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Cinnamomum sp. and Pelargonium odoratissimum as the Main Contributors to the Antibacterial Activity of the Medicinal Drink Horchata: A Study Based on the Antibacterial and Chemical Analysis of 21 Plants. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020693. [PMID: 36677749 PMCID: PMC9862262 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Horchata, a herbal infusion drink from Ecuador containing a mixture of medicinal plants, has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, and antioxidant activity. The antibacterial activity of each of the plants contained in the horchata mixture has not been fully evaluated. Thus, in this study, we analysed the antibacterial activity of 21 plants used in horchata, collected from the Ecuadorian Andes region, against bacterial strains of clinical importance. The methanolic extract of Cinnamomum sp. showed minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 250 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), while Pelargonium odoratissimum exhibited a MIC value of 500 µg/mL towards S. aureus ATCC25923. The high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) analyses identified in Cinnamomum sp. epicatechin tannins, cinnamaldehyde, and prehelminthosporol molecules, whereas in P. odoratissimum, gallocatechin and epigallocatechin tannins, some flavonoids, and gallic acid and derivatives were identified. Finally, Cinnamomum sp. and P. odoratissimum showed partial inhibition of biofilm formation of S. aureus ATCC25923 and MRSA. Overall, our findings revealed which of the plants used in horchata are responsible for the antibacterial activity attributed to this herbal drink and exhibit the potential for Cinnamomum sp. and P. odoratissimum secondary metabolites to be explored as scaffolds in drug development.
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Kamar SA, Bayoumi AH, Rady HY. Spirulina supplements: an approach moderating aspirin persuaded histological and ultra-structural alterations in albino rats gastric mucosa. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:204-216. [PMID: 35333148 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2022.2052779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most used drugs. The pathogenesis of aspirin-induced gastric ulceration includes blocking the activities of the cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) leading to reduced mucus and bicarbonate secretion. Spirulina contains many functional bioactive ingredients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, including phenolic phytochemicals and phycobiliprotein C-phycocyanin. To investigate the possible gastroprotective role of spirulina against aspirin-induced gastric mucosal insults. Forty adult male albino rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups. Group I (Control) and group II (Spirulina control) were given spirulina for 3 days, group III (Ulcer model) were given single dose of acetyl salicylic acid to induce ulcer and group IV (Treatment) were given spirulina for 3 days after induction of ulcer formation. Animals were sacrificed, stomachs were collected and processed for examination of light and scanning electron microscope histopathological examination. Statistical difference mucosal mucin area percentage among groups was determined and data were analyzed. Histological examination of the H&E-stained and combined Alcian-blue-PAS-stained sections of Group III rats illustrated severe destruction of the mucosal architecture and reduction of the mucin surface area while those examined for group IV illustrated minor affection of the gastric mucosa and mucin protective layer. Oxidant antioxidant markers: Nitric oxide (NO) is elevated, Glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are reduced in aspirin treated group. The use of Spirulina restores the normal balance between the oxidant antioxidant system. Spirulina has a great potential in protecting the gastric mucosa against harmful effect of NSAID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A Kamar
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Bayoumi
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hagar Yousry Rady
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) have been the subject of many studies concerning essential oil, unlike the edible flowers of scent Pelargonium despite the beneficial properties of chemical compounds present in such organ and the fragrances produced. Therefore, we investigated organic compounds, total phenols and the antioxidant activity of the flowers with particular attention to the volatile compounds emitted by flowers of Pelargonium ‘Endsleigh’ at three stages of development. We identified several major phenols and organic compounds that revealed significative difference compared with other Pelargonium flowers, and employing the solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) methodology we determined that the production of volatile compounds decreases during the flower development. In addition, the emission of volatiles is accomplished mainly by the sepals. In conclusion, to use Pelargonium ‘Endsleigh’ flowers, it is important in ensuring that they have not yet opened and that the sepals are in place.
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Evaluation of Essential Oils and Extracts of Rose Geranium and Rose Petals as Natural Preservatives in Terms of Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Activity. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040494. [PMID: 33921899 PMCID: PMC8074127 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) and extracts of rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and petals of rose (Rosa damascena) have been fully characterized in terms of composition, safety, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties. They were analyzed against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Adenovirus 35. Their toxicity and life span were also determined. EO of P. graveolens (5%) did not retain any antibacterial activity (whereas at 100% it was greatly effective against E. coli), had antifungal activity against A. niger, and significant antiviral activity. Rose geranium extract (dilutions 25−90%) (v/v) had antifungal and antibacterial activity, especially against E. coli, and dose-dependent antiviral activity. Rose petals EO (5%) retains low inhibitory activity against S. aureus and S. Typhimurium growth (about 20−30%), antifungal activity, and antiviral activity for medium to low virus concentrations. Rose petals extract had significant antibacterial activity at dilutions of 25−90%, especially against E. coli and S. Typhimurium, antifungal, and the most potent antiviral activity. None of the EOs and extracts were toxic in dilutions of up to 5% and 90%, respectively. Finally, all materials had a life span of more than eight weeks. These results support the aspect that rose petals and rose geranium EOs, and extracts, have beneficial antimicrobial and antiviral properties and they can be used as natural preservatives.
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Ennaifer M, Bouzaiene T, Messaoud C, Hamdi M. Phytochemicals, antioxidant, anti-acetyl-cholinesterase, and antimicrobial activities of decoction and infusion of Pelargonium graveolens. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:2634-2638. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1547299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malek Ennaifer
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (INSAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Food Industry, (ESIAT), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Taroub Bouzaiene
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (INSAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chokri Messaoud
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (INSAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Moktar Hamdi
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (INSAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
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Abd El-Ghffar EA, Al-Sayed E, Shehata SM, Eldahshan OA, Efferth T. The protective role of Ocimum basilicum L. (Basil) against aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in mice: Impact on oxidative stress, inflammation, motor deficits and anxiety-like behavior. Food Funct 2018; 9:4457-4468. [PMID: 30073231 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00538a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The gastroprotective effect of Ocimum basilicum L. (Basil) hexane extract (OBHE) in aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in mice and its ameliorative effect on behavioral alterations were determined. Pretreatment with OBHE (100 or 200 mg kg-1) or misoprostol (50 μg kg-1) alleviated the aspirin-induced oxidative stress by significantly decreasing (p < 0.001) gastric ulcer index scores (57, 76 and 79%), gastric TBARS (by 49, 51 and 52%), NO (21, 28 and 29%), H2O2 (24, 42 and 45%), and the serum pro-inflammatory mediator TNF-α (21, 53 and 53%) and IL-6 (29, 30 and 31%), as well as by markedly increasing gastric GSH (41, 61 and 70%), GSH-Px (21, 32 and 34%), GST (33, 63 and 70%), GR (90, 99 and 112%), CAT (167, 211 and 267%) and serum PGE-2 levels (22, 135 and 200%) and IL-4 (64, 81 and 104%), respectively, compared with the aspirin-treated group. Meanwhile, OBHE and misoprostol induced a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in the freezing time (53, 56 and 64%), and the grooming time (by 25, 43 and 44%), respectively, compared to the aspirin treated group. This study provides evidence that OBHE confers anxiolytic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory prophylactic effects on aspirin-induced gastric ulcers. GC/MS was used for the characterization of OBHE components. Based on the findings of this study, basil may be used as a nutritional supplement or therapeutic drug to protect against aspirin-induced gastric ulcers, a common problem resulting from the use of aspirin.
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Al-Sayed E, Abdel-Daim MM, Khattab MA. Hepatoprotective activity of praecoxin A isolated fromMelaleuca ericifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Impact on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Phytother Res 2018; 33:461-470. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Al-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy; Ain-Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Suez Canal University; Ismailia Egypt
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Martins CAF, Campos ML, Irioda AC, Stremel DP, Trindade ACLB, Pontarolo R. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Malva sylvestris, Sida cordifolia, and Pelargonium graveolens Is Related to Inhibition of Prostanoid Production. Molecules 2017; 22:E1883. [PMID: 29099738 PMCID: PMC6150399 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of plant extracts and preparations to reduce inflammation has been proven by different means in experimental models. Since inflammation enhances the release of specific mediators, inhibition of their production can be used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of plants widely used in folk medicine for this purpose. The study was performed for leaves and flowers of Malva sylvestris, and leaves of Sida cordifolia and Pelargonium graveolens. These are three plant species known in Brazil as Malva. The anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and residual) was evaluated by quantitation of prostaglandins (PG) PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF2α, and thromboxane B₂ (the stable nonenzymatic product of TXA₂) concentration in the supernatant of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced RAW 264.7 cells. Inhibition of anti-inflammatory mediator release was observed for plants mainly in the crude extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and residual fraction. The results suggest superior activity of S. cordifolia, leading to significantly lower values of all mediators after treatment with its residual fraction, even at the lower concentration tested (10 μg/mL). M. sylvestris and P. graveolens showed similar results, such as the reduction of all mediators after treatment, with leaf crude extracts (50 μg/mL). These results suggest that the three species known as Malva have anti-inflammatory properties, S. cordifolia being the most potent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Leandro Campos
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 632 Lothário Meissner Avenue, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Irioda
- Department of Pharmacy, Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, 1632 Silva Jardim Avenue, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil.
| | - Dile Pontarolo Stremel
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 632 Lothário Meissner Avenue, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil.
| | | | - Roberto Pontarolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 632 Lothário Meissner Avenue, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil.
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Fahmy NM, Al-Sayed E, Abdel-Daim MM, Singab AN. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Terminalia Muelleri Benth. (Combretaceae). Drug Dev Res 2017; 78:146-154. [PMID: 28524398 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical Research The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a polyphenol-rich fraction (TMEF) obtained from Terminalia muelleri Benth. were measured. The analgesic activity of TMEF was tested using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate models in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using carrageenan-induced paw edema model by measuring PGE2 , TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 plasma levels as well as the paw thickness. TMEF was tested at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg p.o. and diclofenac sodium was used as a standard (100 mg/kg) in all experiments. The group treated with 400 mg/kg of TMEF showed a greater inhibition in the number of writhes (by 63%) than the standard-treated group (61%). Pretreatment with TMEF increased the analgesic effect in hot plate test in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum effect after 120 min. TMEF pretreatment alos reduced the edema thickness by 48, 53, and 62% at the tested doses, respectively. TMEF administration inhibited the carrageenan-induced elevations in PGE2 (by 34, 43, and 47%), TNF-α (18, 28, and 41%), IL-1β (14, 22, and 29%), and IL-6 (26, 31, and 46%). Four phenolic compounds were isolated from Terminalia muelleri for the first time. Drug Dev Res 78 : 146-154, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouran M Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Eman Al-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Abdel Nasser Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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Al-Sayed E, Esmat A. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of ellagitannins and galloyl esters isolated from Melaleuca styphelioides on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1727-1735. [PMID: 26731241 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1125933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context In a previous study, the total extract of Melaleuca styphelioides Sm. (Myrtaceae) showed a significant hepatoprotective effect in a CCl4-induced toxicity model in mice. However, the active components responsible for the activity of the extract were not identified. Objective To determine the in vitro hepatoprotective activity of the isolated pure compounds from M. styphelioides leaves using the CCl4-challenged HepG2 cell model. Materials and methods The hepatoprotective activity of the compounds (at concentrations of 100, 50 and 25 μm), the total extract and silymarin (Sil) (100, 50 and 25 μg/ml) was determined by measuring the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) after pretreatment with the tested samples for one hour. Glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) were estimated to determine the mechanisms of the hepatoprotective activity. Results Some compounds showed marked hepatoprotection, including tellimagrandin I, which produced 42, 36 and 31% decrease in ALT and 47, 43 and 37% decrease in AST, at the tested concentrations, respectively, pedunculagin (32, 32 and 30% decrease for ALT and 48, 48 and 45% for AST), tellimagrandin II (38, 32 and 26% decrease for ALT and 45, 40 and 34% for AST) and pentagalloyl glucose (30, 28 and 26% decrease for ALT and 45, 38 and 36% for AST). Tellimagrandin I and II showed the highest increase in GSH (113, 105 and 81% and 110, 103 and 79%, respectively), which was comparable to Sil. Pedunculagin produced the highest increase in SOD (497, 350 and 258%). Conclusion This study highlights promising natural hepatoprotective candidates derived from M. styphelioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Al-Sayed
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Ahmed Esmat
- b Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
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Fahmy NM, Al-Sayed E, Abdel-Daim MM, Karonen M, Singab AN. Protective effect of Terminalia muelleri against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepato and nephro-toxicity in mice and characterization of its bioactive constituents. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:303-313. [PMID: 25894213 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1035794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Terminalia is used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the hepatonephro protective activity of a polyphenol-rich fraction (TMEF) obtained from Terminalia muelleri Benth. (Combretaceae) against CCl4-induced toxicity in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS TMEF was administered (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/d) for 5 d. CCl4 was administered at the end of the experiment. Hepatic and renal biomarkers were measured in the serum. Glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated in the liver and kidney tissues. The active constituents of TMEF were identified by HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS/MS. RESULTS TMEF is rich in ellagitannins, galloyl esters, phenolic acids, and flavone-C-glucosides. TMEF pretreatment significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited the CCl4-induced increase in ALT (17, 43, and 53%), AST (20, 46, and 58%), ALP (20, 48, and 56%), LDH (21, 47, and 58%), hepatic MDA (23, 49, and 54%), renal MDA (22, 35, and 52%), creatinine (48, 66, and 91%), uric acid (16, 34, and 59%), urea (22, 39, and 59%), and cholesterol (20, 27, and 46%). Furthermore, TMEF administration significantly (p < 0.001) increased hepatic GSH (15, 51, and 79%), renal GSH (23, 45, and 73%), hepatic SOD (9, 52, and 95%), renal SOD (39, 66, and 85%) and protein levels (17, 24, and 29%) at the tested doses of TMEF, respectively. Pretreatment with TMEF preserved the hepatic architecture and protected from ballooning degeneration, liver necrosis, renal inflammation, and degeneration of the kidney tubules. CONCLUSION TMEF has a marked hepato-nephro protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouran Mohamed Fahmy
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Eman Al-Sayed
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- b Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University , Ismailia , Egypt , and
| | - Maarit Karonen
- c Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Abdel Nasser Singab
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
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