cell line in comparison to control and Vinblastine (standard drug). Complete arrest in G0 and G1 phase along with mild disturbance in S-phase of cell cycle has been observed. The screened analogues (I1-I6) also showed good antifungal and antibacterial potential against gram positive as well as gram negative strains. Computer simulation indicated good bioactivity prediction by the 'Lipinski rule' and synthesized analogues did not violate this rule. Docking study of isoleucine sulfonamide analogues (I1-I6) were carried out to determine the possible interaction sites of the analogues with p53 tumor suppressor-DNA complex and demonstrate that the analogues confirmed binding and inhibition with the most mutated residues of p53. Density functional theory has been used to correlate the electronic and chemical properties of analogues and they were found to be stable and chemically reactive. Thus the results suggest that isoleucine substituted sulfonamide analogues can serve as a structural model for the design of anticancer agents, antibacterial agents as well as antifungal agents with better inhibitory potential.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirna Devi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pamita Awasthi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India
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5
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Arora M, Choudhary S, Silakari O. In silico guided designing of 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenol-based mutual-prodrugs of NSAIDs: synthesis and biological evaluation. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 31:761-784. [PMID: 32867537 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2020.1810117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The free COOH group of conventional NSAIDs is a structural feature for non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and the molecular cause of their gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. In this context, an in house database of synthesizable ester prodrugs of some well-known NSAIDs was developed by combining their -COOH group with -OH of a newly identified antioxidant 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenol (BZ). The antioxidant potential of BZ was unveiled through in silico PASS prediction and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. The in house database of NSAIDs-BZ prodrugs was first subjected to screening with our previously reported pharmacophore models of hCES1 (AAHRR.430) and hCES2 (AHHR.21) for determining hydrolytic susceptibility. Biotransformation behaviour of screened prodrugs was then assessed by using QM/MM and sterimol parameterization, followed by ADMET calculations to predict the drug likeness. On the basis of in silico results, five prodrugs were duly synthesized and the best three were subject to the in vivo evaluation for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant activities, and ulcerogenic index. Among these prodrugs, BN2 and BN5 displayed better anti-inflammatory and analgesics potential in comparison to their parent drugs. All the prodrugs were found to be gastro sparing in the rat model and significantly improved the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in both blood plasma as well as gastric homogenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arora
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University , Patiala, India
| | - S Choudhary
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University , Patiala, India
| | - O Silakari
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University , Patiala, India
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Shah K, Mujwar S, Gupta JK, Shrivastava SK, Mishra P. Molecular Docking and In Silico Cogitation Validate Mefenamic Acid Prodrugs as Human Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2020; 17:285-291. [PMID: 31532713 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2019.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In silico molecular docking is an efficient technique for drug design that predicts the optimized orientation of the ligand against a specific drug target. This is a cost-effective and time-saving technique that requires limited manpower. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly prescribed drugs in various prescriptions. The drawbacks with NSAIDs in its long-term usage are gastric irritation, bleeding, and perforation. Prodrug approach is a commonly used method to overcome these side effects. In this study, the reported prodrugs of mefenamic acid were utilized to validate the molecular docking simulation process by comparing obtained in silico results with the reported in vivo results. The molecules were evaluated for their binding affinity against human cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme as well as their pharmacokinetics profile is predicted on the basis of Lipinski's and Veber rule. The in silico result showed high degree similarity with experimental results. This confirms the efficiency and reliability of the molecular docking technique for identification of potential lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Somdutt Mujwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Jeetendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | | | - Pradeep Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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7
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Sehajpal S, Prasad DN, Singh RK. Novel ketoprofen–antioxidants mutual codrugs as safer nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs: Synthesis, kinetic and pharmacological evaluation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1800339. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Sehajpal
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGujranwala Guru Nanak Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Civil LinesLudhiana Punjab India
| | - Deo Nandan Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryShivalik College of PharmacyRupnagar Punjab India
| | - Rajesh K. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryShivalik College of PharmacyRupnagar Punjab India
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Cheng AV, Wuest WM. Signed, Sealed, Delivered: Conjugate and Prodrug Strategies as Targeted Delivery Vectors for Antibiotics. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:816-828. [PMID: 30969100 PMCID: PMC6570538 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Innate and developed resistance mechanisms of bacteria to antibiotics are obstacles in the design of novel drugs. However, antibacterial prodrugs and conjugates have shown promise in circumventing resistance and tolerance mechanisms via directed delivery of antibiotics to the site of infection or to specific species or strains of bacteria. The selective targeting and increased permeability and accumulation of these prodrugs not only improves efficacy over unmodified drugs but also reduces off-target effects, toxicity, and development of resistance. Herein, we discuss some of these methods, including sideromycins, antibody-directed prodrugs, cell penetrating peptide conjugates, and codrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V. Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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9
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Bkhaitan MM, Alarjah M, Mirza AZ, Abdalla AN, El-Said HM, Faidah HS. Preparation and biological evaluation of metronidazole derivatives with monoterpenes and eugenol. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1954-1962. [PMID: 30022596 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Two series of metronidazole derivatives (ester derivatives and ether derivatives) were prepared reacting metronidazole and its acetic acid oxidized form with menthol, thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol. Both series of compounds were tested in vitro against two strains of Helicobacter pylori (the ATCC 26695 and P12), and one strain of Clostridium (Clostridium perfringens). Most of the prepared compounds showed biological activity against the targeted bacteria. Compound 11 was highly active against all tested bacterial strains, especially against P12 with IC50 0.0011 μM/ml. Compound 6 was highly active against C. perfringens with MIC 0.0094 nM/ml. Viability test was conducted for compound 11 to test its selectivity for normal human fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC5), and it was found to be non-toxic with IC50 more than 50 μM/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majdi M Bkhaitan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alarjah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Agha Zeeshan Mirza
- Science and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdi M El-Said
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani S Faidah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Shah K, Gupta JK, Chauhan NS, Upmanyu N, Shrivastava SK, Mishra P. Prodrugs of NSAIDs: A Review. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2017; 11:146-195. [PMID: 29387273 PMCID: PMC5748882 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501711010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTORODUCTION Prodrug approach deals with chemical biotransformation or enzymatic conversion or involves inactive or less active bio-reversible derivatives of active drug molecules. They have to pass through enzymatic or chemical biotransformation before eliciting their pharmacological action. METHODS & MATERIALS The two different pharmacophores combine to give synergistic activity or may help in targeting the active drug to its target. Prodrug super seeds the problems of prodrug designing, for example solubility enhancement, bioavailability enhancement, chemical stability improvement, presystemic metabolism, site specific delivery, toxicity masking, improving patient acceptance, or eradicating undesirable adverse effects. RESULTS As an outcome the search for a prodrug or mutual prodrug with reduced toxicity has continued during recent years. This present review emphasizes the common help to revamp physiochemical, pharmaceutical and therapeutic effectiveness of drugs. CONCLUSION This gives the researcher a common platform where they can find prodrugs of commonly used NSAIDs to overcome the gastrointestinal toxicity (irritation, ulcergenocity and bleeding).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Shah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P.- 281406, India
| | - Jeetendra K. Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P.- 281406, India
| | | | - Neeraj Upmanyu
- School of Pharmacy & Research, Peoples University, Bhopal, M.P.- 462037, India
| | - Sushant K. Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi U.P.- 221005, India
| | - Pradeep Mishra
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P.- 281406, India
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11
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Rasheed A, Yalavarthi PR, Cheramparambil H, Peesa JP, Abdul Khareem A. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Acrylate-Based Gastrosparing NSAID Prodrugs. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [PMID: 28244144 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dexibuprofen and aceclofenac are well-known NSAID molecules, their oral use leads to gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. To circumvent that GI toxicity, the prodrug approach is a better alternative. Hence, this research was undertaken to synthesize prodrugs of dexibuprofen and aceclofenac using acrylic polymers with degradable ester bonds. Dexibuprofen was linked to 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate by an activated ester technique. The resulting material was copolymerized with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate (in 1:3 mole ratios) by the free radical polymerization method, utilizing azoisobutyronitrile at 65-70°C. Similarly aceclofenac was also processed. The resulting prodrugs were characterized by IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. The synthesized prodrugs possess optimal physicochemical characteristics such as the intended molecular weight, lipophilicity, partition coefficient, and protein binding. The drug release on hydrolysis was studied in various fluids such as SGF (pH 1.2), SIF (pH 7.4), and SCF (pH 6.8), to establish the drug release kinetics. Pharmacological evaluation exhibited anti-inflammatory activity with remarkable reduction in ulcerogenicity compared to the parent drug. Under the conditions used, the prodrugs showed no antigenicity in Wistar rats. Thus, it was concluded that acrylic-based prodrugs were efficient in drug localization in the stomach, without gastric problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Rasheed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Poonthavanam, Malappuram, India
| | | | - Haseena Cheramparambil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Poonthavanam, Malappuram, India
| | - Jaya Preethi Peesa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy, Tirupati, India
| | - Azeem Abdul Khareem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Poonthavanam, Malappuram, India
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Rasheed A, Lathika G, Raju YP, Mansoor KP, Azeem AK, Balan N. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of mutual prodrugs of aceclofenac with quercetin, vanillin and l-tryptophan as gastrosparing NSAIDS. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Oliveira FDA, Andrade LN, de Sousa EBV, de Sousa DP. Anti-ulcer activity of essential oil constituents. Molecules 2014; 19:5717-47. [PMID: 24802985 PMCID: PMC6290561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19055717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils have attracted considerable worldwide attention over the last few decades. These natural products have wide-ranging pharmacological activities and biotechnological applications. Faced with the need to find new anti-ulcer agents and the great effort on the development of drugs for the treatment of ulcers, in this review, the anti-ulcer activities of 21 bioactive compounds found in essential oils are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Nalone Andrade
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Farmácia, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil
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Narsinghani T, Sharma R. Lead Optimization on Conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: An Approach to Reduce Gastrointestinal Toxicity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:1-23. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Narsinghani
- School of Pharmacy; Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya; Takshashila Campus, Ring Road Indore 452 001 MP India
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- School of Pharmacy; Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya; Takshashila Campus, Ring Road Indore 452 001 MP India
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Ohlan S, Nanda S, Pathak DP. Synthesis, characterization, in vitro hydrolysis and pharmacodynamic profiles of potential novel mutual prodrugs of N-(2,3-xylyl anthranilic acid). Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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