[Perioperative blood transfusions. Value, risks, and guidelines]

Importance of old rural areas of Lubuskie Lakeland and central Pomerania for maintenance of vegetation diversity

The study areas, located in northern and western Poland, comprised 30 villages of the Lubuskie Lakeland region and 18 in central Pomerania. A total number of recorded associations and local communities of similar rank was counted as 243. In the list prevailed natural and seminatural communities. The endangered associations composed about 47.3% of the whole list of communities. Altogether, 8 communities, assessed as directly endangered, occurred in the villages or their vicinity. Comparison of plant communities of both regions revealed that the structure of vegetation shows many affinities, while the differences are more of qualitative than quantitative character. The diversity of vegetation of rural landscapes was slightly higher in the central Pomerania. The rural landscape of Lubuskie Lakeland was more transformed, richer in ruderal communities, whereas in Pomerania more represented were natural and seminatural communities. The rural landscape of both studied areas is still rich and diversified but recently undergoes transformations leading to its impoverishment and unification as a result of either abandonment of land use or its intensification and new forms of human impact.

The impact of blood loss during cochlear implantation in very young children

The aim of this study was to investigate if the intraoperative bleeding during cochlear implantation in very young children had any clinical importance and if it should influence the clinical management of such cases. A retrospective chart review of the pre- and postoperative hemoglobin concentration was performed on 14 implantations in children aged 16 months or younger at the time of surgery (11 males and 3 females). A postoperative decrease of the hemoglobin value was noted in 13 cases (93 %), with a mean difference between pre- and postoperative measurement of -1.9 g/dl. The most remarkable case was that of a 2-month-old newborn with a bilateral profound hearing loss caused by bacterial meningitis. In the course of the asynchronous bilateral cochlear implantation and due to a remarkable bleeding, a transfusion of packed red blood cells was performed. The increased loss of blood was reported at the time of detaching and lifting up the muscle-periosteal-flap from the mastoid bone as well as at the time of the mastoidectomy. The special physiological properties of this age can contribute to a rapid cardiovascular decompensation in the case of increased blood loss. The consideration of these aspects is of great importance in the stage of planning the cochlear implantation, which in this group of patients should include the requirement of banked human blood. In addition, the intraoperative bleeding should be taken into account during the decision for a simultaneous bilateral implantation.