1
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Egunlusi AO, Malan SF, Palchykov VA, Joubert J. Calcium Modulating Effect of Polycyclic Cages: A Suitable Therapeutic Approach Against Excitotoxic-induced Neurodegeneration. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1277-1292. [PMID: 38275027 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575273868231128104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders pose a significant challenge to global healthcare systems due to their progressive nature and the resulting loss of neuronal cells and functions. Excitotoxicity, characterized by calcium overload, plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of these disorders. In this review article, we explore the involvement of calcium dysregulation in neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative disorders. A promising therapeutic strategy to counter calcium dysregulation involves the use of calcium modulators, particularly polycyclic cage compounds. These compounds, structurally related to amantadine and memantine, exhibit neuroprotective properties by attenuating calcium influx into neuronal cells. Notably, the pentacycloundecylamine NGP1-01, a cage-like structure, has shown efficacy in inhibiting both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and voltage- gated calcium channels (VGCCs), making it a potential candidate for neuroprotection against excitotoxic-induced neurodegenerative disorders. The structure-activity relationship of polycyclic cage compounds is discussed in detail, highlighting their calcium-inhibitory activities. Various closed, open, and rearranged cage compounds have demonstrated inhibitory effects on calcium influx through NMDA receptors and VGCCs. Additionally, these compounds have exhibited neuroprotective properties, including free radical scavenging, attenuation of neurotoxicities, and reduction of neuroinflammation. Although the calcium modulatory activities of polycyclic cage compounds have been extensively studied, apart from amantadine and memantine, none have undergone clinical trials. Further in vitro and in vivo studies and subsequent clinical trials are required to establish the efficacy and safety of these compounds. The development of polycyclic cages as potential multifunctional agents for treating complex neurodegenerative diseases holds great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji O Egunlusi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Sarel F Malan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Vitalii A Palchykov
- Research Institute of Chemistry and Geology, Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University, 72 Gagarina Av., Dnipro 49010, Ukraine
| | - Jacques Joubert
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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2
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Bartonek A, Klapötke TM, Krumm B. Sensitive 1,4-Disubstituted Nitro-Containing Cubanes: Structures and Properties. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12884-12890. [PMID: 37616479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The cubane cage system is characteristic and well known for its high strain energy, qualifying it as a promising precursor for energetic materials. 1,4-Disubstituted cubanes are the easiest accessible derivatives. A further developed laboratory-scale procedure for cubane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester is presented. From this central precursor, the bis-trinitroethyl and bis-nitromethyl esters as well as the bis-methylcarbamate and bis-methylnitrocarbamate were synthesized and characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. In addition, their physical and energetic properties were determined and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bartonek
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13(D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13(D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Burkhard Krumm
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13(D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
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3
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Wiesenfeldt MP, Rossi-Ashton JA, Perry IB, Diesel J, Garry OL, Bartels F, Coote SC, Ma X, Yeung CS, Bennett DJ, MacMillan DWC. General access to cubanes as benzene bioisosteres. Nature 2023; 618:513-518. [PMID: 37015289 PMCID: PMC10680098 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of benzene rings with sp3-hybridized bioisosteres in drug candidates generally improves pharmacokinetic properties while retaining biological activity1-5. Rigid, strained frameworks such as bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane and cubane are particularly well suited as the ring strain imparts high bond strength and thus metabolic stability on their C-H bonds. Cubane is the ideal bioisostere as it provides the closest geometric match to benzene6,7. At present, however, all cubanes in drug design, like almost all benzene bioisosteres, act solely as substitutes for mono- or para-substituted benzene rings1-7. This is owing to the difficulty of accessing 1,3- and 1,2-disubstituted cubane precursors. The adoption of cubane in drug design has been further hindered by the poor compatibility of cross-coupling reactions with the cubane scaffold, owing to a competing metal-catalysed valence isomerization8-11. Here we report expedient routes to 1,3- and 1,2-disubstituted cubane building blocks using a convenient cyclobutadiene precursor and a photolytic C-H carboxylation reaction, respectively. Moreover, we leverage the slow oxidative addition and rapid reductive elimination of copper to develop C-N, C-C(sp3), C-C(sp2) and C-CF3 cross-coupling protocols12,13. Our research enables facile elaboration of all cubane isomers into drug candidates, thus enabling ideal bioisosteric replacement of ortho-, meta- and para-substituted benzenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian B Perry
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Johannes Diesel
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Olivia L Garry
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Florian Bartels
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Xiaoshen Ma
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Bennett
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Kotha S, Cheekatla SR, Meshram M. Design and Synthesis of Cage Molecules as High Energy Density Materials for Aerospace Applications. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
| | - Subba Rao Cheekatla
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
| | - Milind Meshram
- Department of Chemistry The K.R.T. Arts B.H. Commerce & A.M. Science College Nashik 422 002 India
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5
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Kotha S, Ansari S, Cheekatla SR. 7-Methoxypentacyclo[5.4.0.0 2,6.0 3,10.0 5,9]undecane-8,11-dione. IUCRDATA 2020; 5:x201380. [PMID: 36339030 PMCID: PMC9462166 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314620013802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of a methoxy-substituted Cookson’s dione derivative is presented. The structure of 7-methoxypentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione, C12H12O3, at 150 K has monoclinic (P21/c) symmetry. The pentacycloundecane cage compound is composed of four five-membered rings, a planar four-membered ring and a six-membered ring in a boat conformation fused into a closed strained-cage framework. All of the five-membered rings adopt an envelope conformation.![]()
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6
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Dallaston MA, Houston SD, Williams CM. Cubane, Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane and Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane: Impact and Thermal Sensitiveness of Carboxyl-, Hydroxymethyl- and Iodo-substituents. Chemistry 2020; 26:11966-11970. [PMID: 32820575 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the burgeoning interest in cage motifs for bioactive molecule discovery, and the recent disclosure of 1,4-cubane-dicarboxylic acid impact sensitivity, more research into the safety profiles of cage scaffolds is required. Therefore, the impact sensitivity and thermal decomposition behavior of judiciously selected starting materials and synthetic intermediates of cubane, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP), and bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (BCO) were evaluated via hammer test and sealed cell differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Iodo-substituted systems were found to be more impact sensitive, whereas hydroxymethyl substitution led to more rapid thermodecomposition. Cubane was more likely to be impact sensitive with these substituents, followed by BCP, whereas all BCOs were unresponsive. The majority of derivatives were placed substantially above Yoshida thresholds-a computational indicator of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine A Dallaston
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Sevan D Houston
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Craig M Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
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7
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Shi Y, Liu X, Han Y, Yan P, Bie F, Cao H. Synthesis of bi-halogenated spiropolycyclic cage compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Kotha S, Cheekatla SR. A new skeletal rearrangement of 1,7-dimethyl Cookson's cage dione catalyzed by a Lewis acid. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1377-1383. [PMID: 31998915 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02298h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A methyl-substituted polycyclic cage dione containing the PCUD framework has undergone an unprecedented ring rearrangement approach. Here, the PCUD framework with the aid of a Lewis acid such as BF3·MeOH gave unusual fragmentation products. Two new products were isolated via the skeletal rearrangement process involving carbocation mediated intermediates. The substituents in the succinyl bond present in the strained PCUD skeleton produce a driving force for the rearrangement in an unprecedented manner. Interestingly, the cyclobutane ring was transformed to cyclopentane through the cleavage of the C1-C7 bond during the ring-expansion process of PCUD via the carbocation intermediates. Unexpectedly, solvent (benzene) was captured during the ring-homologation process due to the presence of methyl substituents placed at the cyclobutane ring of the cage framework. It appears that this is the first report where an unexpected ring-rearrangement, ring-homologation, and ring-fragmentation occur with the aid of the BF3·MeOH complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, India.
| | - Subba Rao Cheekatla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, India.
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9
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Shi Y, Liu X, Han Y, Yan P, Bie F, Cao H. Diels–Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene analogs and benzoquinone in water and their application in the synthesis of polycyclic cage compounds. RSC Adv 2020; 10:739-745. [PMID: 35494451 PMCID: PMC9048223 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09745g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diels–Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene analogs and p-benzoquinone were explored in water and yielded 83–97% product, higher than the results reported in water with a catalyst or cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) micelles. The novel adduct 10 was synthesized and further used to synthesize the bi-cage hydrocarbon 4,4′-spirobi[pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane], which has a high density (1.2663 g cm−3) and a high volumetric heat of combustion (53.353 MJ L−1). Four novel bi-cage hydrocarbon compounds were synthesized in water using this method starting from 2,2′-bi(p-benzoquinone) and cyclopentadiene analogs. Diels–Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene analogs and p-benzoquinone were explored in water and yielded 83–97% product, higher than the results reported in water with a catalyst or cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) micelles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Shi
- Engineering and Technology Research Institute of Lunan Coal Chemical
- Zaozhuang University
- Zaozhuang 277160
- China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Xuejing Liu
- Engineering and Technology Research Institute of Lunan Coal Chemical
- Zaozhuang University
- Zaozhuang 277160
- China
| | - Ying Han
- Engineering and Technology Research Institute of Lunan Coal Chemical
- Zaozhuang University
- Zaozhuang 277160
- China
| | - Peng Yan
- Engineering and Technology Research Institute of Lunan Coal Chemical
- Zaozhuang University
- Zaozhuang 277160
- China
| | - Fusheng Bie
- Engineering and Technology Research Institute of Lunan Coal Chemical
- Zaozhuang University
- Zaozhuang 277160
- China
| | - Han Cao
- Engineering and Technology Research Institute of Lunan Coal Chemical
- Zaozhuang University
- Zaozhuang 277160
- China
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10
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Flanagan KJ, Bernhard SSR, Plunkett S, Senge MO. Not Your Usual Bioisostere: Solid State Study of 3D Interactions in Cubanes. Chemistry 2019; 25:6941-6954. [PMID: 30742711 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies by Desiraju and co-workers have implicated the acidic hydrogen atoms of cubane as a support network for hydrogen bonding groups. Herein we report a detailed structural analysis of all currently available 1,4-disubstituted cubane structures with an emphasis on how the cubane scaffold interacts in its solid-state environment. In this regard, the interactions between the cubane hydrogen atoms and acids, ester, halogens, ethynyl, nitrogenous groups, and other cubane scaffolds were cataloged. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of cubane as a substitute for phenyl. This could be achieved by analyzing all contacts that are directed by the cubane hydrogen atoms in the X-ray crystal structures. As a result, we have established several new cubane interaction profiles, such as the catemer formation seen in esters, the preferences of halogen-hydrogen contacts over direct halogen bonding, and the stabilizing effects caused by the cubane hydrogen atoms interacting with ethynyl groups. These interaction profiles can then be used as a guide for designing cubane bioisosteres of known materials and drugs containing phenyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Flanagan
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stefan S R Bernhard
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shane Plunkett
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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11
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Dao N, Sader JK, Oliver AG, Wulff JE. Prying open a Thiele cage: discovery of an unprecedented extended pinacol rearrangement. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1600-1603. [PMID: 30656291 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08862d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first extended pinacol rearrangement across an sp3-sp3 bond is reported. The reaction appears to be both stereo- and regio-specific, and results in an extremely rare example of cage opening for a 1,3-bishomocubane structure derived from Thiele's ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Dao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada.
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12
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Synthesis of functionalized cage propellanes and D3-Trishomocubanes via the ring-closing metathesis and acid-promoted rearrangement. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Synthesis of cage [4.4.2]propellanes and $${D_{3}}$$ D 3 -trishomocubanes bearing spiro linkage. J CHEM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-018-1569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Kotha S, Cheekatla SR. Molecular Acrobatics in Polycyclic Frames: Synthesis of Functionalized D 3-Trishomocubanes via the Rearrangement Approach. J Org Chem 2018; 83:6315-6324. [PMID: 29768916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new synthetic route to D3-trishomocubanone and oxa- D3-trishomocubane derivatives has been established by the rearrangement approach. A remotely located methyl substituent in the six-membered ring contributed to the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of the cage dione in an unusual fashion. This rearrangement approach provided an attractive route to extended D3-trishomocubanes, which are not accessible by the conventional multistep synthetic sequence. For the first time, two phenyl groups were incorporated from the solvent into the strained trishomocubane skeleton in an unprecedented manner via carbocation-mediated rearrangement with the aid of BF3·OEt2. Interestingly, an oxa-bridged trishomocubane skeleton was also formed during acid-promoted rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay , Powai , India
| | - Subba Rao Cheekatla
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay , Powai , India
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15
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Shi Y, Jiang J, Ma L, Wang J, Li W. Synthesis of 4,4′-bipentacyclo[5.4.0.0 2,6 .0 3,10 .0 5,9 ]undecane. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Poplata S, Tröster A, Zou YQ, Bach T. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Cyclobutanes by Olefin [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reactions. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9748-815. [PMID: 27018601 PMCID: PMC5025837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition is undisputedly the most important and most frequently used photochemical reaction. In this review, it is attempted to cover all recent aspects of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition chemistry with an emphasis on synthetically relevant, regio-, and stereoselective reactions. The review aims to comprehensively discuss relevant work, which was done in the field in the last 20 years (i.e., from 1995 to 2015). Organization of the data follows a subdivision according to mechanism and substrate classes. Cu(I) and PET (photoinduced electron transfer) catalysis are treated separately in sections 2 and 4 , whereas the vast majority of photocycloaddition reactions which occur by direct excitation or sensitization are divided within section 3 into individual subsections according to the photochemically excited olefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saner Poplata
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Tröster
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - You-Quan Zou
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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17
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Chalmers BA, Xing H, Houston S, Clark C, Ghassabian S, Kuo A, Cao B, Reitsma A, Murray CEP, Stok JE, Boyle GM, Pierce CJ, Littler SW, Winkler DA, Bernhardt PV, Pasay C, De Voss JJ, McCarthy J, Parsons PG, Walter GH, Smith MT, Cooper HM, Nilsson SK, Tsanaktsidis J, Savage GP, Williams CM. Validating Eaton's Hypothesis: Cubane as a Benzene Bioisostere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3580-5. [PMID: 26846616 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and agrochemical discovery programs are under considerable pressure to meet increasing global demand and thus require constant innovation. Classical hydrocarbon scaffolds have long assisted in bringing new molecules to the market place, but an obvious omission is that of the Platonic solid cubane. Eaton, however, suggested that this molecule has the potential to act as a benzene bioisostere. Herein, we report the validation of Eaton's hypothesis with cubane derivatives of five molecules that are used clinically or as agrochemicals. Two cubane analogues showed increased bioactivity compared to their benzene counterparts whereas two further analogues displayed equal bioactivity, and the fifth one demonstrated only partial efficacy. Ramifications from this study are best realized by reflecting on the number of bioactive molecules that contain a benzene ring. Substitution with the cubane scaffold where possible could revitalize these systems, and thus expedite much needed lead candidate identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Chalmers
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, 4072, Queensland (QLD, Australia
| | - Hui Xing
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, 4072, Queensland (QLD, Australia
| | - Sevan Houston
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, 4072, Queensland (QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Andy Kuo
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, UQ, Australia
| | - Benjamin Cao
- CISRO Manufacturing, Ian Wark Laboratory, Melbourne, 3168, Victoria (VIC, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University (MU), Melbourne, 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea Reitsma
- CISRO Manufacturing, Ian Wark Laboratory, Melbourne, 3168, Victoria (VIC, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University (MU), Melbourne, 3168, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Jeanette E Stok
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, 4072, Queensland (QLD, Australia
| | - Glen M Boyle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, 4029, QLD, Australia
| | - Carly J Pierce
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, 4029, QLD, Australia
| | - Stuart W Littler
- CISRO Manufacturing, Ian Wark Laboratory, Melbourne, 3168, Victoria (VIC, Australia
| | - David A Winkler
- CISRO Manufacturing, Ian Wark Laboratory, Melbourne, 3168, Victoria (VIC, Australia.,Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, 3052, MU, Australia
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, 4072, Queensland (QLD, Australia
| | - Cielo Pasay
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, 4029, QLD, Australia
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, 4072, Queensland (QLD, Australia
| | - James McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, 4029, QLD, Australia.,Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, UQ, Australia
| | - Peter G Parsons
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, 4029, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Maree T Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, UQ, Australia
| | | | - Susan K Nilsson
- CISRO Manufacturing, Ian Wark Laboratory, Melbourne, 3168, Victoria (VIC, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University (MU), Melbourne, 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - John Tsanaktsidis
- CISRO Manufacturing, Ian Wark Laboratory, Melbourne, 3168, Victoria (VIC, Australia.
| | - G Paul Savage
- CISRO Manufacturing, Ian Wark Laboratory, Melbourne, 3168, Victoria (VIC, Australia.
| | - Craig M Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, 4072, Queensland (QLD, Australia.
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18
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Chalmers BA, Xing H, Houston S, Clark C, Ghassabian S, Kuo A, Cao B, Reitsma A, Murray CP, Stok JE, Boyle GM, Pierce CJ, Littler SW, Winkler DA, Bernhardt PV, Pasay C, De Voss JJ, McCarthy J, Parsons PG, Walter GH, Smith MT, Cooper HM, Nilsson SK, Tsanaktsidis J, Savage GP, Williams CM. Validating Eaton's Hypothesis: Cubane as a Benzene Bioisostere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Chalmers
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland (UQ) Brisbane 4072 Queensland (QLD Australia
| | - Hui Xing
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland (UQ) Brisbane 4072 Queensland (QLD Australia
| | - Sevan Houston
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland (UQ) Brisbane 4072 Queensland (QLD Australia
| | | | | | - Andy Kuo
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, UQ Australia
| | - Benjamin Cao
- CISRO Manufacturing Ian Wark Laboratory Melbourne 3168 Victoria (VIC Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute Monash University (MU) Melbourne 3168 VIC Australia
| | - Andrea Reitsma
- CISRO Manufacturing Ian Wark Laboratory Melbourne 3168 Victoria (VIC Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute Monash University (MU) Melbourne 3168 VIC Australia
| | | | - Jeanette E. Stok
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland (UQ) Brisbane 4072 Queensland (QLD Australia
| | - Glen M. Boyle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute PO Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane 4029 QLD Australia
| | - Carly J. Pierce
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute PO Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane 4029 QLD Australia
| | - Stuart W. Littler
- CISRO Manufacturing Ian Wark Laboratory Melbourne 3168 Victoria (VIC Australia
| | - David A. Winkler
- CISRO Manufacturing Ian Wark Laboratory Melbourne 3168 Victoria (VIC Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville 3052 MU Australia
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland (UQ) Brisbane 4072 Queensland (QLD Australia
| | - Cielo Pasay
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute PO Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane 4029 QLD Australia
| | - James J. De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland (UQ) Brisbane 4072 Queensland (QLD Australia
| | - James McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute PO Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane 4029 QLD Australia
- Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, UQ Australia
| | - Peter G. Parsons
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute PO Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane 4029 QLD Australia
| | | | - Maree T. Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, UQ Australia
| | | | - Susan K. Nilsson
- CISRO Manufacturing Ian Wark Laboratory Melbourne 3168 Victoria (VIC Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute Monash University (MU) Melbourne 3168 VIC Australia
| | - John Tsanaktsidis
- CISRO Manufacturing Ian Wark Laboratory Melbourne 3168 Victoria (VIC Australia
| | - G. Paul Savage
- CISRO Manufacturing Ian Wark Laboratory Melbourne 3168 Victoria (VIC Australia
| | - Craig M. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland (UQ) Brisbane 4072 Queensland (QLD Australia
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20
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Stockdale TP, Williams CM. Pharmaceuticals that contain polycyclic hydrocarbon scaffolds. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7737-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00477a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively explores approved pharmaceutical compounds that contain polycyclic scaffolds and the properties that these skeletons convey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan P. Stockdale
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
| | - Craig M. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
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Mishura AM, Sklyarova AS, Shamota TV, Rodionov VN, Fokin AA. Preparative synthesis of pentacyclo[6.3.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecan-4-one (D 3-trishomocubanone). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428014100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wlochal J, Davies RDM, Burton J. Cubanes in Medicinal Chemistry: Synthesis of Functionalized Building Blocks. Org Lett 2014; 16:4094-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501750k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wlochal
- Oncology, Innovative
Medicines, AstraZeneca,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10
4TG, U.K
| | - Robert D. M. Davies
- Oncology, Innovative
Medicines, AstraZeneca,
Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10
4TG, U.K
| | - Jonathan Burton
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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Stereoselective preparation of mono- and bis-derivatives of pentacyclo[6.3.0.02,6.03,10.05,9] undecane (D 3-trishomocubane). OPEN CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-013-0339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe rearrangement of easily accessible Cookson’s diketone with chlorosulfonic acid in chloroform followed by the acidic hydrolysis gave 6-chloro-7-hydroxy-dichloropentacyclo[6.3.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-4-one, whose syn-stereochemistry was assigned through the X-ray crystal structure analysis. This key structure was used for the stereoselective synthesis of the D 3-trishomocubane derivatives as well as for the preparation of potential drugs bearing hydroxy- and amino-functional groups. A new multigram preparative synthesis of D 3-trishomocubane was developed.
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Falkiner MJ, Littler SW, McRae KJ, Savage GP, Tsanaktsidis J. Pilot-Scale Production of Dimethyl 1,4-Cubanedicarboxylate. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400181g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Falkiner
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory, Bayview Avenue, Clayton Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Stuart W. Littler
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory, Bayview Avenue, Clayton Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Kenneth J. McRae
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory, Bayview Avenue, Clayton Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - G. Paul Savage
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory, Bayview Avenue, Clayton Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - John Tsanaktsidis
- CSIRO Materials Science & Engineering, Ian Wark Laboratory, Bayview Avenue, Clayton Victoria 3168, Australia
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