Synthesis of indole-2-hydrazones in search of potential leishmanicidal agents

Exploring indole-based-thiadiazole derivatives as potent acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitors

Indole based thiadiazole derivatives (1-18) were synthesized and evaluated for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition. The IC₅₀ values of the synthesized analogues ranging between 0.17 ± 0.05 to 33.10 ± 0.6 μM against (AChE) and 0.30 ± 0.1 to 37.60 ± 0.6 μM against (BChE) enzymes. Among the series compounds 8 (IC₅₀ = 0.17 ± 0.05 μM) (IC₅₀ = 0.30 ± 0.1 μM), 9 (IC₅₀ = 0.30 ± 0.05 μM) (IC₅₀ = 0.60 ± 0.05 μM) and 10 (IC₅₀ = 1.30 ± 0.1 μM) (IC₅₀ = 2.60 ± 0.1) were found to be the most potent analogues bearing para, ortho, and meta-fluoro substitutions on phenyl ring attached to thiadiazole. In addition, all the synthesized scaffolds were characterized by using ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, and high-resolution Mass Spectrometry (HR-MS). To apprehend the binding mode of interaction of the most potent synthesized derivatives, a molecular docking study was performed.

Virtual and experimental high throughput screening of substituted hydrazones on β-Tubulin polymerization

Microtubule targeting agents that disrupt the dynamic functioning of the mitotic spindle are some of the best chemotherapeutic agents. Interruption of microtubule dynamics through polymerization or depolymerization causes cell arrest leading to apoptosis. We report a novel class of aroylhydrazones with anticancer properties. Tubulin inhibition studies were performed using both computational and biological methods. Docking and pharmacophore mapping showed efficient binding between the ligands and the protein. Tubulin inhibition assay showed the aroylhydrazones to be inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. DFT studies explains the geometrical and electronic properties of the compounds. Furthermore, anticancer studies using lung and liver cancer cell lines gave low IC₅₀ values with the methyl substituted hydrazone MH-2 being the most potent. (IC₅₀ of 0.0896 and 0.1040 µM respectively). The methyl group is responsible for the effective binding to the protein. Thus, a new class of tubulin binding agents have been identified as potential agents in cancer therapy.

Design and synthesis of novel pyrazole-phenyl semicarbazone derivatives as potential α-glucosidase inhibitor: Kinetics and molecular dynamics simulation study

A series of novel pyrazole-phenyl semicarbazone derivatives were designed, synthesized, and screened for in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Given the importance of hydrogen bonding in promoting the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, pharmacophore modification was established. The docking results rationalized the idea of the design. All newly synthesized compounds exhibited excellent in vitro yeast α-glucosidase inhibition (IC₅₀ values in the range of 65.1-695.0 μM) even much more potent than standard drug acarbose (IC₅₀ = 750.0 μM). Among them, compounds 8o displayed the most potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 65.1 ± 0.3 μM). Kinetic study of compound 8o revealed that it inhibited α-glucosidase in a competitive mode (Ki = 87.0 μM). Limited SAR suggested that electronic properties of substitutions have little effect on inhibitory potential of compounds. Cytotoxic studies demonstrated that the active compounds (8o, 8k, 8p, 8l, 8i, and 8a) compounds are also non-cytotoxic. The binding modes of the most potent compounds 8o, 8k, 8p, 8l and 8i was studied through in silico docking studies. Molecular dynamic simulations have been performed in order to explain the dynamic behavior and structural changes of the systems by the calculation of the root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF).

Assessing different thiazolidine and thiazole based compounds as antileishmanial scaffolds

The compounds from eight different thiazolidine and thiazole series were assessed as potential antileishmanial scaffolds. They were tested for antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of Leishmania major using in vitro primary screen and dose response assays. The compounds from six thiazolidine and thiazole series were identified as the hits with antileishmanial activity against L. major. However, the analyses of structure-activity relations (SARs) showed that the interpretable SARs were obtained only for phenyl-indole hybrids (compounds C1, C2, C3 and C5) as the most effective compounds against L. major promastigotes (IC₅₀ < 10 µM) with low toxicity to human fibroblasts. For the scaffold of these compounds, the most significant SAR patterns were: free N3 position of thiazolidinone core, absence of big fragments at the C5 position of thiazolidinone core and presence of halogen atoms or nitro group in the phenyl ring of phenyl-indole fragment. As previous studies showed that these compounds also have activity against the two Trypanosoma species, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma gambiense, their scaffold could be associated with a broader antiparasitic activity.

Synthesis of diindolylmethane (DIM) bearing thiadiazole derivatives as a potent urease inhibitor

The current study describes synthesis of diindolylmethane (DIM) derivatives based-thiadiazole as a new class of urease inhibitors. Diindolylmethane is natural product alkaloid reported to use in medicinal chemistry extensively. Diindolylmethane-based-thiadiazole analogs (1–18) were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques ¹HNMR, ¹³C-NMR, EI-MS and evaluated for urease (jack bean urease) inhibitory potential. All compounds showed excellent to moderate inhibitory potential having IC₅₀ value within the range of 0.50 ± 0.01 to 33.20 ± 1.20 µM compared with the standard thiourea (21.60 ± 0.70 µM). Compound 8 (IC₅₀ = 0.50 ± 0.01 µM) was the most potent inhibitor amongst all derivatives. Structure-activity relationships have been established for all compounds. The key binding interactions of most active compounds with enzyme were confirmed through molecular docking studies.

Discovery of benzimidazole-based Leishmania mexicana cysteine protease CPB2.8ΔCTE inhibitors as potential therapeutics for leishmaniasis

Chemotherapy is currently the only effective approach to treat all forms of leishmaniasis. However, its effectiveness is severely limited due to high toxicity, long treatment length, drug resistance, or inadequate mode of administration. As a consequence, there is a need to identify new molecular scaffolds and targets as potential therapeutics for the treatment of this disease. We report a small series of 1,2-substituted-1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivatives (9a-d) showing affinity in the submicromolar range (K_i  = 0.15-0.69 μM) toward Leishmania mexicanaCPB2.8ΔCTE, one of the more promising targets for antileishmanial drug design. The compounds confirmed activity in vitro against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania infantum with the best result being obtained with derivative 9d (IC₅₀  = 6.8 μM), although with some degree of cytotoxicity (CC₅₀  = 8.0 μM on PMM and CC₅₀  = 32.0 μM on MCR-5). In silico molecular docking studies and ADME-Tox properties prediction were performed to validate the hypothesis of the interaction with the intended target and to assess the drug-likeness of these derivatives.

Fe3+chelating quinoline–hydrazone hybrids with proven cytotoxicity, leishmanicidal, and trypanocidal activities

Neglected tropical diseases cause great concern in developing countries where there are millions of reported infected humans. Our calculations support a direct relationship between biological activity and the Fe³⁺chelating ability of the shown set of quinoline–hydrazone hybrids.

Synthesis and molecular modelling studies of phenyl linked oxadiazole-phenylhydrazone hybrids as potent antileishmanial agents

Molecular hybridization yielded phenyl linked oxadiazole-benzohydrazones hybrids 6-35 and were evaluated for their antileishmanial potentials. Compound 10, a 3,4-dihydroxy analog with IC₅₀ value of 0.95 ± 0.01 μM, was found to be the most potent antileishmanial agent (7 times more active) than the standard drug pentamidine (IC₅₀ = 7.02 ± 0.09 μM). The current series 6-35 conceded in the identification of thirteen (13) potent antileishmanial compounds with the IC₅₀ values ranging between 0.95 ± 0.01-78.6 ± 1.78 μM. Molecular docking analysis against pteridine reductase (PTR1) were also performed to probe the mode of action. Selectivity index showed that compounds with higher number of hydroxyl groups have low selectivity index. Theoretical stereochemical assignment was also done for certain derivatives by using density functional calculations.

Synthesis of novel flavone hydrazones: in-vitro evaluation of α-glucosidase inhibition, QSAR analysis and docking studies

Thirty derivatives of flavone hydrazone (5-34) had been synthesized through a five-step reaction and screened for their α-glucosidase inhibition activity. Chalcone 1 was synthesized through aldol condensation then subjected through oxidative cyclization, esterification, and condensation reaction to afford the final products. The result for baker's yeast α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) inhibition assay showed that all compounds are active with reference to the IC50 value of the acarbose (standard drug) except for compound 3. Increase in activity observed for compounds 2 to 34 clearly highlights the importance of flavone, hydrazide and hydrazone linkage in suppressing the activity of α-glucosidase. Additional functional group on N-benzylidene moiety further enhances the activity significantly. Compound 5 (15.4 ± 0.22 μM), a 2,4,6-trihydroxy substituted compound, is the most active compound in the series. Other compounds which were found to be active are those having chlorine, fluorine, and nitro substituents. Compounds with methoxy, pyridine, and methyl substituents are weakly active. Further studies showed that they are not active in inhibiting histone deacetylase activity and do not possess any cytotoxic properties. QSAR model was being developed to further identify the structural requirements contributing to the activity. Using Discovery Studio (DS) 2.5, various 2D descriptors were being used to develop the model. The QSAR model is able to predict the pIC50 and could be used as a prediction tool for compounds having the same skeletal framework. Molecular docking was done for all compounds using homology model of α-glucosidase to identify important binding modes responsible for inhibition activity.

Synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking studies of novel thiourea derivatives of bisindolylmethane as carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor

This article describes discovery of 29 novel bisindolylmethanes consisting of thiourea moiety, which had been synthesized through three steps. These novel bisindolylmethane derivatives evaluated for their potential inhibitory activity against carbonic anhydrase (CA) II. The results for in vitro assay of carbonic anhydrase II inhibition activity showed that some of the compounds are capable of suppressing the activity of carbonic anhydrase II. Bisindoles having halogen at fifth position showed better inhibitory activity as compared to unsubstituted bisindoles. Derivatives showing inhibition activity docked to further, understand the binding behavior of these compounds with carbonic anhydrase II. Docking studies for the active compound 3j showed that nitro substituent at para position fits into the core of the active site. The nitro substituent of compound 3j is capable of interacting with Zn ion. This interaction believed to be the main factor causing inhibition activity to take place.

Synthesis of novel derivatives of oxindole, their urease inhibition and molecular docking studies

We synthesized a series of novel 5-24 derivatives of oxindole. The synthesis started from 5-chlorooxindole, which was condensed with methyl 4-carboxybezoate and result in the formation of benzolyester derivatives of oxindole which was then treated with hydrazine hydrate. The oxindole benzoylhydrazide was treated with aryl acetophenones and aldehydes to get target compounds 5-24. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for urease inhibition; the compound 5 (IC50 = 13.00 ± 0.35 μM) and 11 (IC50 = 19.20 ± 0.50 μM) showed potent activity as compared to the standard drug thiourea (IC50 = 21.00 ± 0.01 μM). Other compounds showed moderate to weak activity. All synthetic compounds were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques including (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, IR and EI MS. The molecular interactions of the active compounds within the binding site of urease enzyme were studied through molecular docking simulations.