1
|
Choudhary D, Kaur R, Singh TG, Kumar B. Pyrazoline Derivatives as Promising MAO-A Targeting Antidepressants: An Update. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:401-415. [PMID: 38318823 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266280249240126052505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Depression is one of the key conditions addressed by the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) of WHO that can lead to self-harm and suicide. Depression is associated with low levels of neurotransmitters, which eventually play a key role in the progression and development of mental illness. The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds exhibit the most prominent pharmacological profile as antidepressants. Pyrazoline, a dihydro derivative of pyrazole, is a well-known five-membered heterocyclic moiety that exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities. Many researchers have reported pyrazoline scaffold-containing molecules as potential antidepressant agents with selectivity for monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO) isoforms. Several studies indicated a better affinity of pyrazoline-based moiety as (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) MAOIs. In this review, we have focused on the recent advancements (2019-2023) in the development of pyrazoline-containing derivatives exhibiting promising inhibition of MAO-A enzyme to treat depression. This review provides structural insights on pyrazoline-based molecules along with their SAR analysis, in silico exploration of binding interactions between pyrazoline derivatives and MAO-A enzyme, and clinical trial status of various drug molecules against depression. The in-silico exploration of potent pyrazoline derivatives at the active site of the MAOA enzyme will provide further insights into the development of new potential MAO-A inhibitors for the treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Choudhary
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | | | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248002, Uttrakhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gaur A, Peerzada MN, Khan NS, Ali I, Azam A. Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of Novel Indole Based Arylsulfonylhydrazides against Human Breast Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:42036-42043. [PMID: 36440122 PMCID: PMC9685603 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel indole based sulfonohydrazide derivatives (5a-k) containing morpholine heterocyclic ring were synthesized through multistep chemical reactions. The target compounds (5a-k) were prepared by the reaction of substituted phenyl sulfonylhydrazides (2a-k) with morpholine derivative of indole 3-carboxaldehyde. All the target compounds were screened for their anticancer activity in vitro against the estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer line MCF-7 and triple-negative breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-468. It was found that among all the evaluated compounds, the chemotype 4-chloro-N'-((1-(2-morpholinoethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)benzenesulfonohydrazide (5f) showed promising inhibition of both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cancer cells with the respective IC50 values of 13.2 μM and 8.2 μM. Compound 5f was found to be nontoxic against HEK 293 noncancerous cells in the studied concentration range, therefore indicating that such chemotypes inhibit the proliferation of cancerous cells selectively and significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Gaur
- Department
of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi110025, India
| | | | - Nashrah Sharif Khan
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi110025, India
- Department
of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi110025, India
| | - Imran Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi110025, India
| | - Amir Azam
- Department
of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi110025, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Immobilizing Pd nanoparticles on Fe3O4@tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane MNPs as a novel catalyst for the synthesis of bis (pyrazolyl)methane derivatives. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
4
|
Singh K, Pal R, Khan SA, Kumar B, Akhtar MJ. Insights into the structure activity relationship of nitrogen-containing heterocyclics for the development of antidepressant compounds: An updated review. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
5
|
Balkenhohl M, Kölbl S, Georgiev T, Carreira EM. Mn- and Co-Catalyzed Aminocyclizations of Unsaturated Hydrazones Providing a Broad Range of Functionalized Pyrazolines. JACS AU 2021; 1:919-924. [PMID: 34337605 PMCID: PMC8317158 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Manganese- and cobalt-catalyzed aminocyclization reactions of unsaturated hydrazones are reported. Whereas manganese catalysis provides access to pyrazoline and tetrahydropyridazine alcohols, cobalt catalysis for the first time paves the way for the selective formation of pyrazoline aldehydes. Furthermore, various functional groups including hydroperoxide, thiol derivatives, iodide, and bicyclopentane may be introduced via manganese-catalyzed ring-forming aminofunctionalization. A progesterone receptor antagonist was prepared using the aminocyclization protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Laboratorium für Organische
Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische
Hochschule Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kölbl
- Laboratorium für Organische
Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische
Hochschule Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tony Georgiev
- Laboratorium für Organische
Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische
Hochschule Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische
Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische
Hochschule Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Teleb MAM, Hassaneen HM, Abdelhamid IA, Saleh FM. 5-Aminopyrazole-4-carbonitriles as precursors to novel 4-aminotetrahydropyrazolo[3,4- b]quinolin-5-ones and N-(4-cyanopyrazol-5-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1936059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamdi M. Hassaneen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Fatma M. Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Costa RF, Turones LC, Cavalcante KVN, Rosa Júnior IA, Xavier CH, Rosseto LP, Napolitano HB, Castro PFDS, Neto MLF, Galvão GM, Menegatti R, Pedrino GR, Costa EA, Martins JLR, Fajemiroye JO. Heterocyclic Compounds: Pharmacology of Pyrazole Analogs From Rational Structural Considerations. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666725. [PMID: 34040529 PMCID: PMC8141747 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Low quality of life and life-threatening conditions often demand pharmacological screening of lead compounds. A spectrum of pharmacological activities has been attributed to pyrazole analogs. The substitution, replacement, or removal of functional groups on a pyrazole ring appears consistent with diverse molecular interactions, efficacy, and potency of these analogs. This mini-review explores cytotoxic, cytoprotective, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant activities of some pyrazole analogs to advance structure-related pharmacological profiles and rational design of new analogs. Numerous interactions of these derivatives at their targets could impact future research considerations and prospects while offering opportunities for optimizing therapeutic activity with fewer adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Larissa Córdova Turones
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural and Synthetic Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Keilah Valéria Naves Cavalcante
- Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ismael Aureliano Rosa Júnior
- Universitary Center of Anápolis, UniEvangélica, Anápolis, Brazil
- Institute of Science, Technology and Quality (ICTQ), Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Xavier
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Hamilton Barbosa Napolitano
- Universitary Center of Anápolis, UniEvangélica, Anápolis, Brazil
- Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Group, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Luiz Ferreira Neto
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Physiology, Departament of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Mota Galvão
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Menegatti
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues Pedrino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Elson Alves Costa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural and Synthetic Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - James Oluwagbamigbe Fajemiroye
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural and Synthetic Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li QS, Shen BN, Zhang Z, Luo S, Ruan BF. Discovery of Anticancer Agents from 2-Pyrazoline-Based Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:940-962. [PMID: 32141413 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200306120151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As nitrogen-containing five-membered heterocyclic structural units, the substituted pyrazole derivatives have a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, especially 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles that also commonly known as 2-pyrazolines. Since 2010, considerable studies have been found that the 2-pyrazoline derivatives possess potent anticancer activities. In the present review, it covers the pyrazoline derivatives reported by literature from 2010 till date (2010-2019). This review aims to establish the relationship between the anticancer activities variation and different substituents introduced into a 2-pyrazoline core, which could provide important pharmacophore clues for the discovery of new anticancer agents containing 2-pyrazoline scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Shan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Bang-Nian Shen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shuying Luo
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Ban-Feng Ruan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen R, Wu G, Yang K, Ye B, Chen Q, Wang Z. One-Pot Synthesis of N-Furanonyl Sulfonyl Hydrazone Compounds. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Yang K, Yang JQ, Luo SH, Mei WJ, Lin JY, Zhan JQ, Wang ZY. Synthesis of N-2(5H)-furanonyl sulfonyl hydrazone derivatives and their biological evaluation in vitro and in vivo activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104518. [PMID: 33303210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of (E)-N-2(5H)-furanonyl sulfonyl hydrazone derivatives have been rationally designed and efficiently synthesized by one-pot reaction with good yields for the first time. This green approach with wide substrate range and good selectivity can be achieved at room temperature in a short time in the presence of metal-free catalyst. The cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines of all newly obtained compounds have been evaluated by MTT assay. Among them, compound 5 k exhibits high cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with an IC50 value of 14.35 μM. The cytotoxic mechanism may involve G2/M phase arrest pathway, which is probably caused by activating DNA damage. Comet test and immunofluorescence results show that compound 5 k can induce DNA damage in time- and dose-dependent manner. Importantly, 5 k also can effectively inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and angiogenesis in the zebrafish xenograft model. It is potential to further develop N-2(5H)-furanonyl sulfonyl hydrazone derivatives as potent drugs for breast cancer treatment with higher cytotoxic activity by modifying the structure of the compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China
| | - Jian-Qiong Yang
- Department of Clinical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China
| | - Shi-He Luo
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Wen-Jie Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
| | - Jian-Yun Lin
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Metwally NH, Ragab EA, Mohamed MS. Synthesis of some novelN5‐sulfonylated andN1‐alkyated pyrazole derivatives and their antimicrobial activity in conjunction with molecular docking study. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia H. Metwally
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Eman A. Ragab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Mona S. Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCairo University Giza Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Acar Çevik U, Osmaniye D, Sağlik BN, Levent S, Kaya Çavuşoğlu B, Özkay Y, Kaplancikli ZA. Synthesis and evaluation of new pyrazoline‐thiazole derivatives as monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulviye Acar Çevik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis LaboratoryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
| | - Derya Osmaniye
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis LaboratoryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
| | - Begüm Nurpelin Sağlik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis LaboratoryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
| | - Serkan Levent
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis LaboratoryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
| | - Betül Kaya Çavuşoğlu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis LaboratoryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özkay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis LaboratoryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancikli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis LaboratoryAnadolu University Eskişehir Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chagarovskiy AO, Kuznetsov VV, Ivanova OA, Goloveshkin AS, Levina II, Makhova NN, Trushkov IV. Synthesis of 1-Substituted Pyrazolines by Reaction of Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes with 1,5-Diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey O. Chagarovskiy
- Oncology and Immunology; Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology; 117997 Russian Federation
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky pr. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V. Kuznetsov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky pr. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Olga A. Ivanova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky pr. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Leninskie Gory 1-3 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S. Goloveshkin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilova 28 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Irina I. Levina
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences; Kosygina 4 119334 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Nina N. Makhova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky pr. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Igor V. Trushkov
- Oncology and Immunology; Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology; 117997 Russian Federation
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky pr. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kumari A, Singh RK. Medicinal chemistry of indole derivatives: Current to future therapeutic prospectives. Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:103021. [PMID: 31176854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Indole is a versatile pharmacophore, a privileged scaffold and an outstanding heterocyclic compound with wide ranges of pharmacological activities due to different mechanisms of action. It is an superlative moiety in drug discovery with the sole property of resembling different structures of the protein. Plenty of research has been taking place in recent years to synthesize and explore the various therapeutic prospectives of this moiety. This review summarizes some of the recent effective chemical synthesis (2014-2018) for indole ring. This review also emphasized on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) to reveal the active pharmacophores of various indole analogues accountable for anticancer, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, antitubercular, antimalarial, antiviral, antidiabetic and other miscellaneous activities which have been investigated in the last five years. The precise features with motives and framework of each research topic is introduced for helping the medicinal chemists to understand the perspective of the context in a better way. This review will definitely offer the platform for researchers to strategically design diverse novel indole derivatives having different promising pharmacological activities with reduced toxicity and side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kumari
- Rayat-Bahra Institute of Pharmacy, Dist. Hoshiarpur, 146104 Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, Dist. Rupnagar, 140126 Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|