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Nelson S, Ayaz B, Baumann AL, Dozois G. A gender-based review of workplace violence amongst the global health workforce-A scoping review of the literature. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003336. [PMID: 38954697 PMCID: PMC11218983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Workplace violence (WPV) impacts all levels of the health workforce, including the individual provider, organization, and society. While there is a substantial body of literature on various aspects of WPV against the health workforce, gender-based WPV (GB-WPV) has received less attention. Violence in both the workplace and broader society is rooted in gendered socio-economic, cultural, and institutional factors. Developing a robust understanding of GB-WPV is crucial to explore the differing experiences, responses, and outcomes of GB-WPV with respect to gender. We conducted a scoping review and report on the prevalence and risk factors of GB-WPV in healthcare settings globally. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We registered the scoping review protocol on the Open Science Framework on January 14, 2022, at https://osf.io/t4pfb/. A systematic search was conducted of empirical literature in five health and social science databases. Of 13667, 226 studies were included in the analysis. Across the studies, more women than men experienced non-physical violence, including verbal abuse, sexual harassment, and bullying. Men experienced more physical violence compared to women. Younger age, less experience, shifting duties, specific clinical settings, lower professional status, organizational hierarchy, and minority status were found to be sensitive to gender, reflecting women's structural disadvantages in the workplace. Given the high prevalence and impact of GB-WPV on women, we provided recommendations to address systemic issues in clinical practice, academia, policy, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sioban Nelson
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Basnama Ayaz
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea L. Baumann
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham Dozois
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dores H. Career options in cardiology: Does gender matter? Rev Port Cardiol 2024; 43:201-202. [PMID: 37918784 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hélder Dores
- Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; CHRC, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Camm CF, Joshi A, Eftekhari H, O'Flynn R, Dobson R, Curzen N, Lloyd G, Greenwood JP, Allen C. Joint British Societies' position statement on bullying, harassment and discrimination in cardiology. Heart 2023; 109:e1. [PMID: 37253631 PMCID: PMC10359534 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2023-322445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate behaviour is an umbrella term including discrimination, harassment and bullying. This includes both actions and language and can affect any member of the cardiovascular workforce/team. Evidence has suggested that such behaviour is regularly experienced within UK cardiology departments, where inappropriate behaviour may represent longstanding cultural and practice issues within the unit. Inappropriate behaviour has negative effects on the workforce community as a whole, including impacts on recruitment and retention of staff and patient care. While only some members of the cardiology team may be directly impacted by inappropriate behaviour in individual departments, a wider group are significantly impacted as bystanders. As such, improving the culture and professional behaviours within UK cardiology departments is of paramount importance. As a negative workplace culture is felt to be a major driver of inappropriate behaviour, all members of the cardiovascular team have a role to play in ensuring a positive workplace culture is developed. Episodes of inappropriate behaviour should be challenged by cardiovascular team members. Informal feedback may be appropriate where 'one-off' episodes of inappropriate behaviour occur, but serious events or repeated behaviour should be escalated following formal human resources protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fielder Camm
- Keble College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cardiology Department, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK
| | - Abhishek Joshi
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Helen Eftekhari
- Cardiology Department, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Dobson
- Cardiology Department, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nick Curzen
- Coronary Research Group, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Guy Lloyd
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - John Pierre Greenwood
- Cardiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- Biomedical Imaging Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christopher Allen
- Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital, King's College, Rayne Institute, London, UK
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Ravioli S, Oberle J, Haidinger M, Lindner G. Gender equality in national cardiology societies: a cross-sectional study. Am J Med 2023; 136:585-591. [PMID: 36906170 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher productivity and team stability has been shown for gender diverse teams. However, there is a relevant and well-known gender gap in clinical and academic cardiovascular medicine. So far, no data concerning gender distribution in presidents and executive boards of national cardiology societies exist. METHODS In this cross-sectional analysis, gender equality in presidents and representatives of all national cardiology societies, which are members of or affiliated with the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in 2022 was analyzed. In addition, representatives of the American Heart Association (AHA) were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 106 national societies were screened of which 104 were included in the final analysis. Overall, in these 104 societies, 90 out of 106 (85%) presidents were men while 14 (13%) were women. In the analysis of board members and executives, a total of 1128 individuals were included. Overall, 809 (72%) board members were men, 258 (23%) women and 61 (5%) of unknown gender. Except for society presidents in Australia, women were relevantly outnumbered by men in all world regions. CONCLUSION Women were globally underrepresented in leading positions of national cardiology societies in all world regions. As national societies are important regional stakeholders, improving gender equality in executive boards might create women role models, help foster careers and narrow the global cardiology gender gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Ravioli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Jolanda Oberle
- Department of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Buergerspital Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Michael Haidinger
- Department of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Buergerspital Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Lindner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Lerchenmüller C, Zelarayan L, Streckfuss-Bömeke K, Gimenez MR, Schnabel R, Hashemi D, Baldus S, Rudolph TK, Morbach C. Moving toward gender equity in the cardiology and cardiovascular research workforce in Germany: a report from the German Cardiac Society. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2023; 3:oead034. [PMID: 37090057 PMCID: PMC10114529 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oead034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Aims Although the share of women in cardiology in Germany is growing steadily, this does not translate into leadership positions. Medical societies play a crucial role in shaping the national and international medical and scientific environment. The German Cardiac Society (DGK) aims to serve the public discourse on gender-equity by systematic analysis of data on gender representation within the society and in Germany. Methods and results We present gender disaggregated data collection of members, official organs, working groups, scientific meetings, as well as awards of the DGK based on anonymized exports from the DGK office as well as on data gathered from the DGK web page. From 2000 to 2020, the overall number of DGK members as well as the share of women increased (12.5% to 25.3%). In 2021, the share of women ranged from 40% to 50% in earlier career stages but was substantially lower at senior levels (23.9% of consulting/attending physicians, 7.1% of physicians-in-chief, 3.4% of directors). The share of women serving in DGK working groups had gained overall proportionality, but nuclei and speaker positions were largely held by men. Boards and project groups were predominantly represented by men as well. At the DGK-led scientific meetings, women contributed more often in junior relative to (invited) senior roles. Conclusion Increasing numbers of women in cardiology and in the DGK over the past 20 years did not translate into the respective increase in representation of women in leadership positions. There is an urgent need to identify and, more importantly, to overcome barriers towards gender equity. Transparent presentation of society-related data is the first step for future targeted actions in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Lerchenmüller
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Heart and Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Zelarayan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Heart and Cardiovascular Research), partner site Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Streckfuss-Bömeke
- DZHK (German Center for Heart and Cardiovascular Research), partner site Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg University, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Rubini Gimenez
- Leipzig Heart Institute, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at the University of Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Renate Schnabel
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Heart and Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Djawid Hashemi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 11, 3353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 11, 3353 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Heart and Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 11, 3353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Baldus
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, Electrophysiology, Angiology, Pulmonology and Intensive Care, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Tanja K Rudolph
- Department for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Heart and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Caroline Morbach
- Department Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Malik M, Hussain A, Hashmi A, Saeed H, Azhar H, Abbasi AS. Barriers to gender equity for female healthcare academicians and researchers in Pakistan: Is it still an issue? Front Public Health 2023; 10:981178. [PMID: 36684926 PMCID: PMC9846055 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.981178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gender inequity in healthcare academia is rising. Female healthcare professionals are struggling to balance their work and family leading to reduced productivity and disparity in three main areas of academic evaluation including teaching, service and research. Objective The objective of the current study was to explore perceptions of healthcare academicians regarding gender equity and its associated barriers in healthcare academia in Pakistan. Methodology A qualitative study design was used. Study site for this research included medical colleges, pharmacy schools and healthcare educational institutes. Study respondents included healthcare professionals including doctors and pharmacists working as faculty members. Snow ball sampling was used and interviews were conducted till saturation point was achieved. All interviews recorded were transcribed verbatim. Transcribed interviews were then subject to thematic analysis and were analyzed for relevant content. Results Thematic analysis of the study yielded many themes and sub themes. The main themes include: Gender equity an issue for healthcare academicians; Barriers toward promoting gender equity among healthcare academicians; Perceived teaching effectiveness among female healthcare academicians; Professional relationship of female healthcare academicians; Representation of female healthcare academicians at leadership positions; Research opportunities for female healthcare academicians; impact of academia as profession on married life and Strategies for improving gender equity disparities in academia of healthcare profession. The results showed that almost all the females as well as male healthcare academicians were of the view that female academicians are competent, hardworking and committed with their jobs. Mixed responses were observed regarding teaching effectiveness of female academicians. Half of the females as well male healthcare academicians thought that female were more effective teachers while other half was of the view that teaching effectiveness is based on individual trait irrespective of gender. Conclusion The results of the present study concluded that majority of the male as well as female healthcare professionals perceived gender equity as an issue in academia in Pakistan, especially in underprivileged areas. Non-conducive work environment, harassment at workplace and cultural issues were the main barriers identified toward gender equity in healthcare academia in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Malik
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Cyntax Health Projects, Pvt., Ltd., Contract Research Organization and Corporate Firm, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Hussain
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Ayisha Hashmi
- Cyntax Health Projects, Pvt., Ltd., Contract Research Organization and Corporate Firm, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Saeed
- Cyntax Health Projects, Pvt., Ltd., Contract Research Organization and Corporate Firm, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Azhar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Sajjid Abbasi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Öz TK, Cader FA, Dakhil ZA, Parapid B, Kadavath S, Bond R, Chieffo A, Gimelli A, Mihailidou AS, Ramu B, Cavarretta E, Michos ED, Kaya E, Buchanan L, Patil M, Aste M, Alasnag M, Babazade N, Burgess S, Manzo-Silberman S, Paradies V, Thamman R. International consensus statement on challenges for women in cardiovascular practice and research in the COVID-19 era. Minerva Cardiol Angiol 2022; 70:641-651. [PMID: 35212510 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5683.22.05935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The challenges to academic and professional development and career advancement of women in cardiology (WIC), imposed by the pandemic, not only impinge the female cardiologists' "leaky pipeline" but also make the "leakiness" more obvious. This consensus document aims to highlight the pandemic challenges WIC face, raise awareness of the gender equity gap, and propose mitigating actionable solutions derived from the data and experiences of an international group of female cardiovascular clinicians and researchers. This changing landscape has led to the need for highly specialized cardiologists who may have additional training in critical care, imaging, advanced heart failure, or interventional cardiology. Although women account for most medical school graduates, the number of WIC, particularly in mentioned sub-specialties, remains low. Moreover, women have been more affected by systemic issues within these challenging work environments, limiting their professional progression, career advancement, and economic potential. Therefore, it is imperative that tangible action points be noted and undertaken to ensure the representation of women in leadership, advocacy, and decision-making, and increase diversity in academia. Strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of the pandemic need to be taken during this COVID-19 pandemic to ensure WIC have a place in the field of Cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Kemaloğlu Öz
- Department of Cardiology, Liv Hospital Ulus, Istanbul, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Aaysha Cader
- Department of Cardiology, Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zainab A Dakhil
- Ibn Al-Bitar Cardiac Center, Department of Cardiology, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Biljana Parapid
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sabeeda Kadavath
- Structural Interventional Cardiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel Bond
- Division of Cardiology, Dignity Health Department of Medicine, Creighton University, Chandler, AZ, USA
| | - Alaide Chieffo
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Gimelli
- Nuclear Cardiology Unit, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anastasia S Mihailidou
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Kolling Institute, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bhavadharini Ramu
- Unit of Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | - Erin D Michos
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Esra Kaya
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Heart, Lung, and Vessel Disease, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Louise Buchanan
- Department of Cardiology, North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Carlisle, UK
| | - Mansi Patil
- Department of Medicine, Asha Kiran JHC Hospital, Maharastra, India
| | - Milena Aste
- Arrhythmologic Center, Department of Cardiology, ASL4 Chiavarese, Ospedali del Tigullio, Lavagna, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mirvat Alasnag
- Cardiac Center, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nigar Babazade
- Department of Cardiology, New Clinic, Heart Valve Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Sonya Burgess
- Nepean Public Hospital, Sydney Southwest Private Hospital, Southwest Cardiology and Penrith Specialist Group, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stéphane Manzo-Silberman
- Coronary Care Unit, Department of Interventional Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Valeria Paradies
- Department of Cardiology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ritu Thamman
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA -
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Advocacy to End Sexual Harassment: Voices From Women in Cardiology. JACC Case Rep 2021; 3:975-977. [PMID: 34319306 PMCID: PMC8311341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2021.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Viswanath A, Ahmad M. Letter by Viswanath and Ahmad Regarding Article, "National Trends of Sex Disparity in the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline Writing Committee Authors Over 15 Years". Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2021; 14:e008001. [PMID: 34162220 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.121.008001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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