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Tahghighi A, Azerang P. Click chemistry beyond metal-catalyzed cycloaddition as a remarkable tool for green chemical synthesis of antifungal medications. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14555. [PMID: 38862260 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Click chemistry is widely used for the efficient synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole, a well-known scaffold with widespread biological activity in the pharmaceutical sciences. In recent years, this magic ring has attracted the attention of scientists for its potential in designing and synthesizing new antifungal agents. Despite scientific and medical advances, fungal infections still account for more than 1.5 million deaths globally per year, especially in people with compromised immune function. This increasing trend is definitely related to a raise in the incidence of fungal infections and prevalence of antifungal drug resistance. In this condition, an urgent need for new alternative antifungals is undeniable. By focusing on the main aspects of reaction conditions in click chemistry, this review was conducted to classify antifungal 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole hybrids based on their chemical structures and introduce the most effective triazole antifungal derivatives. It was notable that in all reactions studied, Cu(I) catalysts generated in situ by the reduction in Cu(II) salts or used copper(I) salts directly, as well as mixed solvents of t-BuOH/H2O and DMF/H2O had most application in the synthesis of triazole ring. The most effective antifungal activity was also observed in fluconazole analogs containing 1,2,3-triazole moiety and benzo-fused five/six-membered heterocyclic conjugates with a 1,2,3-triazole ring, even with better activity than fluconazole. The findings of structure-activity relationship and molecular docking of antifungal derivatives synthesized with copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) could offer medicinal chemistry scientists valuable data on designing and synthesizing novel triazole antifungals with more potent biological activities in their future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Tahghighi
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Azerang
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Suárez-García J, Cano-Herrera MA, María-Gaviria A, Osorio-Echeverri VM, Mendieta-Zerón H, Arias-Olivares D, Benavides-Melo J, García-Sánchez LC, García-Ortíz J, Becerra-Buitrago A, Valero-Rojas J, Rodríguez-González M, García-Eleno MA, Cuevas-Yañez E. Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro biological evaluation and theoretical studies of 1,2,3-triazoles derived from triclosan as Difenoconazole analogues. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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3
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Ferjani H, Bechaieb R, Dege N, El-Fattah WA, Elamin NY, Frigui W. Stabilization of supramolecular network of fluconazole drug polyiodide: Synthesis, computational and spectroscopic studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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4
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Yang L, Xu WB, Sun L, Zhang C, Jin CH. SAR analysis of heterocyclic compounds with monocyclic and bicyclic structures as antifungal agents. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200221. [PMID: 35475328 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by eukaryotic organisms, such as fungi, are generally more difficult to treat than bacterial infections. With the widespread use of antifungal drugs in humans and plants, resistance and toxicity have emerged. Therefore, it is desirable to develop new antifungal drugs with low toxicity that are not susceptible to the development of resistance. This review presents a summary of the past 2017 to 2021 years of research on heterocyclic compounds as antifungal agents for use in humans and plants, focusing on the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of these compounds. This review may provide ideas and data for designing and developing new antifungal drugs with fewer side effects compared with currently available drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Yanbian University, College of Pharmacy, CHINA
| | - Wen Bo Xu
- Yanbian University, College of Pharmacy, CHINA
| | | | | | - Cheng Hua Jin
- Yanbian University, College of Pharmacy, Gongyuan, 133002, Yanji, CHINA
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5
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A Recent Overview of 1,2,3-Triazole-Containing Hybrids as Novel Antifungal Agents: Focusing on Synthesis, Mechanism of Action, and Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR). J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7884316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A pharmacophore system has been found as 1,2,3-triazole, a five-membered heterocycle ring with nitrogen heteroatoms. These heterocyclic compounds can be produced using azide-alkyne cycloaddition processes catalyzed by ruthenium or copper. The bioactive compounds demonstrated antitubercular, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, and antidiabetic properties. This heterocycle molecule, in particular, with one or more 1,2,3-triazole cores has been found to have the most powerful antifungal effects. The goal of this review is to highlight recent developments in the synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigation of this prospective fungicidal chemical. Also there have been explained drugs and mechanism of action of a triazole compound with antifungal activity. This review will be useful in a variety of fields, including medicinal chemistry, organic chemistry, mycology, and pharmacology.
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6
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Kumar L, Lal K, Kumar A, Paul AK, Kumar A. Pyrazoline tethered 1,2,3-triazoles: Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and in silico studies. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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García-Vanegas JJ, Rodríguez-Florencio J, Cifuentes-Castañeda DD, Mendieta-Zerón H, Pavón-Romero S, Morales-Rodríguez M, Corona-Becerril D, Cuevas-Yañez E. Synthesis and Antifungal Activity Evaluation of 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Escandón-Mancilla FM, Bautista-Renedo JM, Corona-Becerril D, Reyes H, Unnamatla MVB, García-Eleno MA, González-Rivas N, Cuevas-Yañez E. A Simple, General Method for the Synthesis of 1-Chloro-3-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-propan-2-ol Derivatives and Computational Analysis Thereof. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2021.1962195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flor M. Escandón-Mancilla
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México, 50200, México
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón esq. Paseo Tollocan, 50120, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Joanatan M. Bautista-Renedo
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México, 50200, México
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón esq. Paseo Tollocan, 50120, Toluca, Mexico
| | - David Corona-Becerril
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México, 50200, México
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón esq. Paseo Tollocan, 50120, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Horacio Reyes
- División de Ingeniería Química, Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Jocotitlán, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 44.8, Ejido de San Juan y San Agustin, Jocotitlán, México
| | - M. V. Basavanag Unnamatla
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México, 50200, México
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón esq. Paseo Tollocan, 50120, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio García-Eleno
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México, 50200, México
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón esq. Paseo Tollocan, 50120, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Nelly González-Rivas
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México, 50200, México
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón esq. Paseo Tollocan, 50120, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Erick Cuevas-Yañez
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México, 50200, México
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón esq. Paseo Tollocan, 50120, Toluca, Mexico
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Synthesis and Antifungal Activity Evaluation of 1-(2-Benzyloxy-2-Phenylethyl)-1,2,3-Triazole Miconazole Analogs. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of 1,3-bis-1,2,3-Triazol-1-yl-Propan-2-ol Based Compounds. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dangi M, Khichi A, Jakhar R, Chhillar AK. Growing Preferences towards Analog-based Drug Discovery. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:1030-1045. [PMID: 32900347 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200908121409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major concern of today's time is the developing resistance in most of the clinically derived pathogenic micro-organisms for available drugs through several mechanisms. Therefore, there is a dire need to develop novel molecules with drug-like properties that can be effective against the otherwise resistant micro-organisms. METHODS New drugs can be developed using several methods like structure-based drug design, ligandbased drug design, or by developing analogs of the available drugs to further improve their effects. However, the smartness is to opt for the techniques that have comparatively less expenditure, lower failure rates, and faster discovery rates. RESULTS Analog-Based Drug Design (ABDD) is one such technique that researchers worldwide are opting to develop new drug-like molecules with comparatively lower market values. They start by first designing the analogs sharing structural and pharmacological similarities to the existing drugs. This method embarks on scaffold structures of available drugs already approved by the clinical trials, but are left ineffective because of resistance developed by the pathogens. CONCLUSION In this review, we have discussed some recent examples of anti-fungal and anti-bacterial (antimicrobial) drugs that were designed based on the ABDD technique. Also, we have tried to focus on the in silico tools and techniques that can contribute to the designing and computational screening of the analogs, so that these can be further considered for in vitro screening to validate their better biological activities against the pathogens with comparatively reduced rates of failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Dangi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Alka Khichi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Ritu Jakhar
- Centre for Bioinformatics, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Anil K Chhillar
- Centre for Bioinformatics, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
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Zambrano-Huerta A, Bautista-Renedo JM, Reyes H, Martínez-Otero D, García-Orozco I, Melgar-Fernández RC, Ramírez-Palma MT, González-Rivas N, Cuevas-Yañez E. Structural and theoretical studies of 1,3-Bis-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-propan-2-ol derivatives. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Synthesis, Optimization, Antifungal Activity, Selectivity, and CYP51 Binding of New 2-Aryl-3-azolyl-1-indolyl-propan-2-ols. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080186. [PMID: 32784450 PMCID: PMC7464559 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 2-aryl-3-azolyl-1-indolyl-propan-2-ols was designed as new analogs of fluconazole (FLC) by replacing one of its two triazole moieties by an indole scaffold. Two different chemical approaches were then developed. The first one, in seven steps, involved the synthesis of the key intermediate 1-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl-1H-indole and the final opening of oxiranes by imidazole or 1H-1,2,4-triazole. The second route allowed access to the target compounds in only three steps, this time with the ring opening by indole and analogs. Twenty azole derivatives were tested against Candida albicans and other Candida species. The enantiomers of the best anti-Candida compound, 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1H-indol-1-yl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-propan-2-ol (8g), were analyzed by X-ray diffraction to determine their absolute configuration. The (−)-8g enantiomer (Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = IC80 = 0.000256 µg/mL on C. albicans CA98001) was found with the S-absolute configuration. In contrast the (+)-8g enantiomer was found with the R-absolute configuration (MIC = 0.023 µg/mL on C. albicans CA98001). By comparison, the MIC value for FLC was determined as 0.020 µg/mL for the same clinical isolate. Additionally, molecular docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were carried out using a crystal structure of Candida albicans lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CaCYP51). The (−)-(S)-8g enantiomer aligned with the positioning of posaconazole within both the heme and access channel binding sites, which was consistent with its biological results. All target compounds have been also studied against human fetal lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cells. Finally, the selectivity of four compounds on a panel of human P450-dependent enzymes (CYP19, CYP17, CYP26A1, CYP11B1, and CYP11B2) was investigated.
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Hunsaker EW, McAuliffe KJ, Franz KJ. Fluconazole analogues with metal-binding motifs impact metal-dependent processes and demonstrate antifungal activity in Candida albicans. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:729-745. [PMID: 32542530 PMCID: PMC7415656 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Azole antifungals are an important class of antifungal drugs due to their low cost, ability to be administered orally, and broad-spectrum activity. However, their widespread and long-term use have given rise to adaptation mechanisms that render these compounds less effective against common fungal pathogens, including Candida albicans. New antifungals are desperately needed as drug-resistant strains become more prevalent. We recently showed that copper supplementation potentiates the activity of the azole antifungal fluconazole against the opportunistic fungal pathogen C. albicans. Here, we report eight new azole analogues derived from fluconazole in which one triazole group has been replaced with a metal-binding group, a strategy designed to enhance potentiation of azole antifungal activity by copper. The bioactivity of all eight compounds was tested and compared to that of fluconazole. Three of the analogues showed activity against C. albicans and two had lower levels of trailing growth. One compound, Flu-TSCZ, was found to impact the levels, speciation, and bioavailability of cellular metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Hunsaker
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Katherine J McAuliffe
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Katherine J Franz
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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Antimycotic sensitivity evaluation against Candida ATCC species of 1,2,3-triazoles derived from 5-chloro-2(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Hernández‐López H, Leyva‐Ramos S, Moncada‐Martínez RD, López JA, Cardoso‐Ortiz J. Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition Microwave‐Assisted: Preparation of 7‐(4‐Substituted‐1
H
‐1,2,3‐Triazol‐1‐yl)‐Fluoroquinolones. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiram Hernández‐López
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara km 6, Ejido la Escondida s/n, Zacatecas Zacatecas 98160 México
| | - Socorro Leyva‐Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Autónoma de San Luis PotosíAv. Manuel Nava 6Zona Universitaria San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210 México
| | - Rosa Delia Moncada‐Martínez
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara km 6, Ejido la Escondida s/n, Zacatecas Zacatecas 98160 México
| | - Jesús Adrián López
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Av. Preparatoria s/n, Col Hidráulica. Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98068 México
| | - Jaime Cardoso‐Ortiz
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara km 6, Ejido la Escondida s/n, Zacatecas Zacatecas 98160 México
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