Computational evaluation and experimental verification of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of 7-hydroxy-3-pyrazolyl-4H-chromen-4-ones and their o-glucosides: identification of pharmacophore sites

Synthesis, Cytotoxic Activity, Crystal Structure, DFT Studies and Molecular Docking of 3-Amino-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-8-methoxy-1H-benzo[f]chromene-2-carbonitrile

The target compound 3-amino-1-(2,5-d ichlorophenyl)-8-methoxy-1H-benzo[f]-chromene-2-carbonitrile (4) was synthesized via a reaction of 6-methoxynaphthalen-2-ol (1), 2,5-dichlorobenzaldehyde (2), and malononitrile (3) in ethanolic piperidine solution under microwave irradiation. The newly synthesized β-enaminonitrile was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction data. Its cytotoxic activity was evaluated against three different human cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, A549, and MIA PaCa-2 in comparison to the positive controls etoposide and camptothecin employing the XTT cell viability assay. The analysis of the Hirshfeld surface was utilized to visualize the reliability of the crystal package. The obtained results confirmed that the tested molecule revealed promising cytotoxic activities against the three cancer cell lines. Furthermore, theoretical calculations (DFT) were carried out with the Becke3-Lee-Yang-parr (B3LYP) level using 6-311++G(d,p) basis. The optimization geometry for molecular structures was in agreement with the X-ray structure data. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap of the studied system was discussed. The intermolecular-interactions were studied through analysis of the topological-electron-density(r) using the QTAIM and NCI methods. The novel compound exhibited favorable ADMET properties and its molecular modeling analysis showed strong interaction with DNA methyltransferase 1.

DFT calculations and POM analyses of cytotoxicity of some flavonoids from aerial parts of Cupressus sempervirens: Docking and identification of pharmacophore sites

Two known polyphenols named apigenin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (S1) and querctine-3-O-glucoside (S2), along with another two new compounds apigenin 4'-geranyl-8-glucopyranosyl-7-O-α-glucopyranoside (S3) and apigenin 4'-pernyl-8-glucopyranosyl -7-O-α-glucopyranoside (S4), were isolated from the leaves of Cupressus sempervirens. Structure elucidation of the isolated polyphenols was established on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis like 1D and 2D NMR analyses including ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, COSY, DEPT, HMQC, UV, and Electron Spray Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (ESI-MS). Density Functional Theory (DFT) of computational, Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM), and docking analyses methods were applied in the structural validation of new isolated compounds. The isolated compounds S1-S4 showed significant cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular liver carcinoma HepG2 cells, MCF-7, HC116 and A549.

Drug Design of Inhibitors of Alzheimer's Disease (AD): POM and DFT Analyses of Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of β-amino di-Carbonyl Derivatives

BACKGROUND

Since deficit of acetylcholine has been evidenced in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, cholinesterase inhibitors are currently the most specified drug category for the remediation of AD.

METHOD

In the present study, 16 compounds (1-16) with dicarbonyl skeletons have been synthesized and tested for their inhibitory potential in vitro against AChE and BChE using ELISA microtiter plate assays at 100 μg/mL. Since metal accumulation is related to AD, the compounds were also tested for their metal-chelation capacity.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

All the investigated dicarbonyl compounds exerted none or lower than 30% inhibition against both cholinesterases, whereas compounds 2, 8 and 11 showed 37, 42, 41% of inhibition towards BChE, being the most active. The highest metal-chelation capacity was observed with compound 8 (53.58 ± 2.06%). POM and DFT analyses are in good harmonization with experimental data.

Current progress on antioxidants incorporating the pyrazole core

The search of new antioxidants, as drugs candidates, is an active field of medicinal chemistry. The synthesis of compounds with antioxidant potential has increased in recent years and a high number of structurally diverse compounds have been published. This review aims to show the current state-of-the-art on the development of antioxidant compounds incorporating the pyrazole pharmacophore. It is a well-timed review driven by the increasing number of papers, on this issue, that have been published since the beginning of the 21st century (from 2000 to 2017). The aim is to look deeper into the structures already published in the literature containing the pyrazole core as the unique pharmacophore or combined with other pharmacophores and see the relationship between the presence of this five-membered nitrogen heterocycle and the behaviour of the compounds as potential antioxidant agents. An attempt was made to whenever possible establish structure-activity relationships that could help the design of new and more potent antioxidant agents containing this important pharmacophore.

Synthesis of Chromone-Related Pyrazole Compounds

Chromones, six-membered oxygen heterocycles, and pyrazoles, five-membered two-adjacent-nitrogen-containing heterocycles, represent two important classes of biologically active compounds. Certain derivatives of these scaffolds play an important role in medicinal chemistry and have been extensively used as versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. In this context, we will discuss the most relevant advances on the chemistry that involves both chromone and pyrazole rings. The methods reviewed include the synthesis of chromone-pyrazole dyads, synthesis of chromone-pyrazole-fused compounds, and chromones as starting materials in the synthesis of 3(5)-(2-hydroxyaryl)pyrazoles, among others. This review will cover the literature on the chromone and pyrazole dual chemistry and their outcomes in the 21st century.